Bugula Explained

Bugula is a genus of common colonial arborescent bryozoa, often mistaken for seaweed. It commonly grows upright in bushy colonies of up to 15 cm in height.^{[1] [2]}

Distribution

The native distribution of Bugula neritina is presumed to be tropical and subtropical waters; however, it has become widespread globally due to attachment to the hulls of vessels. It is considered an invasive species in some countries.

Bugula neritina

See main article: Bugula neritina. Bugula neritina attracted interest as a source of cytotoxic chemicals, bryostatins, under clinical investigation as anti-cancer agents. It was first collected and provided to JL Hartwell's anticancer drug discovery group at the National Cancer Institute (NCI) by Jack Rudloe.^[3] In 2001 pharmaceutical company GPC Biotech licensed Bryostatin 1 from Arizona State University for commercial development as a treatment for cancer. GPC Biotech canceled development in 2003, saying that Bryostatin 1 showed little effectiveness and some toxic side-effects.^[4] More recent work shows it has positive effects on cognition in sufferers of Alzheimers with few side effects.^[5]

Other uses

Dried Bugula are commonly used as decorations:

"Air fern", the so-called everlasting plant that supposedly absorbs from air all the moisture it needs to live, is commonly dried colonies of the bryozoan Bugula that have been artificially coloured.^[6]

However, Sertularia argentea are also sold as "air ferns."^[7]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Bugula neritina. exoticsguide.org. 14 February 2015.
2. Bock, P. (2015). Bugula Oken, 1815. In: Bock, P.; Gordon, D. (2015) World List of Bryozoa. Accessed through: World Register of Marine Species at http://www.marinespecies.org/aphia.php?p=taxdetails&id=110839 on 2015-09-02
3. Harford, B The Bryostatins’ Tale Chemical and Engineering News, Vol 89, No 43 PP. 10 - 17 Oct 24, 2011 accessed Dec 19, 2017
4. Web site: Bryostatin 1. https://web.archive.org/web/20070509175548/http://www.marinebiotech.org/bryostatin.html. dead. 9 May 2007. 19 June 2006. 2009-08-20.
5. Nelsen et al., JT Bryostatin Effects on Cognitive Function and PKCɛ in Alzheimer's Disease Phase IIa and Expanded Access Trials J Alzheimers Dis. 2017; 58(2): 521–535. Accessed Dec 27, 2017
6. Web site: The Bryozoa . 2007-02-17 . International Bryozoology Association . Frank K. McKinney . https://web.archive.org/web/20061213140934/http://www.nhm.ac.uk/hosted_sites/iba/pages/bryozoa.html . 2006-12-13 . dead .
7. Picton, B.E. & Morrow, C.C. (2016). Sertularia argentea Linnaeus, 1758. [In] Encyclopedia of Marine Life of Britain and Ireland. Accessed on 2020-01-11.

   Species

   • Bugula alba Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
   • Bugula apsteini Hasenbank, 1932
   • Bugula aspinosa Liu, 1984
   • Bugula biota Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
   • Bugula capensis Waters, 1887
   • Bugula ceylonensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
   • Bugula crosslandi Hastings, 1939
   • Bugula decipiens Hayward, 1981
   • Bugula expansa Hastings, 1939
   • Bugula fastigiata Kluge, 1929
   • Bugula gautieri Ryland, 1962
   • Bugula gnoma Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
   • Bugula hessei Hasenbank, 1932
   • Bugula hummelincki Fransen, 1986
   • Bugula ingens Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
   • Bugula intermedia Liu, 1984
   • Bugula longissima Busk, 1884
   • Bugula lophodendron Ortmann, 1890
   • Bugula migottoi Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
   • Bugula miniatella Winston & Woollacott, 2008
   • Bugula minima Waters, 1909
   • Bugula neritina (Linnaeus, 1758)
   • Bugula neritinoides Hastings, 1939
   • Bugula orientalis Liu, 1984
   • Bugula paternostrae Winston & Woollacott, 2008
   • Bugula philippsae Harmer, 1926
   • Bugula prismatica (Gray, 1843)
   • Bugula protensa Hayward, 1981
   • Bugula providensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
   • Bugula robusta MacGillivray, 1869
   • Bugula robustoides Winston & Woollacott, 2008
   • Bugula rochae Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012
   • Bugula scaphoides Kirkpatrick, 1890
   • Bugula scaphula Tilbrook, Hayward & Gordon, 2001
   • Bugula simpliciformis Osburn, 1932
   • Bugula solorensis Winston & Woollacott, 2008
   • Bugula subglobosa Harmer, 1926
   • Bugula tschukotkensis Kluge, 1952
   • Bugula umbelliformis Yanagi & Okada, 1918
   • Bugula vectifera Harmer, 1926

   Species brought into synonymy:

   • Bugula angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Bugulina angustiloba (Lamarck, 1816)
   • Bugula aperta (Hincks, 1886): synonym of Crisularia aperta (Hincks, 1886)
   • Bugula aquilirostris Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina aquilirostris (Ryland, 1960)
   • Bugula avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758): synonym of Bugulina avicularia (Linnaeus, 1758)
   • Bugula bengalensis Rao & Ganapati, 1974: synonym of Crisularia bengalensis (Rao & Ganapati, 1974)
   • Bugula bicornis Busk, 1884: synonym of Camptoplites bicornis (Busk, 1884)
   • Bugula borealis (Packard, 1863): synonym of Bugulina borealis (Packard, 1863)
   • Bugula bowiei Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Crisularia bowiei (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
   • Bugula calathus Norman, 1868: synonym of Bugulina calathus (Norman, 1868)
   • Bugula californica Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina californica (Robertson, 1905)
   • Bugula carvalhoi Marcus, 1949: synonym of Bugulina carvalhoi (Marcus, 1949)
   • Bugula cucullata Busk, 1867: synonym of Crisularia cucullata (Busk, 1867)
   • Bugula cucullifera Osburn, 1912: synonym of Crisularia cucullifera (Osburn, 1912)
   • Bugula cuspidata Hastings, 1943: synonym of Crisularia cuspidata (Hastings, 1943)
   • Bugula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816): synonym of Virididentula dentata (Lamouroux, 1816)
   • Bugula dispar Harmer, 1926: synonym of Crisularia dispar (Harmer, 1926)
   • Bugula ditrupae Busk, 1858: synonym of Bugulina ditrupae (Busk, 1858)
   • Bugula eburnea Calvet, 1906: synonym of Bugulina eburnea (Calvet, 1906)
   • Bugula elongata Nordgaard, 1906: synonym of Dendrobeania decorata (Verrill, 1879)
   • Bugula flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848): synonym of Bugulina flabellata (Thompson, in Gray, 1848)
   • Bugula foliolata Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Bugulina foliolata (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
   • Bugula fulva Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina fulva (Ryland, 1960)
   • Bugula germanae (Calvet, 1902): synonym of Bugula serrata (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
   • Bugula gracilis Busk, 1858: synonym of Crisularia gracilis (Busk, 1858)
   • Bugula grayi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia grayi (Maturo, 1966)
   • Bugula guara Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012: synonym of Crisularia guara (Vieira, Winston & Fehlauer-Ale, 2012)
   • Bugula harmsworthi Waters, 1900: synonym of Crisularia harmsworthi (Waters, 1900)
   • Bugula hyadesi Jullien, 1888: synonym of Crisularia hyadesi (Jullien, 1888)
   • Bugula japonica: synonym of Dendrobeania japonica (Ortmann, 1890)
   • Bugula johnstonae (Gray, 1843): synonym of Halophila johnstonae Gray, 1843
   • Bugula leontodon Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum leontodon (Busk, 1884)
   • Bugula longicauda Harmer, 1926: synonym of Halophila longicauda (Busk, 1884)
   • Bugula longirostrata Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina longirostrata (Robertson, 1905)
   • Bugula marcusi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia marcusi (Maturo, 1966)
   • Bugula margaritifera Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum margaritifera (Busk, 1884): synonym of Himantozoum margaritiferum (Busk, 1884)
   • Bugula microoecia Osburn, 1914: synonym of Crisularia microoecia (Osburn, 1914)
   • Bugula mirabilis Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum mirabilis (Busk, 1884)
   • Bugula mollis Harmer, 1926: synonym of Crisularia mollis (Harmer, 1926)
   • Bugula multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841): synonym of Bugulina multiserialis (d'Orbigny, 1841)
   • Bugula nana Androsova, 1977: synonym of Crisularia nana (Androsova, 1977)
   • Bugula pacifica Robertson, 1905: synonym of Crisularia pacifica (Robertson, 1905)
   • Bugula pedata Harmer, 1926: synonym of Bugulina pedata (Harmer, 1926)
   • Bugula plumosa (Pallas, 1766): synonym of Crisularia plumosa (Pallas, 1766)
   • Bugula prenanti Castric-Fey, 1971: synonym of Crisularia prenanti (Castric-Fey, 1971)
   • Bugula pugeti Robertson, 1905: synonym of Bugulina pugeti (Robertson, 1905)
   • Bugula purpurotincta Norman, 1868: synonym of Crisularia purpurotincta (Norman, 1868)
   • Bugula reticulata Busk, 1884: synonym of Camptoplites reticulatus (Busk, 1884)
   • Bugula rylandi Maturo, 1966: synonym of Crisularia rylandi (Maturo, 1966)
   • Bugula serrata (Lamarck, 1816): synonym of Crisularia serrata (Lamarck, 1816)
   • Bugula simplex Hincks, 1886: synonym of Bugulina simplex (Hincks, 1886)
   • Bugula sinuosa Busk, 1884: synonym of Himantozoum sinuosum (Busk, 1884)
   • Bugula spicata (Hincks, 1886): synonym of Bugulina spicata (Hincks, 1886)
   • Bugula stolonifera Ryland, 1960: synonym of Bugulina stolonifera (Ryland, 1960)
   • Bugula tricuspis Kluge, 1955: synonym of Bugulina tricuspis (Kluge, 1955)
   • Bugula turbinata Alder, 1857: synonym of Bugulina turbinata (Alder, 1857)
   • Bugula turrita (Desor, 1848): synonym of Crisularia turrita (Desor, 1848)
   • Bugula versicolor Busk, 1884: synonym of Semidendrobeania versicolor (Busk, 1884)

   References

   • Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 325–333
   • Fehlauer-Ale, Karin H., Winston, Judith E., Tilbrook, Kevin J., Nascimento, Karine B. & Vieira, Leandro M. (2015). Identifying monophyletic groups within Bugula sensu lato (Bryozoa, Buguloidea). Zoologica Scripta

   External links

   • Smithsonian Marine Station at Fort Pierce
   • Introduced Marine Species of Hawai'i
   • Exotics Guide - Bugula neritina