Foreign relations of Bulgaria explained

The foreign relations of Bulgaria are overseen by the Ministry of Foreign Relations headed by the Minister of Foreign Affairs. Situated in Southeast Europe, Bulgaria is a member of both NATO (since 2004) and the European Union (since 2007).[1] It maintains diplomatic relations with 183 countries.

Bulgaria has generally good foreign relations with its neighbours and has proved to be a constructive force in the region under socialist and democratic governments alike. Promoting regional stability, Bulgaria hosted a Southeast European Foreign Ministers meeting in July 1996, and an OSCE conference on Black Sea cooperation in November 1995. Bulgaria also participated in the 1996 South Balkan Defense Ministerial in Albania and it is active in the Southeast European Cooperative Initiative. Since the group's inception in 2015 Bulgaria has been a part of the B9 format, a subset of Eastern European NATO countries. The Republic of North Macedonia plays an important role in Bulgarian foreign and domestic policy due to historical, ethnic and cultural ties.

History

After the fall of communism in Eastern Europe in 1989, Bulgaria sought economic cooperative arrangements with Germany, Italy, France, Portugal, and Spain, as well as military cooperation with Romania, Greece, and Turkey. A start was made on easing tensions with its historical adversary Serbia.[2]

Due to close historical, cultural, and economic ties, Bulgaria sought a mutually beneficial relationship with Russia, on which it largely depends for energy supplies.

Bulgaria's EU Association Agreement came into effect in 1994, and Bulgaria formally applied for full EU membership in December 1995. During the 1999 EU summit in Helsinki, the country was invited to start membership talks with the Union. On January 1, 2007, Bulgaria officially became a member of the European Union. In 1996, Bulgaria acceded to the Wassenaar Arrangement controlling exports of weapons and sensitive technology to countries of concern and also was admitted to the World Trade Organization. Bulgaria is a member of the Zangger Committee and the Nuclear Suppliers Group. After a period of equivocation under a socialist government, in March 1997 a UDF-led caretaker cabinet applied for full NATO membership, which became a reality in April 2004.

Bulgaria and the United States signed a Defense Cooperation Agreement in 2006 providing for military bases and training camps of the U.S. Army in Bulgaria, as part of the Pentagon's restructuring plan.

The HIV trial in Libya resulted in the release of Bulgarian nurses imprisoned by Muammar Gaddafi's government in Libya. French President Nicolas Sarkozy secured the release in exchange for several business deals.[3] [4]

In June 2010, media reports claimed that Bulgaria considers closing a total of 30 of its diplomatic missions abroad. Currently, Bulgaria has 83 embassies, 6 permanent representations, 20 consular offices, and 2 diplomatic bureaus. The proposed closures were backed by Prime Minister Boyko Borisov, who described some of Bulgaria's embassies as useless.[5] In November 2010, Bulgaria's Foreign Minister Nikolay Mladenov formally announced his team proposes to close seven embassies as part of a plan for restructuring and austerity measures.

In March 2012 the Borisov administration decided to discontinue its plans to build with the help of Rosatom and Atomstroyexport the Belene nuclear station near the River Danube. At the time, Bulgaria depended on Russia for 89% of its petrol, 100% of natural gas and all of the nuclear fuel needed for its twin-reactor Kozloduy nuclear station.[6] In the sequential lawsuit, the International Court of Arbitration at the International Chamber of Commerce in Geneva ruled against Bulgaria.

2014-2021

In August 2014 Bulgaria suspended its 930 km portion of the South Stream natural gas pipeline project with Gazprom until the project conforms to European Union law. In default of this project, Naftogaz and Ukraine stood to benefit.[7] Gas was to be pumped to the Black Sea port of Varna before it travelled overland to the Serbian border and northeast from there to Hungary, Slovenia and Austria.[8]

A Bulgarian weapons dealer named Emilian Gebrev was poisoned (along with his son and an employee[9]) in Sofia in spring 2015 using a substance believed to be the nerve agent Novichok,[10] and in 2020 three Russian nationals were charged in absentia. One of the three went by the name Sergei Fedotov, which is the alias of Denis Sergeev (GRU officer).

The Bucharest Nine (or B9 format) is an organization founded on 4 November 2015 in Bucharest, Romania, at the initiative of the President of Romania Klaus Iohannis and the President of Poland Andrzej Duda during a bilateral meeting between them.[11] Its members are Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Poland, Romania and Slovakia. Its apparition was mainly a result of a perceived aggressive attitude from Russia following the annexation of Crimea from Ukraine and its posterior intervention in eastern Ukraine both in 2014. All members of the B9 were either part of the former Soviet Union (USSR) or the Soviet-led Warsaw Pact.[12] [13]

Rampant corruption has led as recently as June 2019 to repeated rejection of Bulgaria's attempts to join the Schengen Area.[14]

After the Prespa Agreement between Macedonia and Greece went into force in 2018, Bulgaria broke the Friendship Agreement in which it would assist Macedonia with its EU integration, and instead vetoed the start of Macedonia's EU accession talks. Bulgaria now places demands, which some Macedonian observers label "outrageous", on Macedonia in which Macedonians must ‘admit’ their grandparents were Bulgarians and their language is in fact Bulgarian if they wish to continue their path into the EU.[15]

Bulgaria manufactures many types of Soviet-era ammunition, anti-tank missiles, and light arms, and has extensive trade ties with other recovering Soviet countries for this reason.

The TurkStream natural gas pipeline project seemed to excite quite a few journalists.[16] [17] The project's European landfall is Bulgaria.[17] TurkStream started shipping gas to Bulgaria, Greece and North Macedonia on 1 January 2020,[18] after the personal intervention of Vladimir Putin.[19] One journalist ran his article under the headline "How Bulgaria gave Gazprom the keys to the Balkans".[20]

In 2020, five Russian diplomats and the Russian military attaché were expelled on grounds that they were engaging in espionage. Together with the two expelled on account of the Iliev scandal, eight Russian diplomats were expelled over 18 months to April 2021.

2022-date

Prime Minister Kiril Petkov has introduced a political taboo on the use of Russian narratives, including the "special operation" label favoured by Vladimir Putin. Those who think otherwise so have to bear heavy political responsibility: the Bulgarian Minister of Defense, Stefan Yanev, was the first to be punished. He allowed himself to declare, following Putin, that it is not "war" in Ukraine but a "military operation". Petkov dismissed the minister on March 1, a scant week after the start of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

Petkov recalled his ambassador to Russia, after Russian ambassador to Bulgaria Eleonora Mitrofanova conducted herself abysmally in the wake of the Russian invasion of Ukraine.

On 7 May 2022 the head of Bulgargaz, Ivan Topchiisky, announced that Bulgaria will be able to overcome its dependence on the Russian supplier Gazprom by the end of 2022. The demands of Gazprom to make payments for gas in rubles added fuel to the fire, and Sofia refused. Thus, Bulgaria turned out to be one of the two EU countries to which Russia cut off gas supplies, and this necessitated the urgent co-operation of EU Commissioner Ursula von der Leyen.

In early 2022, Petkov was sympathetic to Volodymyr Zelensky's repeated requests for military aid during his country's battle against the Russians but he faced the refusal of his coalition partner the Bulgarian Socialist Party (which is the successor to the Soviet-era Bulgarian Communist Party[21]) and their leader Korneliya Ninova.[22] On 4 May, Parliament approved the continuation of repairs to damaged Ukrainian military equipment,[23] and will continue to support Ukraine's membership in the EU, as well as to the Ukrainian refugees from the war, who numbered more than 56,000 as of 7 June.[24] Petkov noted Bulgaria's espousal of all sanctions against Russia, and would allow the use of the Port of Varna to transship goods that had been stifled by the Russian blockade of Odesa.[25]

Bulgarias wish to see an end of Russian gas in the EU contributed to a decision to apply a high transit tax on gas being pumped through the country to Hungary and Serbia in October 2023, which caused an upset even though the tax would probably be paid by Gazprom, not Hungary or Serbia.[26] In December, despite the European Commission agreeing that the law does not breach EU regulations, Bulgaria agreed to suspended the charge to avoid any issues during Bulgaria's pending Schengen Area application.[27]

Bulgaria-NATO relations

Bulgaria joined NATO in 2004,[28] three years before it acceded to the European Union.[29]

In June 2016 Borisov and Plevneliev vetoed Romania's idea of forming a NATO flotilla in the Black Sea,[30] one day after a stern warning from Russia. NATO partners Romania and Turkey had favoured the idea,[31] along with Ukraine, which wanted to join any such initiative.[32] The refusal came on the day of a visit of President Klaus Iohannis of Romania.[32]

In 2018, Bulgaria ordered eight F-16V multirole fighter aircraft, to replace its aging fleet of Mig 29s. Together with service and training, they will cost $1.2 billion. The fleet of Mig 29s are serviced by their Russian manufacturer.[33]

In December 2020 German manufacturer Lurssen was contracted to equip the Bulgarian Navy with new Multipurpose Modular Patrol Vessels (aka Offshore Patrol Vessels) built at the Bulgarian shipyard MTG Dolphin JSC, west of Varna. Lürssen is the prime contractor for the Bulgarian Ministry of Defence, while Swedish manufacturer Saab AB subcontracted to provide the electronics.[34] The contract was valued at $593 million.[35] The vessels are 90 meters long and displace 2,300 tons.[36] The first was launched in August 2023 with delivery scheduled for 2025.

In December 2020 one Russian military attaché in Sofia was alleged to have gathered information on US service members stationed on Bulgarian territory during military exercises.

In 2021 six USAF F-16s operated from Bulgaria's Graf Ignatievo Air Base.

On 18 March 18 Bulgaria and Romania amended their 2011 Agreement on cross-border air policing.[33]

In March 2021 six Bulgarians were charged with espionage and several Russian diplomats were expelled. The Bulgarian ring leader was a highly placed former official with the Ministry of Defense named Ivan Iliev, who corrupted his wife, and who trained military intelligence officers. Two Russian diplomats named Sergei Nikolashin and Vadim Bikov were expelled on 22 March 2021. Iliev was finally apprehended outside the Russian embassy, where he had intended to obtain asylum. Another arrest was that of Lyubomir Medarov who had until then been in charge of the office of classified communications and information of the Bulgarian parliament. Colonel Petar Petrov from the Ministry of Defense had access to the most highly classified documents about NATO activities. One observer characterized this event as the biggest story in Bulgarian defence since World War Two. Prosecutors alleged that the group "posed a serious threat to national security by collecting and handing to a foreign country state secrets of Bulgaria, NATO and the European Union." At the time of the arrests, several held senior positions in the Military Intelligence Service and the Ministry of Defence.[37] [29] [38]

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Bulgaria maintains diplomatic relations with:

Country Date[39]
1
2 France
3 Romania
4 Italy
5 Turkey
6 United Kingdom
7 Serbia
8 Belgium
9 Greece
10
11 United States
12 Netherlands
13 Spain
14 Albania
15 Sweden
16 Switzerland
17 Norway
18 Finland
19 Poland
20 Austria
21 Hungary
22 Czech Republic
23 Egypt
24 Denmark
25 Argentina
26 Brazil
27 Chile
28 Mexico
29 Japan[40]
30 Israel
31
32 China
33
34 Mongolia
35
36 India
37 Myanmar
38 Sudan
39 Ethiopia
40 Tunisia
41 Indonesia
42 Luxembourg
43 Uruguay
44 Iraq
45 Guinea
46 Cambodia
47 Somalia
48 Cuba
49 Mali
50 Cyprus
51
52 Ghana
53 Afghanistan
54 Morocco
55 Sri Lanka
56
57 Benin
58
59 Sierra Leone
60 Algeria
61 Yemen
62 Kuwait
63 Libya
64 Iceland
65 Kenya
66 Nigeria
67 Uganda
68 Jordan
69 Burundi
70
71 Pakistan
72 Mauritania
73 Canada
74 Lebanon
75 Singapore
76
77 Senegal
78 Nepal
79 Burkina Faso
80 Zambia
81 Malaysia
82 Peru
83 Central African Republic
84 Costa Rica
85
86 Ecuador
87 Malta
88 Equatorial Guinea
89 Bangladesh
90 Australia
91 Niger
92 Panama
93 Colombia
94 Philippines
95 Germany
96 Guinea-Bissau
97 Togo
98 Portugal[41]
99
100 Thailand
101 Liberia
102 Mauritius
103 Mozambique
104 Angola
105 Gabon
106 Madagascar
107 Jamaica
108 Guyana
109 Comoros
110 Nicaragua
111 Rwanda
112
113 Zimbabwe
114 Cape Verde
115 Grenada
116 Lesotho
117 Seychelles
118 Botswana
119 Cameroon
120 Maldives
121 New Zealand
—[42]
122 Chad[43]
123
124 Namibia
125 Ireland
126 Oman
127 Qatar
–
128 Dominican Republic
129 El Salvador
130 Estonia
131 Latvia
132 United Arab Emirates
133 Bahrain
134 Lithuania
135 Ukraine
136 Armenia
137 South Africa
138
139 Barbados
140 Belarus
141 Turkmenistan
142 Kyrgyzstan
143 Azerbaijan
144 Georgia
145 Kazakhstan
146 Croatia
147 Slovenia
148 Uzbekistan
149 Paraguay
150 Slovakia
151 Eritrea
152 Tajikistan
153
154 Guatemala
155 Belize
156
157 Liechtenstein
158 Andorra
–[44]
159 Malawi
160
161 Saudi Arabia
162 Bosnia and Herzegovina
163 San Marino[45]
164 Nauru
165 Antigua and Barbuda
166[46]
167 Saint Vincent and the Grenadines
168 Honduras
169 Suriname
170 Montenegro[47]
171 Djibouti[48]
172 Bahamas
–[49]
173 Solomon Islands
174 Dominica
175 Tuvalu
176 Trinidad and Tobago
177 Fiji
178 Monaco[50]
179 Vanuatu
180 Saint Lucia
181
182
183 Samoa
184[51]
185

Bulgaria has not established diplomatic relations with,,,,,, and .

Relations by region and country

Multilateral

OrganizationFormal Relations BeganNotes
See 2007 enlargement of the European Union Bulgaria joined the European Union as a full member on 1 January 2007.
Bulgaria joined NATO as a full member on 29 March 2004.

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Algeria1962[52]
Angola20 November 1975
  • Since 1976, Bulgaria has an embassy in Luanda.[55]
  • Angola is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Athens (Greece).[56]
Egypt3 February 1926[57] See Bulgaria–Egypt relations
Ethiopia
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Addis Ababa.
  • Ethiopia is accredited to Bulgaria from its permanent mission to the United Nations in Geneva, Switzerland.
Kenya
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Kenya from its embassy in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia.
  • Kenya is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Berlin, Germany.
Libya30 June 1963[58]
Morocco1 September 1961[59]
Nigeria1964[62]
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Abuja.
  • Nigeria is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
South Africa2 February 1992See Bulgaria–South Africa relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Pretoria
  • Since 1992, South Africa has an embassy in Sofia.[63]
Sudan1 July 1956[64] See Bulgaria–Sudan relations
  • In 1967, Bulgaria sent the first Bulgarian ambassador to Khartoum. The activities of the Bulgarian embassy in Khartoum were terminated in April 1990.
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Sudan from its embassy in Cairo, Egypt.
  • Sudan has an embassy in Sofia.
Tunisia1956[65]

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Argentina1931[68]
  • Argentina has an embassy in Sofia.
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Buenos Aires.
Belize15 February 1994[69]
Brazil1934[71]
  • Brazil has an embassy in Sofia.
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Brasília.
Canada30 June 1966[72] See Bulgaria–Canada relations
Chile1935[76]
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Chile from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Chile is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania and maintains an honorary consulate in Sofia.
Colombia8 May 1973[77]
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Colombia from its embassy in Brasília, Brazil.
  • Colombia is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Warsaw, Poland.
Cuba1960[78]
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Sofia.
Dominica
  • Bulgaria is represented in Dominica through its embassy in Havana, Cuba.[79]
Ecuador1971[80]
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Ecuador from its embassy in Brasilia, Brazil.
  • Ecuador is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Budapest, Romania and maintains an honorary consulate in Sofia.
Mexico6 January 1938[81] See Bulgaria–Mexico relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Mexico City.[82]
  • Mexico is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Budapest, Hungary and maintains an honorary consulate in Sofia.[83]
Paraguay2 December 1992
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Paraguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Paraguay is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Rome, Italy.[84]
Peru1969
  • Peru closed its embassy in Sofia for economic reasons in 2003.
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Peru from its embassy in Brasilia, Brazil.
  • Peru is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Athens, Greece.[85]
United States1903[86] See Bulgaria–United States relations

Bulgarian-American relations, first formally established in 1903, have moved from missionary activity and American support for Bulgarian independence in the late 19th century to the growth of trade and commerce in the early 20th century, to reluctant hostility during World War I and open war and bombardment in World War II, to ideological confrontation during the Cold War, to partnership with the United States in the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) and growing political, military and economic ties in the beginning of the 21st century.

  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in Chicago, Los Angeles and New York City.
  • United States has an embassy in Sofia.
Uruguay
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania and maintains an honorary consulate in Sofia.
  • Bulgaria is accredited to Venezuela from its embassy in Mexico City, Mexico.
  • Venezuela is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.

Asia

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Afghanistan12 June 1961[87]
Armenia18 January 1992[90] See Armenia–Bulgaria relations
Azerbaijan5 June 1992[93] See Azerbaijan–Bulgaria relations
China3 October 1949[96] See Bulgaria–China relations
Georgia5 June 1992[99] See Bulgaria–Georgia relations
India22 December 1954[102] See Bulgaria–India relations
Indonesia20 September 1956[105] See Bulgaria–Indonesia relations
  • Bulgaria was among the States that recognized Indonesia's independence on September 21, 1956, and the two countries established diplomatic relations.
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Jakarta since October 1958 and Indonesia has had an embassy in Sofia since 1960.[106]
1897[107]
  • Since 1939, Bulgaria has an embassy in Tehran.[108]
  • Iran has an embassy in Sofia.[109] [110]
Iraq14 August 1958[111] See Bulgaria–Iraq relations
Israel4 December 1948[114]
Japan12 October 1939[117] See Bulgaria–Japan relations
Kazakhstan5 June 1992[120]
  • Since 1994, Bulgaria had an embassy in Almaty, later moved to Nur-Sultan.[121]
  • Since November 2004, Kazakhstan has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Sofia.
Lebanon19 September 1966
Mongolia22 April 1950[125] See Bulgaria–Mongolia relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Ulaanbaatar.
  • Mongolia has an embassy in Sofia.
29 November 1948[126]
Pakistan15 June 1965[127]
  • Since 1974, Bulgaria has an embassy in Islamabad.[128]
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Sofia.
November 1988[129]
23 March 1990[130] See Bulgaria–South Korea relations
  • The establishment of diplomatic relations between the Republic of Korea and Bulgaria began on 23 March, 1990.
  • During the Cold War, the Republic of Bulgaria had diplomatic relations only with North Korea however, after the Cold War, Bulgaria has also had diplomatic relations with South Korea.
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Seoul.[131] [132]
  • South Korea has an embassy in Sofia.[133] [134]
  • Bulgaria–South Korea relations
24 July 1954See Bulgaria–Syria relations
Thailand10 August 1974[137]
  • Since 1975, Bulgaria has an embassy in Bangkok.[138]
  • Thailand has an honorary consulate in Sofia.[139]
  • There is a Thai village in Bulgaria since 2006 [140]
Turkey18 October 1925[141] See Bulgaria–Turkey relations
United Arab Emirates19 October 1991[144] See Bulgaria–United Arab Emirates relations
  • Bulgaria has a consulate-general in Dubai.
  • United Arab Emirates is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Ankara, Turkey.
Uzbekistan12 September 1992[145] See Bulgaria–Uzbekistan relations
8 February 1950[146] See Bulgaria–Vietnam relations
Yemen12 October, 1962[149] See Bulgaria–Yemen relations

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Albania1922[150] See Albania–Bulgaria relations
Andorra14 July 1993[153]
Austria7 July 1879[155] See Austria–Bulgaria relations
  • Austria has an embassy in Sofia.[156]
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Vienna and an honorary consulate in Salzburg.[157]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
Belarus26 March 1992[158] See Belarus–Bulgaria relations
  • Bulgaria recognized Belarus on December 23, 1991.[159]
  • Belarus has an embassy in Sofia and an honorary consulate in Burgas.[160]
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Minsk.[161]
Belgium1879[162] See Belgium–Bulgaria relations
Bosnia and Herzegovina15 January 1992[165] See Bosnia and Herzegovina–Bulgaria relations
Croatia13 August 1992[168] See Bulgaria–Croatia relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Zagreb.[169]
  • Croatia has an embassy in Sofia.[170]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.[171]
Cyprus30 October 1960[172] See Bulgaria–Cyprus relations
Czech Republic27 September 1920[174] See Bulgaria–Czech Republic relations
  • Relations were severed on June 1, 1939, and they were restored on October 10, 1945.
  • On December 23, 1992, Bulgaria recognised the Czech Republic and established diplomatic relations with it at the level of embassies as of January 1, 1993.
  • Bulgaria has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Prague.[175]
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Sofia and an honorary consulate in Varna.[176]
  • Both countries are members of the European Union, NATO and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development.[177]
Denmark17 April 1931[178] See Bulgaria–Denmark relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Copenhagen.
  • Denmark has an embassy in Sofia.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Estonia20 May 1921[179] See Bulgaria–Estonia relations
  • Bulgaria recognised Estonia on May 20, 1921, and re-recognised Estonia on August 26, 1991.
  • Both countries restored diplomatic relations on September 10, 1991.
  • In 2009, Bulgaria opened an embassy in Tallinn.
  • Estonia has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Sofia.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
  • Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Bulgaria
Finland5 August 1918[180]
France8 July 1879[181] See Bulgaria–France relations
Germany1879[183] See Bulgaria–Germany relations
Greece1880[186] See Bulgaria–Greece relations

Relations between Greece and Bulgaria have been very cordial since the 1950s, due to the strong cultural, political and religious ties between the two nations, preceded in the earlier 20th century by periods of intense mutual hostility. Since Bulgaria's independence in 1876, Greece and Bulgaria faced each other in three major wars: the Second Balkan War, the First World War and the Second World War, in which Bulgaria briefly occupied parts of northern Greece.

  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Athens and a consulate-general in Thessaloniki.
  • Greece has an embassy in Sofia and a consulate-general in Plovdiv.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
See Holy See–Bulgaria relations
  • Diplomatic relations were restored on 6 December, 1990.[187]
Hungary9 August 1920[188] See Bulgaria–Hungary relations
Iceland27 December 1963[189] See Bulgaria–Iceland relations
Ireland11 July 1990[191] See Bulgaria–Ireland relations
Italy25 July 1879[194] See Bulgaria–Italy relations
27 May 2008See Bulgaria–Kosovo relations
Latvia24 May 1922[200] See Bulgaria–Latvia relations
Liechtenstein19 November 1993[203]
Lithuania3 November 1924[204] See Bulgaria–Lithuania relations
Luxembourg1956[207]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Malta10 September 1971[208]
  • Bulgaria is represented in Malta through its embassy in Rome (Italy).[209]
  • Malta has honorary consulates in Sofia and Varna.[210]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
5 February 1992[211] See Bulgaria–Moldova relations
Monaco14 February 2008[213]
Montenegro2 August 2006[214] See Bulgaria–Montenegro relations
Netherlands1909[215] See Bulgaria–Netherlands relations
15 January 1992[218] See Bulgaria–North Macedonia relations
  • Bulgaria was the first country to recognize North Macedonia and the second to open an embassy.
  • The rules governing good neighbourly relations agreed between Bulgaria and the Republic of North Macedonia were set in the Joint Declaration of February 22, 1999, reaffirmed by a joint memorandum signed on January 22, 2008, in Sofia.[219]
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
  • Bulgaria is an EU member and North Macedonia is a candidate.
Norway20 August 1906[220] See Bulgaria–Norway relations
  • Since April 1918, Bulgaria has an embassy in Oslo.[221]
  • Norway is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
Poland30 December 1918[222] See Bulgaria–Poland relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Warsaw and an honorary consulate in Wroclaw.[223]
  • Poland has an embassy in Sofia.[224]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Portugal1893[225] See Bulgaria–Portugal relations
  • Relations were severed in 1945 and were restored on June 24, 1974.
  • Bulgaria has an embassy and an honorary consulate in Lisbon.[226]
  • Portugal has an embassy in Sofia.[227]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
RomaniaSee Bulgaria–Romania relations

Bulgarian relations with Romania featured regular official visits by the two presidents. Romanian-Bulgarian relations are developing "very intensively" because of EU accession, since Romania and Bulgaria joined the European Union in 2007. Romania and Bulgaria have never had any serious conflicts, other than a territorial dispute over the Dobruja region in 1913–1940, now largely forgotten. Vidin and Calafat have perhaps the closest relations of any towns along this lower section of the Danube. There is a regular ferry service, so locals here have regular interchange with their neighbors across the border.

  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Bucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy in Sofia.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and of NATO.
7 July 1879[228] See Bulgaria–Russia relations
San Marino17 April 2000[231]
Serbia18 January 1879[232] See Bulgaria–Serbia relations
Slovakia1 January 1993[233] See Bulgaria–Slovakia relations
  • Bulgaria recognized Slovakia on December 23, 1992.
  • Since February 1994, Bulgaria has an embassy in Bratislava.[234]
  • Since June 1994, Slovakia has an embassy in Sofia.[235]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Slovenia1992[236] See Bulgaria–Slovenia relations
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Ljubljana.[237]
  • Slovenia is represented in Bulgaria through its embassy in Budapest (Hungary).[238]
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Spain8 May 1910[239] See Bulgaria–Spain relations
Sweden6 June 1914[242] See Bulgaria–Sweden relations
Switzerland14 November 1916[245] See Bulgaria–Switzerland relations
Turkey18 October 1925See Turkey in Asia Above
Ukraine13 December 1991[248] See Bulgaria–Ukraine relations

Ukrainian-Bulgarian relations are characterized by a constant active political dialogue at the highest level. Ukraine and Bulgaria actively cooperate and provide mutual support within the framework of regional and international organizations, such as the BSEC, the Central European Initiative, the OSCE, the Council of Europe, the United Nations.

Bulgaria, has confirmed readiness to promote the European and Euro-Atlantic integration of Ukraine. It occupies an important place in the Balkan direction of Ukraine's foreign policy interests, which is due to the geopolitical position of the country in the Balkans, the proximity of interests in the Black Sea and the Danube region. Ukraine and Bulgaria are united by ethnic, linguistic and religious components, traditional economic, trade and cultural-historical ties.

Bulgaria is an important market for Ukrainian products and the largest trade and economic partner of Ukraine in the Balkan region. In 2017, foreign trade between Ukraine and Bulgaria demonstrated growth dynamics.

United Kingdom23 July 1879See Bulgaria–United Kingdom relations

Bulgaria established diplomatic relations with the United Kingdom on 23 July 1879.[251]

  • Bulgaria maintains an embassy in London.
  • The United Kingdom is accredited to Bulgaria through its embassy in Sofia.[252]

Both countries share common membership of the Council of Europe, NATO, OSCE, and the World Trade Organization. Bilaterally the two countries have an Investment Agreement.[253]

Oceania

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Australia5 April 1972[254]
  • Australia is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Athens, Greece and maintains an honorary consulate in Sofia.[255]
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Canberra.[256]
New Zealand9 October 1984[257]
  • Bulgaria is accredited to New Zealand from its embassy in Canberra, Australia.
  • New Zealand is accredited to Bulgaria from its embassy in Brussels, Belgium.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Bechev. Dimitar. 2020-07-20. Living on the Periphery: Bulgaria's Geopolitics Reconsidered. Southeastern Europe. en. 44. 2. 157–176. 10.30965/18763332-04402003. 225573088 . 0094-4467.
  2. Stephane Lefebvre, "Bulgaria's foreign relations in the post-communist era: a general overview and assessment." East European Quarterly 28.4 (1994): 453-471.
  3. Web site: Former French leader Sarkozy held over Libyan funding inquiry. https://web.archive.org/web/20180721162510/https://af.reuters.com/article/topNews/idAFKBN1GW1IG-OZATP?feedType=RSS&feedName=topNews. dead. 21 July 2018. Reuters. 20 March 2018. 21 July 2018.
  4. News: Gaddafi, Sarkozy Involved N-Plant Deal in Rescue of Bulgarian Medics – Report. Novinite. 30 April 2012. 1 May 2012.
  5. Web site: The Bulgaria 2010 Review: Diplomacy and Foreign Policy - Novinite.com - Sofia News Agency.
  6. News: Bulgaria drops nuclear power plant plans . Euractiv . 28 March 2012.
  7. News: Bulgaria suspends South Stream gas pipeline project . BBC . 14 August 2014.
  8. News: Bulgaria Suspends Work On South Stream Pipeline . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 8 June 2014.
  9. News: Synovitz . Ron . Paunova . Polina . Bulgarian Survivor Of Suspected Russian Poison Attack Condemns Suspension Of Probe . Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty . 3 September 2020.
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