The Burmese zodiac (my|ဇာတာ ရာသီခွင် in Burmese pronounced as /zàdà jàðì ɡwɪ̀ɰ̃/) is the traditional Burmese system of astronomy and astrology. While it is still an important component of the Burmese calendar, today, the zodiac is closely identified with Burmese astrology, called Baydin (Burmese: ဗေဒင်). Largely derived from Hindu astronomy and Vedic astrology, the Burmese zodiac consists of not only the same 12 signs of the Western zodiac but also 27 lunar mansions of the month and eight weekday signs.
The Burmese zodiac, like the Western zodiac, is divided into 12 signs called yathi (Burmese: ရာသီ in Burmese pronounced as /jàðì/). The Burmese signs are identical to Indian and Western signs as they were derived from Indian and ultimately Western zodiac. Each yathi is divided into 30 degrees (Burmese: အင်္သာ in Burmese pronounced as /ɪ̀ɰ̃ðà/); each degree into 60 minutes (Burmese: လိတ္တာ in Burmese pronounced as /leiʔtà/); and each minute into 60 seconds (Burmese: ဝိလိတ္တာ in Burmese pronounced as /wḭleiʔtà/).[1]
| Longitude Burmese: အင်္သာ | Sign Burmese: ရာသီ | Sanskrit | Latin | Ruling planet Burmese: ရာသီခွင် | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 0° | Meittha Burmese: မိဿ | Meṣa मेष | Aries | Mars | |
| 30° | Pyeittha Burmese: ပြိဿ | Vṛṣabha वृषभ | Taurus | Venus | |
| 60° | Mehton Burmese: မေထုန် | Mithuna मिथुन | Gemini | Mercury | |
| 90° | Karakat Burmese: ကရကဋ် | Karkaṭa कर्कट | Cancer | Moon | |
| 120° | Thein Burmese: သိဟ် | Siṃha सिंह | Leo | Sun | |
| 150° | Kan Burmese: ကန် | Kanyā कन्या | Virgo | Mercury | |
| 180° | Tu Burmese: တူ | Tulā तुला | Libra | Venus | |
| 210° | Byeissa Burmese: ဗြိစ္ဆာ | Vṛścika वृश्चिक | Scorpio | Mars | |
| 240° | Danu Burmese: ဓနု | Dhanuṣa धनुष | Sagittarius | Jupiter | |
| 270° | Makara Burmese: မကာရ | Makara मकर | Capricorn | Saturn | |
| 300° | Kon Burmese: ကုံ | Kumbha कुम्भ | Aquarius | Saturn | |
| 330° | Mein Burmese: မိန် | Mīna मीन | Pisces | Jupiter |
The zodiac month consists of 27 days, approximating the mean sidereal month of 27.321661 days. Thus each zodiac day, called nekkhat (Burmese: နက္ခတ် in Burmese pronounced as /nɛʔkʰaʔ/), represents a lunar mansion, or a segment of the ecliptic along which the Moon revolves around the Earth. Though the names are Burmese adaptations of Sanskrit names, the Burmese system is not the same as the modern Indian system. The Burmese system uses unequal spaces for each segment (from 5° to 26°), and the first segment, Athawani, begins at 350° longitude. The modern Indian system uses equal segments of 13° 20' (360° divided by 27), and the first segment, Asvini, begins at 0°.[2] (The zodiac also recognizes a lost 28th constellation, called Abizi (Burmese: အဘိဇိ; Sanskrit: Abhijit), which apparently made one revolution among these stars in 27 to 28 days.[3])
The nekkhats are usually used to calculate the zata (horoscope) of a person or an event. Many historical dates were represented with the nekkhat position, not with the more common calendrical date.[4]
| Day | Burmese | Sanskrit | Extent | Range | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | Athawani Burmese: အဿဝဏီ | Aśvinī | 18° | 350°–8° | |
| 2 | Barani Burmese: ဘရဏီ | Bharaṇī | 10° | 8°–18° | |
| 3 | Kyattika Burmese: ကြတ္တိကာ | Kṛttikā | 16° | 18°–34° | |
| 4 | Yawhani Burmese: ရောဟဏီ | Rohiṇī | 12° | 34°–46° | |
| 5 | Migathi Burmese: မိဂသီ | Mṛgaśira | 14° | 46°–60° | |
| 6 | Adra Burmese: အဒြ | Ārdrā | 5° | 60°–65° | |
| 7 | Ponnahpukshu Burmese: ပုဏ္ဏဖုသျှု | Punarvasu | 27° | 65°–92° | |
| 8 | Hpusha Burmese: ဖုသျှ | Puṣya | 14° | 92°–106° | |
| 9 | Athaleiktha Burmese: အသလိဿ | Āśleṣā | 12° | 106°–118° | |
| 10 | Maga Burmese: မာဃ | Māgha | 11° | 118°–129° | |
| 11 | Pyobba Baragonni Burmese: ပြုဗ္ဗာ ဘရဂုဏ္ဏီ | Pūrva Phālgunī | 16° | 129°–145° | |
| 12 | Ottara Baragonni Burmese: ဥတ္တရာ ဘရဂုဏ္ဏီ | Uttara Phālgunī | 9° | 145°–154° | |
| 13 | Hathada Burmese: ဟဿဒ | Hasta | 10° | 154°–164° | |
| 14 | Seiktra Burmese: စိတြ | Citra | 15° | 164°–179° | |
| 15 | Thwati Burmese: သွာတိ | Svāti | 13° | 179°–192° | |
| 16 | Withaka Burmese: ဝိသာခါ | Viśākhā | 21° | 192°–213° | |
| 17 | Anuyada Burmese: အနုရာဓ | Anurādha | 11° | 213°–224° | |
| 18 | Zehta Burmese: ဇေဋ္ဌ | Jyeṣṭha | 5° | 224°–229° | |
| 19 | Mula Burmese: မူလ | Mula | 13° | 229°–242° | |
| 20 | Pyobba Than Burmese: ပြုဗ္ဗာသဠ် | Pūrva Āṣādhā | 15° | 242°–257° | |
| 21 | Ottara Than Burmese: ဥတ္တရာသဠ် | Uttara Āṣādhā | 5° | 257°–262° | |
| 22 | Tharawun Burmese: သရဝဏ် | Śravaṇa | 13° | 262°–275° | |
| 23 | Danatheikda Burmese: ဓနသိဒ္ဓ | Dhaniṣṭha | 12° | 275°–287° | |
| 24 | Thattabeiksha Burmese: သတ္တဘိသျှ | Satabhiṣā | 26° | 287°–313° | |
| 25 | Pyobba Parabaik Burmese: ပြုဗ္ဗာ ပုရပိုက် | Pūrva Bhādrapadā | 10° | 313°–323° | |
| 26 | Ottara Parabaik Burmese: ဥတ္တရာ ပုရပိုက် | Uttara Bhādrapadā | 16° | 323°–339° | |
| 27 | Yewati Burmese: ရေဝတီ | Revatī | 11° | 339°–350° |
The Burmese zodiac employs eight signs in a seven-day week, with each sign representing its own day, cardinal direction, planet (celestial body) and animal;[5] it is known as the "Mahabote zodiac".[6] The zodiacs, with slight variations, are also found in Sri Lanka and Thailand.[7]
| Cardinal direction | Burmese | Sanskrit | English | Planet | Sign (Myanmar) | Sign (Sri Lanka) | Sign (Thailand) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Northeast | Taninganwe Burmese: တနင်္ဂနွေ | Āditya | Sunday | Sun | Garuda Burmese: ဂဠုန် | Horseඅශ්වයා குதிரை | Monkeyลิง | |
| East | Taninla Burmese: တနင်္လာ | Candra | Monday | Moon | Tiger Burmese: ကျား | Elephantඅලියා யானை | Horseม้า | |
| Southeast | Inga Burmese: အင်္ဂါ | Angāraka | Tuesday | Mars | Lion Burmese: ခြင်္သေ့ | Peacockමොනරා மயில் | Buffaloควาย | |
| South | Boddahu Burmese: ဗုဒ္ဓဟူး | Budha | Wednesday a.m. | Mercury | Tusked elephant Burmese: ဆင် | Buffaloමී හරකෙක් எருமை | Elephantช้าง | |
| Northwest | Rahu Burmese: ရာဟု | Rāhu | Wednesday p.m. | Ascending Lunar node | Tuskless elephant Burmese: ဟိုင်း | Donkeyබූරුවා கழுதை | Garudaครุฑ | |
| West | Kyathabade Burmese: ကြာသပတေး | Bṛhaspati | Thursday | Jupiter | Rat Burmese: ကြွက် | Lionසිංහයා சிங்கம் | Deerกวาง | |
| North | Thaukkya Burmese: သောကြာ | Śukra | Friday | Venus | Guinea pig[8] Burmese: ပူး | Bullගොනා காளை | Oxวัว | |
| Southwest | Sanay Burmese: စနေ | Śani | Saturday | Saturn | Nāga Burmese: နဂါး | Crow/Ravenකපුට காகம் | Tigerเสือ |
While the eight signs are the most prevalent in modern Burmese zodiac, the zodiac officially also recognizes a ninth sign called Ketu (Burmese: ကိတ် in Burmese pronounced as /keiʔ/), which rules over all of the signs. The same sign also appears in Sri Lanka and Thailand under the same name. Ketu's sign is a mythical Animal of Five Beauties called pyinsarupa (Burmese: ပဉ္စရူပ in Burmese pronounced as /pjɪ̀ɴsa̰ jùpa̰/) with the antlers of a deer, the tusks and the trunk of an elephant, the mane of a lion, the body of a naga serpent, and the tail of a fish. Moreover, Rahu and Ketu, while borrowed from Hindu astrology, are different from their original versions. Hindu astrology considers Rahu and Ketu to be the ascending and descending lunar nodes but Burmese astrology considers them distinct planets.[9]
At any rate, the inclusion of Ketu is not due to astronomical necessity but rather cultural. (J.C. Eade points out that "there is no astronomical necessity" for Ketu, whose orbit can be derived from the value of Rahu, and suggests that Ketu was "superfluous to the system, and perhaps even as an entity that owes its origin to a mistake".[10] Htin Aung says the use of Rahu and Ketu in Burmese zodiac and astrology is for cultural, not necessarily astronomical, value, noting that the nine signs neatly fit the Nine Gods of Burmese animist tradition and indeed are an essential part of the "Ceremony of the Nine Gods" usually held when there is sickness in the house.[9])
The signs can be represented in a nine-square diagram. The exact arrangement is used to place the planetary figurines in the "Ceremony of the Nine Gods", with Ketu in the center, right behind a statue of the Buddha. All the planetary figures face the Buddha (as the animist practice has been absorbed into Burmese Buddhism).[9]
| Northwest Wednesday evening Rahu Tuskless elephant | North Friday Venus Guinea pig | Northeast Sunday Sun Garuda | |
| West Thursday Jupiter Rat | Center Week Ketu Pyinsa Rupa | East Monday Moon Tiger | |
| Southwest Saturday Saturn Naga | South Wednesday morning Mercury Tusked elephant | Southeast Tuesday Mars Lion |
The Sunday, Tuesday, Saturday and Rahu planets are considered to be Malefics, or planets with an evil influence while the Monday, Wednesday, Thursday and Friday planets are considered Benefics, or planets with benign influence. Ketu is considered to be the most powerful and a Benefic but as the chief planet, it cannot be grouped with any other planet. However, modern Burmese astrology rarely uses Ketu, and tends to use only the other eight planets.[11]