Buprenorphine/samidorphan explained

Buprenorphine/samidorphan (developmental code name ALKS-5461) is a combination formulation of buprenorphine and samidorphan which is under development as an add on to antidepressants in treatment-resistant depression (TRD).[1]

ALKS-5461 failed to meet its primary efficacy endpoints in two trials from 2016.[2] On the basis of a third study that did meet its primary endpoints, Alkermes initiated a rolling New Drug Application with the FDA.

In November 2018, an FDA panel voted against recommending approval, finding that evidence was insufficient. As such, approval of the medication was rejected in 2019.[3] It is a κ-opioid receptor (KOR) antagonist and is being developed by Alkermes.

Pharmacology

Pharmacodynamics

ALKS-5461 is a (1:1 ratio) combination of: (1) buprenorphine, a weak partial agonist of the μ-opioid receptor (MOR), antagonist/very weak partial agonist of the κ-opioid receptor (KOR), and, to a lesser extent, antagonist of the δ-opioid receptor (DOR) and weak partial agonist of the nociceptin receptor (NOP);[4] [5] [6] [7] and (2) samidorphan, a preferential antagonist of the MOR (but also, to a slightly lesser extent, weak partial agonist of the KOR and DOR).[8] [9] [10] [11] The combination of these two drugs putatively results in what is functionally a blockade of KORs with negligible activation of MORs.

κ-Opioid receptor antagonism

It has been known since the 1980s that buprenorphine binds to at high affinity and antagonizes the KOR.[12] [13]

Through activation of the KOR, dynorphins, opioid peptides that are the endogenous ligands of the KOR and that can, in many regards, be figuratively thought of as functional inverses of the morphine-like, euphoric and stress-inhibiting endorphins,[14] induce dysphoria and stress-like responses in both animals and humans,[15] as well as psychotomimetic effects in humans,[16] [17] and are thought to be essential for the mediation of the dysphoric aspects of stress.[18] In addition, dynorphins are believed to be critically involved in producing the changes in neuroplasticity evoked by chronic stress that lead to the development of depressive and anxiety disorders, increased drug-seeking behavior, and dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis.[19] In support of this, in knockout mice lacking the genes encoding the KOR and/or prodynorphin (the endogenous precursor of the dynorphins), many of the usual effects of exposure to chronic stress are completely absent, such as increased immobility in the forced swimming test (a widely employed assay of depressive-like behavior) and increased conditioned place preference for cocaine (a measure of the rewarding properties and addictive susceptibility to cocaine).[20] Accordingly, KOR antagonists show robust efficacy in animal models of depression, anxiety, anhedonia, drug addiction, and other stress-related behavioral and physiological abnormalities.[21] [22]

A mouse study found that knockout of the MOR or DOR or selective pharmacological ablation of the NOP did not affect the antidepressant-like effects of buprenorphine, whereas knockout of the KOR abolished the antidepressant-like effects of the drug, supporting the notion that the antidepressant-like effects of buprenorphine are indeed mediated by modulation of the KOR by the drug (and not of the MOR, DOR, or NOP).[23] However, a subsequent study found that the MOR may play an important role in the antidepressant-like effects of buprenorphine in animals.[24]

Buprenorphine is not a silent antagonist of the KOR but rather a weak partial agonist.[25] [26] In vitro, it has shown some activation of the KOR at concentrations of ≥ 100 nM, with an Emax of 22% at 30 μM; no plateau in maximal response (EC50) was observed at concentrations up to 30 μM. Samidorphan similarly shows activation of the KOR in vitro, but to an even greater extent, with an EC50 of 3.3 nM and an Emax of 36%. As such, ALKS-5461 may possess both antagonistic and agonistic potential at the KOR. Because antagonism of the KOR seems to be responsible for the antidepressant effects of ALKS-5461, this property could in theory limit the effectiveness of ALKS-5461 in the treatment of depression.[27]

History

ALKS-5461 was granted Fast Track Designation by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for treatment-resistant depression in October 2013.[28] During June and July 2014, three phase III clinical trials were initiated in the United States for treatment-resistant depression. Alkermes reported that the first two trials failed in 2016. In August 2017, based on the third trial, Alkermes announced the initiation of a rolling submission of a New Drug Application for ALKS-5461 to the FDA.[29] On 31 January 2018, Alkermes submitted a New Drug Application for ALKS-5461 to the FDA for the adjunctive treatment of major depressive disorder.[30] The submission was accepted by the FDA on 9 April 2018 after initially serving a refuse-to-file letter due to insufficient evidence of overall effectiveness.[31]

In November 2018, an FDA advisory committee voted 21–2 against recommending approval of ALKS-5461 for MDD, setting the medication up for likely rejection.[32] The main reason cited was insufficient evidence of effectiveness. The panel voted in favor of adequate safety having been demonstrated.

See also

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

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  2. Web site: Alkermes Depression Drug Disappoints in Trials. Steele A . 21 January 2016. WSJ. 21 January 2016.
  3. News: FDA declines to approve Alkermes opioid-based depression drug . 4 February 2019 . Reuters . 1 February 2019 . en.
  4. Kress HG . Clinical update on the pharmacology, efficacy and safety of transdermal buprenorphine . European Journal of Pain . 13 . 3 . 219–230 . March 2009 . 18567516 . 10.1016/j.ejpain.2008.04.011 . 8243410 .
  5. Lutfy K, Cowan A . Buprenorphine: a unique drug with complex pharmacology . Current Neuropharmacology . 2 . 4 . 395–402 . October 2004 . 18997874 . 2581407 . 10.2174/1570159043359477 .
  6. Ehrich E, Turncliff R, Du Y, Leigh-Pemberton R, Fernandez E, Jones R, Fava M . Evaluation of opioid modulation in major depressive disorder . Neuropsychopharmacology . 40 . 6 . 1448–1455 . May 2015 . 25518754 . 4397403 . 10.1038/npp.2014.330 .
  7. Khroyan TV, Wu J, Polgar WE, Cami-Kobeci G, Fotaki N, Husbands SM, Toll L . BU08073 a buprenorphine analogue with partial agonist activity at μ-receptors in vitro but long-lasting opioid antagonist activity in vivo in mice . British Journal of Pharmacology . 172 . 2 . 668–680 . January 2015 . 24903063 . 4292977 . 10.1111/bph.12796 .
  8. Almarsson, O., Deaver, D., Turncliff, R., Wentland, M., & Ehrich, E. (2010). Discovery and early development of ALKS-33, an opioid modulator for treatment of reward disorders. Abstracts Of Papers Of The American Chemical Society, 240
  9. Rorick-Kehn LM, Witkin JM, Statnick MA, Eberle EL, McKinzie JH, Kahl SD, Forster BM, Wong CJ, Li X, Crile RS, Shaw DB, Sahr AE, Adams BL, Quimby SJ, Diaz N, Jimenez A, Pedregal C, Mitch CH, Knopp KL, Anderson WH, Cramer JW, McKinzie DL . 6 . LY2456302 is a novel, potent, orally-bioavailable small molecule kappa-selective antagonist with activity in animal models predictive of efficacy in mood and addictive disorders . Neuropharmacology . 77 . 131–144 . February 2014 . 24071566 . 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2013.09.021 . 3230414 .
  10. Book: Dwoskin LP . Emerging Targets & Therapeutics in the Treatment of Psychostimulant Abuse. 29 January 2014. Elsevier Science. 978-0-12-420177-4. 398–399, 402–403.
  11. Wentland MP, Lou R, Lu Q, Bu Y, Denhardt C, Jin J, Ganorkar R, VanAlstine MA, Guo C, Cohen DJ, Bidlack JM . 6 . Syntheses of novel high affinity ligands for opioid receptors . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters . 19 . 8 . 2289–2294 . April 2009 . 19282177 . 2791460 . 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.02.078 .
  12. Su TP . Further demonstration of kappa opioid binding sites in the brain: evidence for heterogeneity . The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 232 . 1 . 144–148 . January 1985 . 2856939 .
  13. Leander JD . Buprenorphine has potent kappa opioid receptor antagonist activity . Neuropharmacology . 26 . 9 . 1445–1447 . September 1987 . 2823167 . 10.1016/0028-3908(87)90112-2 . 43382591 .
  14. Shippenberg TS . The dynorphin/kappa opioid receptor system: a new target for the treatment of addiction and affective disorders? . Neuropsychopharmacology . 34 . 1 . 247 . January 2009 . 19079072 . 10.1038/npp.2008.165 . free .
  15. Book: Rankovic Z, Hargreaves R, Bingham M . Drug Discovery for Psychiatric Disorders . 2012 . Royal Society of Chemistry . 978-1-84973-365-6 . 314–317.
  16. Pfeiffer A, Brantl V, Herz A, Emrich HM . Psychotomimesis mediated by kappa opiate receptors . Science . 233 . 4765 . 774–776 . August 1986 . 3016896 . 10.1126/science.3016896 . 37512800 . 1986Sci...233..774P .
  17. Yan F, Roth BL . Salvinorin A: a novel and highly selective kappa-opioid receptor agonist . Life Sciences . 75 . 22 . 2615–2619 . October 2004 . 15369697 . 10.1016/j.lfs.2004.07.008 . Bryan Roth .
  18. Land BB, Bruchas MR, Lemos JC, Xu M, Melief EJ, Chavkin C . The dysphoric component of stress is encoded by activation of the dynorphin kappa-opioid system . The Journal of Neuroscience . 28 . 2 . 407–414 . January 2008 . 18184783 . 2612708 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.4458-07.2008 .
  19. Knoll AT, Carlezon WA . Dynorphin, stress, and depression . Brain Research . 1314 . 56–73 . February 2010 . 19782055 . 2819644 . 10.1016/j.brainres.2009.09.074 .
  20. McLaughlin JP, Marton-Popovici M, Chavkin C . Kappa opioid receptor antagonism and prodynorphin gene disruption block stress-induced behavioral responses . The Journal of Neuroscience . 23 . 13 . 5674–5683 . July 2003 . 12843270 . 2104777 . 10.1523/JNEUROSCI.23-13-05674.2003 .
  21. Urbano M, Guerrero M, Rosen H, Roberts E . Antagonists of the kappa opioid receptor . Bioorganic & Medicinal Chemistry Letters . 24 . 9 . 2021–2032 . May 2014 . 24690494 . 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.040 .
  22. Carlezon WA, Béguin C, Knoll AT, Cohen BM . Kappa-opioid ligands in the study and treatment of mood disorders . Pharmacology & Therapeutics . 123 . 3 . 334–343 . September 2009 . 19497337 . 2740476 . 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2009.05.008 .
  23. Falcon E, Browne CA, Leon RM, Fleites VC, Sweeney R, Kirby LG, Lucki I . Antidepressant-like Effects of Buprenorphine are Mediated by Kappa Opioid Receptors . Neuropsychopharmacology . 41 . 9 . 2344–2351 . August 2016 . 26979295 . 4946065 . 10.1038/npp.2016.38 .
  24. Robinson SA, Erickson RL, Browne CA, Lucki I . A role for the mu opioid receptor in the antidepressant effects of buprenorphine . Behavioural Brain Research . 319 . 96–103 . February 2017 . 27818236 . 5587126 . 10.1016/j.bbr.2016.10.050 .
  25. Fava M, Memisoglu A, Thase ME, Bodkin JA, Trivedi MH, de Somer M, Du Y, Leigh-Pemberton R, DiPetrillo L, Silverman B, Ehrich E . 6 . Opioid Modulation With Buprenorphine/Samidorphan as Adjunctive Treatment for Inadequate Response to Antidepressants: A Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial . The American Journal of Psychiatry . 173 . 5 . 499–508 . May 2016 . 26869247 . 10.1176/appi.ajp.2015.15070921 . free .
  26. Zhu J, Luo LY, Li JG, Chen C, Liu-Chen LY . Activation of the cloned human kappa opioid receptor by agonists enhances [35S]GTPgammaS binding to membranes: determination of potencies and efficacies of ligands . The Journal of Pharmacology and Experimental Therapeutics . 282 . 2 . 676–684 . August 1997 . 9262330 .
  27. Falcon E, Maier K, Robinson SA, Hill-Smith TE, Lucki I . Effects of buprenorphine on behavioral tests for antidepressant and anxiolytic drugs in mice . Psychopharmacology . 232 . 5 . 907–915 . March 2015 . 25178815 . 4326609 . 10.1007/s00213-014-3723-y .
  28. Web site: Alkermes Receives Fast Track Designation for ALKS 5461 for Major Depressive Disorder . Business Wire . 2013.
  29. News: Taylor P . Will third trial be the charm for Alkermes' depression drug?. FierceBiotech. August 21, 2017. en.
  30. Alkermes Submits New Drug Application To U.S. FDA For ALKS 5461 For The Adjunctive Treatment Of Major Depressive Disorder . Alkermes PLC . prnewswire . January 31, 2018.
  31. Web site: Al Idrus A . 16 April 2018 . Plot twist: FDA pivots on Alkermes' depression drug . FierceBiotech . en. 2018-04-23.
  32. Web site: Al Idrus A . 2 November 2018 . Fierce Biotech . FDA panel slams Alkermes' opioid-based depression drug.

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