Bunga mas explained

The bunga emas dan perak ("golden and silver flowers", Thai: ต้นไม้เงินต้นไม้ทอง), often abbreviated to bunga mas (Jawi: "golden flowers"), was a form of tribute sent every three years to the king of Ayutthaya (Siam) from its vassal states in the Malay Peninsula, in particular, Terengganu, Kelantan, Kedah, Pattani, Nong Chik, Yala, Rangae,[1] Kubang Pasu and Setul.[2] The tribute consisted of two small trees made of gold and silver, along with costly gifts of weapons, goods and slaves.[3]

According to a Kedahan source, the first time a bunga mas was sent, it was sent as a toy for a new-born Siamese prince who was the grandson of Sultan of Kedah himself since his kin, a princess was married to the Siamese king. The rulers of Kedah in the 17th-century considered it to be a token of friendship. However Siamese kings since instead maintained that it was a recognition of their suzerainty.

The practice ended with the establishment of British rule in most of the northern Malay states under the terms of the Anglo-Siamese Treaty of 1909.[3]

Before Lord Nguyễn Ánh of the Nguyễn clan was crowned Emperor of Vietnam, he had offered bunga mas to the Siamese king six times to gain military support for his campaign against the Tây Sơn dynasty.[4] [5] [6] [7] [8] [9]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Cyril Skinner (1983). A Malay Mission to Bangkok during the reign of Rama II, Journal of the Malaysian Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society, https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/41492959.pdf?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents
  2. Web site: Setoi (Setul) Mambang Segara Dalam Lintasan Sejarah Negeri-Negeri Melayu Utara - PDF Free Download.
  3. Leonard Y. Andaya, Barbara Watson Andaya (1984). A History of Malaysia,, pp.65-68
  4. Book: Chaophraya Thiphakorawong

    . https://vajirayana.org/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91/%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%92-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91-%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B3%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD. พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ รัชกาลที่ 1. เจ้าพระยาทิพากรวงศ์ (ขำ บุนนาค). Chaophraya Thiphakorawong. 52. องเชียงสือถวายต้นไม้ทองเงินครั้งที่ ๑ พระราชทานกำลังช่วยองเชียงสือ.

  5. Book: Chaophraya Thiphakorawong

    . https://vajirayana.org/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91/%E0%B9%95%E0%B9%97-%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81-%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%92. พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ รัชกาลที่ 1. เจ้าพระยาทิพากรวงศ์ (ขำ บุนนาค). Chaophraya Thiphakorawong. 57. องเชียงสือตั้งตัวเป็นเจ้าอนัมก๊ก ถวายต้นไม้ทองเงินเป็นครั้งที่ ๒.

  6. Book: Chaophraya Thiphakorawong

    . https://vajirayana.org/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91/%E0%B9%96%E0%B9%99-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%AB%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B7%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%9E-%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%93. พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ รัชกาลที่ 1. เจ้าพระยาทิพากรวงศ์ (ขำ บุนนาค). Chaophraya Thiphakorawong. 69. เจ้าอนัมก๊กขอตราให้หัวเมืองช่วยการทัพ และถวายต้นไม้ทองเงินครั้งที่ ๓.

  7. Book: Chaophraya Thiphakorawong

    . https://vajirayana.org/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91/%E0%B9%98%E0%B9%90-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%94. พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ รัชกาลที่ 1. เจ้าพระยาทิพากรวงศ์ (ขำ บุนนาค). Chaophraya Thiphakorawong. 80. เจ้าอนัมก๊กถวายต้นไม้ทองเงินครั้งที่ ๔.

  8. Book: Chaophraya Thiphakorawong

    . https://vajirayana.org/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91/%E0%B9%98%E0%B9%95-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%95. พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ รัชกาลที่ 1. เจ้าพระยาทิพากรวงศ์ (ขำ บุนนาค). Chaophraya Thiphakorawong. 85. เจ้าอนัมก๊กถวายต้นไม้ทองเงินครั้งที่ ๕.

  9. Book: Chaophraya Thiphakorawong

    . https://vajirayana.org/%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C-%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%91/%E0%B9%99%E0%B9%92-%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%88%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%8A%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88-%E0%B9%96. พระราชพงศาวดารกรุงรัตนโกสินทร์ รัชกาลที่ 1. เจ้าพระยาทิพากรวงศ์ (ขำ บุนนาค). Chaophraya Thiphakorawong. 92. เจ้าอนัมก๊กถวายต้นไม้ทองเงินครั้งที่ ๖.

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