| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| abhidhamma A category of scriptures that attempts to use Buddhist teachings to create a systematic, abstract description of all worldly phenomena | - abhi is "above" or "about", dhamma is "teaching"
- Pāli: abhidhamma
- Sanskrit: abhidharma
| - Bur: abhidhamma (in Burmese pronounced as /əbḭdəmà/)
- Khmer: អភិធម្ម âphĭthômm
- Tib: ཆོས་མངོན་པ chos mngon pa
- Mn: их ном, билиг ухаан; ikh nom, bilig ukhaan
- Thai: อภิธรรม a-pi-tam
- 阿毘達磨／阿毗昙
- Cn: Āpídámó
- Jp: Abidatsuma
- Ko: 아비달마, Abidalma
- Vi: a-tì-đạt-ma, thắng pháp
|
| Avataṃsakasūtra "Garland Scripture" | - Sanskrit: Avataṃsakasūtra
|
|
| Abhidhamma Pitaka The third basket of the Tripitaka canon, the reorganization of all doctrines in a systematic way | - Pāli: Abhidhamma-piṭaka
- Sanskrit: Abhidharma-piṭaka
| - Bur: Abidhamma Pitakat (in Burmese pronounced as /əbḭdamà pḭdəɡaʔ/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: អភិធម្មបិដក
- Mon: (pronounced as /əpʰìʔtʰò pɔeʔtəkɔt/)
- Thai: อภิธรรมปิฎก a-pi-tam-pi-dok
- 論藏, 論蔵
- Cn: Lùnzàng
- Jp: Ronzō
- Ko: 논장, Nonjang
- Vi: Luận tạng, Tạng luận, tạng thứ ba trong ba tạng là kinh, luật và luận
- Mn: Илт ном, Ilt nom
|
| Abhiniṣkramaṇasūtra | - Sanskrit: Abhiniṣkramaṇasūtra
|
|
| acariya, lit. "teacher", One of the two teachers of a novice monk - the other one is called upādhyāya |
| - Bur: saya (in Burmese pronounced as /sʰəjà/)
- Shan: atsariya (in Shan pronounced as /ʔaː˨ tsa˩ ri˥ jaː˥/)
- Thai: อาจารย์ ajahn
- 阿闍梨 or 阿闍梨耶
- Cn: āshélí or āshélíyē
- Jp: ajari or ajariya
- Ko: 아사리, asari or 아사리야 asariya
- Vi: a-xà-lê or a-xà-lê-da or giáo thọ sư
|
| Adbhutadharmaparyāyasūtra | - Sanskrit: Adbhutadharmaparyāyasūtra
|
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| Adhigamadharma Realized Dharma | |
|
| adhitthana Determination, to pray, to wish |
| - Bur: (in Burmese pronounced as /ədeɪʔtʰàɴ/)
- Thai: อธิษฐาน ah-tid-taan
- 決心 or 決意
- Cn: Juéxīn, juéyì
- Jp: kesshin
- Ko: 결심, gyeolsim or 결의, gyeolui
- Vi: nguyện lực
|
| Āgama The non-Mahayana divisions of the Sutra Pitaka |
| - Pāli: Āgama (but usually called Nikāya)
- 阿含
- Cn: Āhán
- Jp: Agon
- Ko: 아함, Aham
- Vi: A-hàm
|
| Āgamadharma scriptural Dharma |
|
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| ahimsa The devotion to non-violence and respect for all forms of life. Practicers of ahimsa are often vegetarians or vegans | - Sanskrit: ahiṃsā
- Pāli: ahiṃsā
| - Thai: อหิงสา 'ah-hing-sa'
- 不害
- Cn: bù hài
- Jp: fugai
- Ko: 불해, bulhae
- Vi: bất hại
|
| Akshobhya |
| - Mn: ;
Үл Хөдлөгч, Хөдөлшгүй;
- 阿閦如來
- Cn: Āchùrúlái
- Jp: Ashuku Nyorai
- Vi: A-súc Như Lai
Ködelüsi ügei, Ülü hödelügci
|
| akuśalakarmapatha unwholesome courses of action | - Sanskrit: akuśalakarmapatha
| |
| alayavijnana, see store consciousness |
| - Tib:
kun gzhi rnam par shes pa
- 阿賴耶識, 阿頼耶識
- Cn: ālàiyēshí
- Jp: araya-shiki
- Ko: 아뢰야식, aroeyasik
- Vi: a-lại-da thức
|
| Amitabha Lit. "The Buddha of Infinite Light". The main buddha of the Pure Land school, but is popular in other Mahayana sects as well. The image is of light as the form of wisdom, which has no form. Also interpreted as the Tathagata of Unhindered Light that Penetrates the Ten Quarters by Tan Luan, Shinran and others | - Sanskrit: amitābha (lit. "limitless light") and amitāyus (lit. "limitless life")
| - 阿彌陀 or 阿彌陀佛, 阿弥陀 or 阿弥陀仏
- Cn: Ēmítuó or Ēmítuó fó
- Jp: Amida or Amida-butsu
- Ko: 아미타, Amita or 아미타불, Amitabul
- Tw: O͘-mí-tô͘-hu̍t
- Vi: A-Di-Đà, A-Di-Đà Phật, or Phật A-Di-Đà
- Tib:
- Mn: ;
Аминдаваа, Цаглашгүй гэрэлт;
Amindava, Tsaglasi ügei gereltü
|
| Amitābhasūtra |
|
|
| Amoghasiddhi |
| - Tib: Dön yö drub pa
- Mn: ;
Төгс Нөгчигсөн, Үйл Бүтээгч;
Tegüs nögcigsen, Üyile Bütügegci
|
| anagarika A white-robed student in the Theravada tradition who, for a few months, awaits being considered for Samaneras ordination |
| - Thai: อนาคาริก a-na-ka-rik
|
| anapanasati Mindfulness of the breath meditation | - Pāli: ānāpānasati
- Sanskrit: ānāpānasmṛti
- Bur: anapana (in Burmese pronounced as /ànàpàna̰/)
| |
| anatta The principle denial of the soul in any phenomena. See also negative theology. | - Pāli: anattā
- Sanskrit: anātman
| - Bur: anatta (in Burmese pronounced as /ənaʔta̰/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /ʔa˩ nat˥ taː˥/)
- 無我
- Cn: wúwǒ
- Jp: muga
- Ko: 무아, mua
- Tw: bû-ngó͘
- Vi: vô ngã
|
| anicca Impermanence | - Pāli: anicca
- Sanskrit: anitya
| - Bur: aneissa (in Burmese pronounced as /əneɪʔsa̰/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /ʔa˩ nik˧ tsaː˥/)
- Thai: อนิจจา anijja
- 無常
- Cn: wúcháng
- Jp: mujō
- Ko: 무상, musang
- Tw: bû-siông
- Vi: vô thường
|
| anitya Impermanence, synonym to anicca | | |
| anuttara Unsurpassing | - Pāli: anuttara
- Sanskrit: anuttara
| - 阿耨多羅／阿耨多罗 (無上／无上)
- Cn: Ānòuduōluó ("wǔshàng")
- Jp: anokutara
- Ko: 아뇩다라, anyokdara
- Vi: A-nậu-đà-la (vô thượng)
|
| anuttara samyak sambodhi, unsurpassable, complete, perfect enlightenment; unsurpassable, right, and full enlightenment |
| - Khmer: អនុត្តរសម្មាសម្ពោធិ
- Tib:,
- 阿耨多罗三藐三菩提 (or 無上正等正覺)
- Cn: ānòuduōluó sānmiǎosānpútí (or wúshàng zhèngděng zhèngjué)
- Jp: anokutara sanmyakusanbodai
- Ko: 아뇩다라삼먁삼보리, Anyokdara sammyak sambori
- Vi: A-nậu-đà-la tam-miệu tam-bồ-đề, Vô-thượng chánh-đẳng chánh-giác, Sáng-suốt giác-ngộ hoàn-toàn
|
| arhat, lit. "the Worthy One", A living person who has reached Enlightenment | - Pāli: arahat or arahant
- Sanskrit: arhat or arhant
| - Bur: yahanda (in Burmese pronounced as /jaháɴdà/)
- Shan: rahanta (in Shan pronounced as /ra˩ haːn˦ taː˨/)
- Tib:, dgra com pa
- Mn: архад, arkhad
- Thai: อรหันต์ uh-ra-hann
- 阿羅漢
- Cn: āluóhàn
- Jp: arakan
- Ko: 아라한, arahan
- Tw: a-lô-hàn
- Vi: a-la-hán
|
| ārūpyarāga |
|
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| asura "nongods," |
| - Thai: อสูร asula
- 阿修羅
- Cn: āxiūluó
- Jp: ashuran
- Ko: 아수라, asura
- Tw: A-siu-lô
- Vi: A Tu La
|
| atman literally "self", sometimes "soul" or "ego". In Buddhism, the predominant teaching is the negating doctrine of anatman, that there is no permanent, persisting atman, and that belief in atman is the prime consequence of ignorance, the foundation of samsara | - Pāli: atta
- Sanskrit: ātman
| - Bur: atta (in Burmese pronounced as /aʔta̰/)
- 我
- Cn: wǒ
- Jp: ga
- Ko: 아, a
- Tw: ngó͘
- Vi: ngã
|
| Avalokitesvara, lit. "One Who Hears the Suffering Cries of the World", The bodhisattva of compassion (see also Guan Yin) | - Sanskrit: Avalokiteśvara
- Bur: lawka nat (in Burmese pronounced as /lɔ́ka̰ naʔ/)
| - Tib: spyan ras gzigs
- Mn: Жанрайсиг, Janraisig
- 觀世音 or 觀音
- Cn: Guānshì Yīn or Guān Yīn
- Jp: Kanzeon or Kannon
- Ko: 관세음, Gwanse-eum or 관음, Gwaneum
- Tw: Koan-sè-im or Koan-im
- Vi: "Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát", "Quán Thế Âm Bồ Tát' or "Quan Âm"
|
| avidya "ignorance" or "delusion" | - Sanskrit: avidyā pāli: "avijjā
| - Pāli: avijjā
- Bur: aweizza (in Burmese pronounced as /əweɪʔ zà/)
- Shan: awitsa (pronounced as /[ʔa wik˥ tsaː˨]/)
- Thai: อวิชชา aa-wit-sha
- Tib: ma rig-pa
- 無明
- Cn: wúmíng
- Jp: mumyō
- Ko: 무명, mumyeong
- Tw: Bû-bêng
- Vi: vô minh
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| bardo, lit. "intermediate state" or "in-between state", According to Tibetan tradition, the state of existence intermediate between two lives |
| - Sanskrit: antarābhava
- Mn: зуурд, zuurd
- 中有,中陰身
- Cn: zhongyǒu
- Jp: chūu
- Ko: 중유 jungyu or 바르도 bareudo
- Vi: trung hữu, trung ấm thân, thân trung-ấm
|
| bhavacakra/bhavacakka A circular symbolic representation of samsara, also known as Wheel of becoming | - Pāli: bhavacakka
- Sanskrit: bhava-cakra
| - Bur: bawa set (in Burmese pronounced as /bəwa̰ sɛʔ/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /həwɛ̀ʔ cɛk/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /pʰa˩ waː˥ tsaːk˧/)
- Tib:
- Mn: Орчлонгийн хүрдэн, Orchlongiin khurden
- 有輪
- Cn: yǒulún
- Jp: ariwa
- Ko: 유륜, yuryun
- Vi: hữu luân
|
| bhante The polite particle used to refer to Buddhist monks in the Theravada tradition. Bhante literally means "Venerable Sir." |
| - Bur: bhante (in Burmese pronounced as /bàɴdè/)
|
| bhava Becoming, being, existing; the 10th link of Pratitya-samutpada |
| - Bur: bawa (in Burmese pronounced as /bəwa̰/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /həwɛ̀ʔ/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /pʰa˩ waː˥/)
- Thai: ภาวะ pa-wah
- 有(十二因緣)
- Cn: yǒu
- Jp: u
- Ko: 유, yu
- Tw: iú
- Vi: hữu (thập nhị nhân duyên)
|
| bhikkhu/bhikshu, lit. "beggar", A Buddhist monk |
| - Bur: bheikkhu (in Burmese pronounced as /beɪʔkʰù/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[pʰik˧ kʰu˨]/)
- Tib: dge slong
- Mn: гэлэн, gelen
- Thai: ภิกขุ bhikku
- 比丘
- Cn: bǐ qiū
- Jp: biku
- Ko: 비구, bigu or 스님 seunim, also 중, jung (pejorative)
- Tw: pí-khiu
- Vi: tì-kheo
|
| bhikkhuni/bhikshuni A Buddhist nun | - from bhikkhu
- Pāli: bhikkhuni
- Sanskrit:
| - Bur: bheikkhuni (in Burmese pronounced as /beɪʔkʰùnì/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /pʰik˧ kʰu˨ ni˨/)
- Kar: or "beegoonee" or "hpeewah"
- Tib: sde slong ma
- Mn: гэлэнмаа, gelenmaa
- Thai: ภิกษุณี bhiksuni
- 比丘尼
- Cn: bǐqiūní
- Jp: bikuni
- Ko: 비구니, biguni, 여승 (女僧), yeoseung
- Tw: pí-khiu-nî
- Vi: tỉ-khâu-ni, tỉ-khưu-ni or tì-kheo-ni, ni
|
| bija, lit. "seed", A metaphor for the origin or cause of things, used in the teachings of the Yogacara school |
| - Bur: biza (in Burmese pronounced as /bì za̰/)
- 種子
- Cn: zhŏngzi
- Jp: shūji
- Ko: 종자, jongja
- Vi: chủng tử, hạt giống, hột giống
|
| bodhi Awakening or Enlightenment |
| - Bur: bawdhi (in Burmese pronounced as /bɔ́dḭ/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[pɔ˦ tʰi˥]/)
- Thai: โพธิ์ poe
- Tib: byang chub
- Mn: бодь, bodi
- Tag: Budhi
- 菩提
- Cn: pútí
- Jp: bodai
- Ko: 보리, bori
- Tw: phô͘-thê
- Vi: bồ-đề, giác, giác ngộ
|
| Bodhisattvapiṭaka "The Bodhisattva Basket" | - Sanskrit: Bodhisattvapiṭaka
|
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| Bodhi tree The Sacred Fig (Ficus religiosa) tree under which Gautama reached Enlightenment |
| - Bur: bawdhi nyaung (in Burmese pronounced as /bɔ́ dḭ ɲàʊɴ/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /ɲɔŋ˨ pɔ˦ tʰi˥/)
- 菩提樹
- Cn: Pútíshù
- Jp: Bodaiju
- Ko: 보리수, Borisu
- Vi: Bồ-đề thụ, Bồ-đề thọ, cây Bồ-đề
|
| Bodhicaryāvatāra "Introduction to the Practice of Enlightenment," written by Śāntideva (685-763) | - Sanskrit: Bodhicaryāvatāra
|
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| bodhicitta The motivation of a bodhisattva | - Pāli, Sanskrit: bodhicitta
| - Bur: bawdhi seitta (in Burmese pronounced as /bɔ́dḭ seɪʔ da̰/)
- Tib:, byang chub kyi sems
- Mn: бодь сэтгэл, bodi setgel
- 菩提心
- Cn: pútíxīn
- Jp: bodaishin
- Ko: 보리심, borisim
- Tw: phô͘-thê-sim
- Vi: bồ-đề tâm
|
| bodhisattva One with the intention to become a Buddha in order to liberate all other sentient beings from suffering | - Pāli: bodhisatta
- Sanskrit: bodhisattva
| - Bur: bawdhi that (in Burmese pronounced as /bɔ́ dḭ θaʔ/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /kraoh kəmo caik/)
- Thai: โพธิสัตว์ poe-ti-satt
- Tib:, byang chub sems dpaʼ
- Mn: бодьсад(ва), bodisad(va)
- 菩薩
- Cn: púsà
- Jp: bosatsu
- Ko: 보살, bosal
- Tw: Phô͘-sat
- Vi: bồ-tát
|
| Boghda Holy, living Buddha, living Boddhisattva. The title of Jebtsundamba Khutuktu; also title used with the names of highest Buddhist masters, e.g. boghda Tsongkhapa, Panchen boghda | - Shan: (pronounced as /[pʰak˧ ka˩ waː˨]/)
- Mn: богд, bogd
|
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| Buddha A Buddha; also, the Buddha Siddhārtha Gautama. | - from √budh: to awaken
- Pāli, Sanskrit: buddha
| - Bur: bodha (in Burmese pronounced as /boʊʔda̰/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[puk˥ tʰaː˥]/)
- Tib: sangs rgyas
- Mn: бурхан, burhan
- 佛, 仏, 仏陀
- Cn: fó
- Jp: butsu or hotoke or budda
- Ko: 불, Bul or 부처, Bucheo
- Vi: Phật or Bụt
|
| buddha nature The uncreated and deathless Buddhic element or principle concealed within all sentient beings to achieve Awakening; the innate (latent) Buddha essence (esp. in the Tathagatagarbha sutras, Tendai/Tiantai, Nichiren thought) | - Sanskrit: buddha-dhatu, buddha-svabhāva, "tathagata-dhatu", or tathagatagarbha.
| - 佛性, 仏性
- Cn: fóxìng
- Jp: busshō
- Ko: 불성, bulseong
- Vi: Phật tính, Phật tánh, Cái tánh sáng-suốt giác-ngộ hoàn-toàn
|
| Buddhism | - from √budh: to awaken
- Pāli, Sanskrit:
| - Bur: boddha batha (in Burmese pronounced as /boʊʔda̰ bàðà/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /puk˥ tʰaː˥ pʰaː˨ sʰaː˨/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /pùttʰɛ̀ʔ pʰɛ̀asa/)
- Tib:
- Mn: Бурханы Шашин, Burhanii Shashin
- 佛教, 仏教
- Cn: Fójiào
- Jp: bukkyō
- Ko: 불교, bulgyo
- Vi: Phật-giáo
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| dakini A supernatural female with volatile temperament who serves as a muse for spiritual practice. Dakinis are often depicted naked to represent the truth |
| -
- 空行女, 荼枳尼天
- Cn: kong xing mu
- Jp: Dakini-ten
- Ko: 다키니 dakini or 공행녀 gonghaengnyeo
- Vi: không hành nữ
|
| Dalai Lama, lit. "the lama with wisdom like an ocean", secular and spiritual leader of Tibet as nominated by the Mongols | - Mn: далай, dalai, lit. "ocean"
- Tibetan: taa-la'i bla-ma
| - 達賴喇嘛
- Cn: Dálài Lǎma
- Jp: Darai Rama
- Ko: 달라이 라마 dalai nama
- Vi: Đạt Lai Lạt Ma or Đạt-lại Lạt-ma
|
| dana Generosity or giving; in Buddhism, it also refers to the practice of cultivating generosity |
| - Bur: dana (in Burmese pronounced as /dàna̰/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /tɛ̀anɛ̀ʔ/) or (pronounced as /[tàn]/)
- Thai: ทาน taan
- 布施
- Cn: bùshī
- Jp: fuse
- Ko: 보시 bosi
- Vi: bố thí
- Mn: өглөг
|
| deva many different types of non-human beings who share the characteristics of being more powerful, longer-lived, and, in general, living more contentedly than the average human being |
| - Bur: dewa (in Burmese pronounced as /dèwa̰/)
- Khmer: ទេព or preah (ព្រះ)
- Mn: тэнгэр tenger
- Mon: tewetao (pronounced as /[tèwətao]/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[a˨ wɔ˨]/)
- 天
- Zh: tiān
- Ko: cheon
- Jp: ten
- Vi: thiên
|
| dependent origination, see Pratityasamutpada | - Pāli:
- Sanskrit: pratītya-samutpāda
| - Bur: padeissa thamopad (in Burmese pronounced as /pədeɪʔsa̰ θəmoʊʔpaʔ/)
- Tib: rten.cing.'brel.bar.'byung.ba
- Mn: шүтэн барилдлага shuten barildlaga
- 因縁, also 緣起, 縁起
- Cn: yīnyuan, also yuánqǐ
- Jp: innen, also engi
- Ko: 인연 inyeon, also 연기 yeongi
- Vi: nhân duyên, duyên khởi
|
| dhamma/dharma Often refers to the doctrines and teachings of the faith, but it may have broader uses. Also, it is an important technical term meaning something like "phenomenological constituent." This leads to the potential for confusion, puns, and double entendres, as the latter meaning often has negative connotations | - from : to hold
- Pāli: dhamma
- Sanskrit: dharma
| - Bur: dhamma (in Burmese pronounced as /dəma̰/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /[thò]/)
- Thai: ธรรมะ tharrma
- Mn: дээдийн ном, deediin nom
- 法
- Cn: fă
- Jp: hō
- Ko: beop
- Vi: pháp
|
| dhamma name/dharma name A Dharma name or Dhamma name is a new name traditionally bestowed by a Buddhist monastic, given to newly ordained monks, nuns, and laity during both lay and monastic Buddhist initiation ritual in Mahayana Buddhism and monastic ordination in Theravada Buddhism (where it may also be called a Sangha name). Dhamma names are usually considered aspirational, not descriptive. | - from : to hold
- Pāli: dhamma
- Sanskrit: dharma
| - Bur: (in Burmese pronounced as /bwɛ̰/)
- Thai: ฉายา
- Mn: номын нэр, nomyn ner
- Zh:
- Traditional: 法名 or 法號
- Simplified: 法名 or 法号
- Pinyin: fǎmíng or fǎhào
- Ja:
- Ko:
- Hangeul: 법명
- Hanja: 法名
- RR: beopmyeong
|
| The dharma and vinaya (roughly "doctrine and discipline") considered together. This term essentially means the whole teachings of Buddhism as taught to monks | | - Mn: суртгаал номхотгол, surtgaal nomkhotgol
|
| dhammacakka/dharmacakra A symbolic representation of the dharma, also known as the Wheel of Dharma | - Sanskrit: dharmacakra
- Pāli: dhammacakka
| - Bur: dhamma sekya (in Burmese pronounced as /dəməsɛʔtɕà/)
- Mn: номын хүрдэн, momiin khurden
- 法輪
- Cn: Fǎlún
- Jp: hōrin
- Ko: beomnyun
- Vi: pháp luân
|
| Dhammapada a versified Buddhist scripture traditionally ascribed to the Buddha | - Pāli: dhammapada
- Sanskrit: dharmapada
| - Bur: dhammapada (in Burmese pronounced as /dəma̰pəda̰/)
- 法句經
-
- Ko: beopgugyeong
- Vi: kinh pháp cú
|
| dhammapala/dharmapala A fearsome deity, known as protector of the Dharma | - Sanskrit: dharmapāla
- Pāli: dhammapāla
| - Tib: chos skyong
- Mn: догшид, dogshid; хангал, khangal
- 護法
- Cn: hùfǎ
- Jp: gohō
- Ko: hobeop
- Vi: Hộ Pháp
|
| Dhyana, see jhana | - Pāli: jhāna
- Sanskrit: dhyāna
| - Bur: zan (in Burmese pronounced as /zàɴ/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /[chàn]/)
- Mn: дияан, diyan
- 禪 or 禪那, 禅 or 禅那
- Cn: Chán or Chánnà
- Jp: Zen or Zenna
- Ko: Seon
- Vi: Thiền or Thiền-na
|
| Dīpankara Buddha | - Pāli: Dīpamkara
- Sanskrit: Dīpankara
| - Bur: dipankara (in Burmese pronounced as /dìpɪ̀ɴkəɹà/)
- Thai: พระทีปังกรพุทธเจ้า
- 燃燈佛
- Cn: Rándēng Fo
- Jp: Nentōbutsu
- Vi: Nhiên-đăng Phật
|
| doan In Zen, a term for person sounding the bell that marks the beginning and end of Zazen |
| |
| dokusan A private meeting between a Zen student and the master. It is an important element in Rinzai Zen training, as it provides an opportunity for the student to demonstrate understanding |
| - 獨參
- Cn: dúcān
- Ko: dokcham
- Vi: độc tham
|
| dudie official certificate for monks and nuns issued by government | | - 度牒
- Cn: dùdié
- Jp: dochō
- Ko: 도첩, docheop
- Vi: ??
|
| dukkha Suffering, dissatisfaction, unsatisfactoriness, stress |
| - Bur: doukkha (in Burmese pronounced as /doʊʔkʰa̰/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[tuk˥ kʰaː˥]/)
- Thai: ทุกข์ took
- Tib: sdug bsngal
- Mn: зовлон, zovlon
- 苦
- Cn: kǔ
- Jp: ku
- Ko: go
- Vi: khổ
|
| dveṣa aversion |
|
|
| dzogchen The natural, intrinsic state of every sentient being | - Tibetan: rdzogs pa chen po
| - Sanskrit: atiyoga
- 大究竟
- Cn: dàjiūjìng
- Jp: daikukyō
- Ko: daegugyeong
- Vi: đại cứu cánh
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| gasshō A position used for greeting, with the palms together and fingers pointing upwards in prayer position; used in various Buddhist traditions, but also used in numerous cultures throughout Asia. It expresses greeting, request, thankfulness, reverence and prayer. Also considered a mudra or inkei of Japanese Shingon. See also: Añjali Mudrā, Namaste, Sampeah and Wai. Shaolin monks use half a gassho using only one arm to greet. In Japan, it is used not only during rituals concerning Buddhism but also as a gesture to appease the opposite party when making apologies or asking for permission or favors. In addition, there are cases where a person greets them during a greeting before and after a meal, which is a custom derived from Buddhism. In Shinto, they clap hands together as hands, but then lower their hands, bow and worship (in Shinto worship, they do not share hands).
|
| - Sanskrit: anjali
- 合掌
- Cn: hézhǎng (more common to say 合十 héshí)
- Vi: hiệp chưởng
|
| Gautama Buddha | - Pāli: Gotama
- Sanskrit: Gautama
| - Bur: (in Burmese pronounced as /ɡɔ́dəma̰/)
- 瞿曇 悉達多
|
| geshe A Tibetan Buddhist academic degree in the Gelug tradition, awarded at the conclusion of lengthy studies often lasting nine years or more |
|
|
| gongan, lit. "public case", A meditative method developed in the Chán/Seon/Zen traditions, generally consisting of a problem that defies solution by means of rational thought; see koan |
| - 公案
- Jp: kōan
- Ko: gong'an
- Tw: kong-àn
- Vi: công án
|
| Guan Yin The bodhisattva of compassion in East Asian Buddhism, with full name being Guan Shi Yin. Guan Yin is considered to be the female form of Avalokiteshvara but has been given many more distinctive characteristics. | - Chinese 觀音 Guān Yīn or 觀世音 Guān Shì Yīn
| - 觀音 or 觀世音
- Jp: Kannon or Kanzeon
- Ko: Gwaneum or Gwanse-eum
- Tw: Koan-im or Koan-sè-im
- Vi: Quan Âm or Quan Thế Âm
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| Kakusandha Buddha | - Pāli: Kakusandha
- Sanskrit: Krakkucchanda
| - Bur: Kakuthan (in Burmese pronounced as /ka̰kṵθàɴ/)
- 拘留孙佛
- Zh: Jūliúsūn Fó
- Vi: Câu-lưu-tôn Phật
|
| karma, lit. "action", The law of cause and effect in Buddhism | - from √kri: to do
- Sanskrit: karma
- Pāli: kamma
| - Bur: kan (in Burmese pronounced as /kàɴ/) or kyamma (in Burmese pronounced as /tɕəmà/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /[kɔm]/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[kjaːm˨ maː˨]/) or (pronounced as /[kaːm˨]/)
- Thai: กรรม gum
- Tib:, las
- Mn: үйлийн үр, uiliin ür
- 業¹, 因果²
- Cn: ¹yè, comm.: ²yīnguǒ
- Jp: gō, inga
- Ko: 업 eob
- Vi: nghiệp
|
| Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa | - Sanskrit: Karmasiddhiprakaraṇa
|
|
| Kassapa Buddha |
Sanskrit: Kasyapa
| - Bur: Kathapa (in Burmese pronounced as /kaʔθəpa̰/)
- 迦葉佛
- Cn: Jiāyè Fó
- Jp: Kashōbutsu
- Vi: Ca-diếp Phật
|
| kensho In Zen, enlightenment; has the same meaning as satōri, but is customary used for an initial awakening experience |
| - 見性
- Cn: jiànxìng
- Tw: kiàn-sèng
- Vi: kiến tính, kiến tánh
|
| khyenpo, also khenpo, An academic degree similar to a doctorate in theology, philosophy, and psychology |
| |
| khanti patience |
| - Bur: khanti (in Burmese pronounced as /kʰàɴ dì/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[kʰan˨ tʰi˨]/)
- Thai: ขันติ kanti
- 忍
- Cn: rěn, 忍辱 rěnrù, 孱提 chántí
- Tw: jím
- Vi: nhẫn (trong lục ba-la-mật)
|
| kinhin Zen walking meditation | - Japanese: 経行 kinhin or kyōgyō
| - 經行
- Cn: jīngxíng
- Vi: kinh hành
|
| koan A story, question, problem or statement generally inaccessible to rational understanding, yet may be accessible to Intuition |
| - 公案
- Cn: gōng-àn
- Ko: gong'an
- Vi: công án
|
| kṣaṇa instant |
| - 剎那
- Cn: 刹那 chànà
- Jp: 刹那 setsuna
- Ko: 찰나 challa
- Tw: 剎那 chhat-ná
- Vi: sát na
|
| kṣaṇasaṃpad opportune birth, born at a time when either a Buddha is living and teaching on earth or when a Buddha's teaching is available |
| |
| ksanti The practice of exercising patience toward behaviour or situations that might not necessarily deserve it - it is seen as a conscious choice to actively give patience as a gift, rather than being in a state of oppression in which one feels obligated to act in such a way. |
| - 忍, 忍辱
- Cn: rěn, 忍辱 rěnrù, 孱提 chántí
- Jp: 忍辱 ninniku
- Tw: jím
- Vi: nhẫn (trong lục ba-la-mật)
|
| Kṣitigarbha "Earth Store," one of the eight great Bodhisattvas. |
|
|
| Kṣitigarbhasūtra "The Scripture on Kṣitigarbha" | - Sanskrit: Kṣitigarbhasūtra
|
|
| kleśa afflictions |
|
|
| Koṇāgamana Buddha | - Pāli and Sanskrit: Koṇāgamana
| - Bur: Kawnagon (in Burmese pronounced as /kɔ́nəɡòʊɴ/)
- 拘那含佛
- Zh: Jūnàhán Fó
- Vi: Câu-na-hàm-mâu-ni Phật
|
| Kumbhāṇḍa | - Sanskrit: Kumbhāṇḍa
- Pāli: Kumbhaṇḍa
| - Thai: กุมภัณฑ์ gum-pan
- Tib: གྲུལ་བུམ་ (grul bum)
- 鳩槃荼 or 鳩盤拏
- Ko: 구반다 gubanda
- Zh: Jiū pán tú
- Jp: kubanda
- Vi: Cưu bàn trà
|
| kuśalakarmapatha wholesome courses of action | - Sanskrit: kuśalakarmapatha
| |
| kuśalamūla roots of virtue, wholesome faculties; |
|
|
| kyosaku In Zen, a flattened stick used to strike the shoulders during zazen, to help overcome fatigue or reach satori | - Japanese: 警策 kyōsaku, called keisaku in Rinzai
| - 香板
- Cn: xiangban
- kr: jukbi(죽비)
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| Mahābodhi Temple - "Temple of the Great Awakening", the great stūpa at Bodhgayā where Shakyamuni Buddha attain enlightenment. | |
|
| Madhyamaka Buddhist philosophical school, founded by Nagarjuna. Members of this school are called Madhyamikas |
| - Tib: དབུ་མ་པ་ dbu ma pa
- Mn: төв үзэл, töv üzel
- 中觀宗, 中観派
- Cn: Zhōngguānzōng
- Jp: Chūganha
- Vi: Trung quán tông
|
| mahabhuta four great elements in traditional Buddhist thought | - Pāli and Sanskrit: Mahābhūta
| - Bur: Mahabhot (in Burmese pronounced as /məhà boʊʔ/)
- 四大
|
| mahamudra A method of direct introduction the understanding of sunyata, of samsara and that the two are inseparable |
| - Bur: maha modra (in Burmese pronounced as /məhà moʊʔdɹà/)
- Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ཆེན་པོ་ chag-je chen-po
- Mn: махамудра, mahamudra
- 大手印
- Cn: dàshŏuyìn
- Jp: daishuin
- Vi: đại thủ ấn
|
| Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra "Sutra on the Great Perfection of Wisdom" | - Sanskrit: Mahāprajñāpāramitāsūtra
|
|
| mahasiddha litt. great spiritual accomplishment. A yogi in Tantric Buddhism, often associated with the highest levels of enlightenment |
| - Bur: maha theidda (in Burmese pronounced as /məhà θeɪʔda̰/)
- Thai: มหายาน
- 大成就
- Cn: dàchéngjiù
- Jp: daijōju
- Vi: đại thành tựu
|
| Mahāvadānasūtra | Sanskrit: Mahāvadānasūtra |
|
| Mahayana, lit. "great vehicle", A major branch of Buddhism practiced in China, Tibet, Japan, Korea, Vietnam, and Taiwan. Main goal is to achieve buddhahood or samyaksambuddha |
| - Bur: mahayana (in Burmese pronounced as /məhàjàna̰/)
- 大乘 or 大乗
- Cn: Dàshèng
- Jp: Daijō
- Vi: Đại thừa
- Mn: Ikh khölgön
|
| Maitreya The Buddha of the future epoch | - Pāli: Metteyya
- Sanskrit: Maitreya
| - Bur: arimetteya (in Burmese pronounced as /əɹḭmèdja̰/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[ʔa˩ ri˥ mit˧ ta˨ jɔ˥]/)
- Tib: བྱམས་པ, byams pa
- Mn: Майдар, maidar
- 彌勒 or 彌勒佛, 弥勒 or 弥勒仏
- Cn: Mílè or Mílè Fó
- Jp: Miroku or Miroku-butsu
- Vi: Di-lặc or Phật Di-lặc
|
| makyo In Zen, unpleasant or distracting thoughts or illusions that occur during zazen |
|
|
| Māna conceit, arrogance, misconception |
| - Bur: mana (in Burmese pronounced as /màna̰/)
- Mon: man (pronounced as /[màn]/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[maː˨ naː˥]/)
- 慢
|
| manas-vijñāna seventh of the eight counsciousnesses |
|
|
| mandala a spiritual and ritual symbol representing the Universe | - Sanskrit: मण्डल Maṇḍala (lit. "circle")
| - 曼荼羅
- Cn: màntúluó
- Jp: mandara
- Vi: mạn-đà-la
|
| maṅgala auspiciousness |
|
|
| mantra Chant used primarily to aid concentration, to reach enlightenment. The best-known Buddhist mantra is possibly Om mani padme hum |
| - Thai: มนตร์ moan
- Mn: маань, тарни; maani, tarni
- 咒, 真言
- Cn: zou
- Jp: shingon, ju
- Vi: chân âm, thần chú
|
| Mappo The "degenerate" Latter Day of the Law. A time period supposed to begin 2,000 years after Sakyamuni Buddha's passing and last for "10,000 years"; follows the two 1,000-year periods of Former Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō) and of Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō). During this degenerate age, chaos will prevail and the people will be unable to attain enlightenment through the word of Sakyamuni Buddha. See the Three periods |
|
|
| merit | - Pāli: puñña
- Sanskrit: puṇya
| - Bur: kutho (in Burmese pronounced as /kṵðò/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /kaoʔsɒ/) or (pronounced as /[pɒn]/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /puŋ˨ ɲaː˨/) or (pronounced as /[ku˥ sʰo˨]/) or (pronounced as /[ku˥ sʰa˩ laː˥]/)
- 功徳
|
| mettā loving kindness |
| - Bur: myitta (in Burmese pronounced as /mjɪʔtà/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /[mètta]/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[mit˧ taː˨]/) or (pronounced as /[mɛt˧ taː˨]/)
- Thai: เมตตา metta
- 慈
|
| Middle Way The practice of avoidance of extreme views and lifestyle choices | - Pāli:
- Sanskrit: madhyamāpratipad
| - Bur: myizima badi bada (in Burmese pronounced as /mjɪʔzḭma̰ bədḭ bədà/)
- 中道
- Ch: zhōngdào
- Jp: chūdō
- Vi: trung đạo
- Mn: дундаж зам мөр, dundaj zam mör
|
| (right) mindfulness The practice whereby a person is intentionally aware of his or her thoughts and actions in the present moment, non-judgmentally. The 7th step of the Noble Eightfold Path | | - Pāli: (sammā)-sati
- Sanskrit:
- Bur: thadi (in Burmese pronounced as /ðadḭ/)
- Thai: สัมมาสติ samma-sati
- 正念
- Cn: zhèngniàn
- Jp: shōnen
- Vi: chính niệm, chánh niệm
|
| moksha Liberation |
| - Pāli: vimutti
- Bur: wimouti (in Burmese pronounced as /wḭmoʊʔtḭ/)
- 解脱
- Cn: jiětuō
- Jp: gedatsu
- Vi: giải thoát
|
| mokugyo A wooden drum carved from one piece, usually in the form of a fish |
|
|
| mondo In Zen, a short dialogue between teacher and student |
|
|
| mudra lit. "seal", A gesture made with hands and fingers in meditation |
| - Bur: modra (in Burmese pronounced as /moʊʔdɹà/)
- Tib: ཕྱག་རྒྱ་ phyag rgya
- Mn: чагжаа, chagjaa
- 手印
- Cn: sohyìn (commonly only yìn)
- Jp: shuin
- Vi: ấn
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| namo An exclamation showing reverence; devotion. Often placed in front of the name of an object of veneration, e.g., a Buddha's name or a sutra (Nam(u) Myōhō Renge Kyō), to express devotion to it. Defined in Sino-Japanese as 帰命 kimyō: to base one's life upon, to devote (or submit) one's life to Derivatives:
| - Pāli: namo
- Sanskrit: or namas
Derivatives:
- Sanskrit: namo-'mitābhāya
| - Bur: namaw (in Burmese pronounced as /nəmɔ́/)
- Tib: ཕྱག་འཚལ་(ལོ), chag tsal (lo)
- Mn: мөргөмү, mörgömü
- 南無
- Cn: nánmó
- Jp: namu or nam
- Ko: namu
- Vi: nam-mô
Derivatives:
- 南無阿弥陀佛
- Cn: Nánmó Ēmítuó fó
- Jp: Namu Amida butsu
- Ko: Namu Amita Bul
- Vi: Nam-mô A-di-đà Phật
- 南無觀世音菩薩
- Cn: Nánmó Guán Syr Yín Pū Sá
- Jp: Namu Kanzeon Bosatsu
- Ko: Namu Gwan Se Eum Bo Sal
- Vi: Nam-mô Quan Thế Âm Bồ Tát
|
| Naraka realm of hell | - Pāli: niraya
- Sanskrit: nāraka
|
|
| nekkhamma renunciation |
| - Bur: neikhama (in Burmese pronounced as /neɪʔkʰəma̰/)
- Thai: เนกขัมมะ nekkamma
- Mn: магад гарахуй, magad garahui
- 出世
- Cn: Chūshì
- Jp: shusse
- Vi: xuất thế
|
| Nirvana/Nibbana Extinction or extinguishing; ultimate enlightenment in the Buddhist tradition | - from : to extinguish
- Pāli: nibbāna
- Sanskrit: nirvana
| - Bur: neibban (in Burmese pronounced as /neɪʔbàɴ/)
- Thai: นิพพาน nípphaan
- Tib: མྱ་ངན་ལས་འདས་པ, mya-ngan-las-'das-pa
- Mn: нирван, nirvan
- 涅槃
- Cn: Nièpán
- Jp: Nehan
- Ko: Yeolban
- Vi: Niết-bàn
|
| Nikaya, lit. "volume", The Buddhist texts in Pāli |
| - Sanskrit: Āgama
- Bur: nikaya (in Burmese pronounced as /nḭkəja̰/)
- 部經
- Cn: Bùjīng
- Jp: bukyō
- Vi: Bộ kinh
|
Noble Eightfold Path- Right View (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 正見 Cn: zhèngjiàn; Vi: chính kiến)
- Right Thought (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 正思唯 Cn: zhèngsīwéi; Vi: chính tư duy)
These 2 constitute the path of Wisdom (Pāli: paññā; Sanskrit: prajñā)
- Right Speech (Pāli: sammā-vācā; Sanskrit: samyag-vāk; 正語 Cn: zhèngyǔ; Vi: chính ngữ)
- Right Action (Pāli: sammā-kammanta; Sanskrit: samyak-karmānta; 正業 Cn: zhèngyè; Vi: chính nghiệp)
- Right Living (Pāli: sammā-ājīva; Sanskrit: samyag-ājīva; 正命 Cn: zhèngmìng; Vi: chính mệnh)
These 3 constitute the path of Virtue (Pāli: sīla; Sanskrit: śīla)
- Right Effort (Pāli: sammā-vāyāma; Sanskrit: samyag-vyāyāma; 正精進 Cn: zhèngjīngjìn; Vi: chính tinh tiến)
- Right Mindfulness (Pāli: sammā-sati; Sanskrit: ; 正念 Cn: zhèngniàn; Vi: chính niệm)
- Right Concentration (Pāli: sammā-samādhi; Sanskrit: samyak-samādhi; 正定 Cn: zhèngdìng; Vi: chính định)
The last 3 constitute the path of Concentration (Pāli, Sanskrit: samādhi)
|
| - Bur: meggin (in Burmese pronounced as /mɛʔɡɪ̀ɴ/)
- Thai: อริยมรรค ariya-mak
- 八正道
- Cn: Bāzhèngdào
- Jp: Hasshōdō
- Ko: Paljeongdo
- Vi: Bát chính đạo
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| pabbajja, (a layperson) leaving home to join a community of monks and nuns (lit. "to go forth") | - Sanskrit: pravrajya
- Pali: Pabbajja
| - 出家
- Cn: chūjiā
- Jp: shukke
- Vi: xuất gia
|
panca skandha The five constituent elements into which an individual is analyzed. They are:- "form": Pāli, Sanskrit: rūpa; Bu: yupa; 色 Cn: sè; Jp: shiki
- "sensation": Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; Bu: wedana; 受 Cn: shòu; Jp: ju
- "cognition": Pāli: saññā; Sanskrit: ; Bu: thinnya; 想 Cn: xiàng; Jp: sō
- "mental formations": Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; Bu: thinkhaya; 行 Cn: xíng; Jp: gyō
- "consciousness": Pāli: ; Sanskrit: vijñāna; Bu: winyin; 識 Cn: shí; Jp: shiki
| - Sanskrit: pañca skandha
- Pāli: pañca khandha
| - Bur: khanda nga ba (in Burmese pronounced as /kʰàɴdà ŋá bá/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[haː˧ kʰan˨ tʰaː˨]/)
- 五蘊, 五陰, 五薀
- Cn: wǔyùn
- Jp: go-on, sometimes go-un
- Vi: ngũ uẩn
|
| Panchen Lama The second highest ranking lama in the Gelugpa sect of Tibetan Buddhism. after the Dalai Lama | - Tibetan: པན་ཆེན་བླ་མ་ pan-chen bla-ma
| - Sanskrit:
- Mn: Банчин Богд, Banchin Bogd
- 班禪喇嘛
- Cn: Bānchán Lǎma
- Jp: ??
- Vi: Ban-thiền Lạt-ma
|
| paññā, see prajna |
| - Bur: pyinnya (in Burmese pronounced as /pjɪ̀ɴɲà/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /pɔnɲa/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /piŋ˨ ɲaː˨/)
- Tibetan: ཤེས་རབ་ shes rab
- Mn: билиг, bilig
- 智慧 or 知恵 or 般若
- Cn: Zhìhuì, zhīhuì, bōrě
- Jp: chie,hannya
- Vi: bát-nhã
|
| paramartha Absolute, as opposed to merely conventional, truth or reality; see also samvrti |
| - Bur: paramat (in Burmese pronounced as /pəɹəmaʔ/)
- Thai: ปรมัตถ์ paramutt
- 真諦
|
| paramita, lit. "reaching the other shore," usually rendered in English as "perfection." The Mahayana practices for obtaining enlightenment; giving, ethics, patience, effort, concentration and wisdom | - Pāli: pāramī
- Sanskrit: pāramitā
| - Bur: parami (in Burmese pronounced as /pàɹəmì/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /parəmɔe/)
- Thai: บารมี baramee
- Mn: барамид, baramid
- 波羅蜜 or 波羅蜜多
- Cn: bōluómì or bōluómìduō
- Jp: haramitsu or haramita
- Vi: ba-la-mật or ba-la-mật-đa
|
| parinibbana/parinirvana The final nibbana/nirvana | - from nibbana/nirvana above
- Pāli: parinibbāna
- Sanskrit:
| - Bur: pareineibban (in Burmese pronounced as /pəɹeɪʔneɪʔbàɴ/)
- Thai: ปรินิพพาน pari-nippaan
- 般涅槃
- Cn: bōnièpán
- Jp: hatsunehan
- Vi: bát-niết-bàn
|
| Perfection of Wisdom | - from pāramitā ("perfection") above and prajñā/paññā ("wisdom") below
- Sanskrit: prajñāpāramitā
- Pāli: paññāparami
| - Bur: pyinnya parami (in Burmese pronounced as /pjɪ̀ɴɲà pàɹəmì/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /pɔnɲa parəmɔe/)
- Mn: билиг барамид, bilig baramid
- 般若波羅蜜 or 般若波羅蜜多
- Cn: bōrě-bōluómì or bōrě-bōluómìduō
- Jp: hannya-haramitsu or hannya-haramita
- Vi: bát-nhã-ba-la-mật or bát-nhã-ba-la-mật-đa
|
| Platform Sūtra of the Sixth Patriarch Sermon of the sixth patriarch of Zen Buddhism | |
|
| Pointing-out instruction The direct introduction to the nature of mind in the lineages of Essence Mahamudra and Dzogchen. A root guru is the master who gives the 'pointing-out instruction' so that the disciple recognizes the nature of mind | - Tibetan: ངོ་སྤྲོད་ ngo-sprod
| |
| prajna/paññā "wisdom", "insight" | - Pāli: paññā
- Sanskrit: prajñā
| - Bur: pyinnya (in Burmese pronounced as /pjɪ̀ɴɲà/)
- Thai: ปัญญา pun-ya
- Tibetan: ཤེས་རབ་ shes rab
- Mn: хөтлөх, khötlökh
- 般若
- Cn: bōrě or bānruò
- Jp: hannya
- Vi: bát-nhã
|
| pratisaraṇa "reliance" |
|
|
pratitya-samutpada "Dependent origination," the view that no phenomenon exists (or comes about) without depending on other phenomena or conditions contingent with it. In English also called "conditioned genesis," "dependent co-arising," "interdependent arising," etc.A famous application of dependent origination is the Twelve Nidana, or 12 inter-dependences (Sanskrit: ; 十二因緣, 十二因縁 Cn: shíàr yīnyuán; Jp: jūni innen; Vi: thập nhị nhân duyên), which are:- Ignorance (Pāli: avijjā; Sanskrit: avidyā; 無明 Cn: wúmíng; Jp: mumyō; Vi: vô minh; Mn: мунхрахуй, munhrahui)
- Ignorance creates Mental Formation (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 行 Cn: xíng; Jp: gyō; Vi: hành; Mn: хуран үйлдэхүй, khuran uildehui)
- Mental Formation creates Consciousness (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: vijñāna; 識 Cn: shí; Jp: shiki; Vi: thức; Mn: тийн мэдэхүй, tiin medehui)
- Consciousness creates Name & Form (Pāli, Sanskrit: nāmarūpa; 名色 Cn: míngsè; Jp: myōshiki; Vi: danh sắc; Mn: нэр өнгө, ner öngö)
- Name & Form create Sense Gates (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 六入 or 六処 Cn: liùrù; Jp: rokunyū or rokusho; Vi: lục nhập; Mn: төрөн түгэхүй, törön tugehui)
- Sense Gates create Contact (Pāli: phassa; Sanskrit: sparśa; 觸, 触 Cn: chù; Jp: soku; Vi: xúc; Mn: хүрэлцэхүй, khureltsehui)
- Contact creates Feeling (Pāli, Sanskrit: vedanā; 受 Cn: shòu; Jp: ju; Vi: thụ; Mn: сэрэхүй, serehui)
- Feeling creates Craving (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; 愛 Cn: ài; Jp: ai; Vi: ái; Mn: хурьцахуй, khuritsahui)
- Craving creates Clinging (Pāli, Sanskrit: upādāna; 取 Cn: qǔ; Jp: shu; Vi: thủ; Mn: авахуй, avahui)
- Clinging creates Becoming (Pāli, Sanskrit: bhava; 有 Cn: yǒu; Jp: u; Vi: hữu; Mn: сансар, sansar)
- Becoming creates Birth (Pāli, Sanskrit: jāti; 生 Cn: shēng; Jp: shō; Vi: sinh; Mn: төрөхүй, töröhui)
- Birth leads to Aging & Death (Pāli, Sanskrit: ; 老死 Cn: láosǐ; Jp: rōshi; Vi: lão tử; Mn: өтлөх үхэхүй, ötlöh uhehui)
| - Pāli:
- Sanskrit: pratitya-samutpāda
| - Bur: padeissa thamopad (in Burmese pronounced as /pədeɪʔsa̰ θəmoʊʔpaʔ/)
- Tib: rten cing `brel bar `byung ba
- Mn: шүтэн барилдлага, shuten barildlaga
- 緣起 (thought to be an abbreviation for 因緣生起), 縁起
- Cn: yuánqǐ
- Jp: engi
- Tw: iân-khí
- Vi: duyên khởi
- Also called 因緣, 因縁
- Cn: yīnyuán
- Jp: innen
- Vi: nhân duyên
|
| Pratyekabuddha/Paccekabuddha, lit. "a buddha by his own", A buddha who reaches enlightenment on his own | - Pāli: paccekabuddha
- Sanskrit: pratyekabuddha
| - Bur: pyiseka boddha (in Burmese pronounced as /pjɪʔsèka̰ boʊʔdà/)
- 辟支佛
- Cn: Bìzhī Fó
- Jp: Hyakushibutsu
- Tw: phek-chi-hu̍t
- Vi: Bích-chi Phật
|
| Pure Land Buddhism A large branch of Mahayana, dominantly in East Asia. The goal of Pure Land Buddhism is to be reborn in the Western sukhavati of Amitabha, either as a real place or within the mind, through the other-power of repeating the Buddha's name, nianfo or nembutsu. | | - 净土宗(Ch), 浄土教(Jp)
- Cn: Jìngtǔ-zōng
- Jp: Jōdo-kyo
- Ko: Jeongtojong
- Tw: Chēng-thó͘-chong
- Vi: Tịnh độ tông
|
| Puruṣa Man (ep. representative of the male gender); human being | - Pāli: purisa
- Sanskrit: puruṣa
|
| | |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| rebirth The process of continuity of life after death | - Pāli: punabbhava
- Sanskrit: punarbhava
| - 輪廻
- Cn: lunhui
- Jp: rinne
- Vi: luân hồi
|
| Ratnasambhava |
| - Tib: རིན་ཆེན་འབྱུང་གནས Rinchen Jung ne
- Mn: ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ ᠭᠠᠷᠬᠣ ᠢᠢᠨ ᠣᠷᠣᠨ᠂ ᠲᠡᠭᠦᠰ ᠡᠷᠳᠡᠨᠢ;
Эрдэнэ гарахын орон, Төгс Эрдэнэ;
Erdeni garkhu yin oron, Tegüs Erdeni
- 寶生佛, 宝生如来
- Jp: Hōshō Nyorai
- Vi: Bảo-sanh Như Lai
|
| refuge Usually in the form of "take refuge in the Three Jewels" |
| - Bur: tharanagon (in Burmese pronounced as /θəɹənəɡòʊɴ/)
- Mn: аврал, avral
- Tib: skyabs
- Thai: สรณะ sorana
- 歸依
- Cn: guīyī
- Jp: kie
- Tw: kui-i
- Vi: quy y
|
| Rigpa, the knowledge that ensues from recognizing one's nature |
|
|
| Rinpoche, lit. "precious one", An honorific title for a respected Tibetan lama, such as a tulku | - Tibetan: རིན་པོ་ཆེ་, rin-po-che
| - Mn: римбүчий, rimbuchii
- 仁波切
- Cn: rénbōqiè
- Jp: リンポチェ rinpoche
- Vi: ??
|
| Rinzai Zen sect emphasizing koan study; named for master Linji Yixuan |
| - 臨濟宗
- Cn: Línjì-zōng
- Vi: Lâm Tế tông
|
| Rohatsu A day traditionally honored as the day of the Buddha's enlightenment. While deep in meditation under a bodhi tree, he attained enlightenment upon seeing the morning star just at dawn; celebrated on the 8th day either of December or of the 12th month of the lunar calendar | - Japanese: 臘八 Rōhatsu or Rohachi
| |
| roshi, lit. "Master", An honorific given to Zen teachers in the Rinzai and Obaku sects. |
| - 禅師
- Cn: chan shī (lit., old master)
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| sacca truthfulness |
| - Burmese: thissa (in Burmese pronounced as /θɪʔ sà/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: សច្ចា
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /saccaː/
- Mon: (pronounced as /sɔtcɛʔ/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /sʰet˧ tsaː˨/)
- Thai: สัจจะ sadja
- 真
|
| Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra Lotus Sutra | Sanskrit: Saddharmapuṇḍarīkasūtra | - 妙法蓮華經 / 法華經
- Cn: miàofǎ liánhuá jīng or fǎhuá jīng
- Jp: 妙法蓮華経 myōhō renge kyō or 法華経 hokekyō
- Tw: Biāu-hoat Liân-hôa Keng or Hoat-hôa-keng
|
| ṣaḍgati "six destinies" | Sanskrit: ṣaḍgati |
|
| samanera/shramanera A male novice monk, who, after a year or until the ripe age of 20, will be considered for the higher Bhikkhu ordination |
| - Burmese: (shin) thamane (in Burmese pronounced as /(ʃɪ̀ɴ) θàmənè/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: សាមណេរ
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /saːmaneː/
- Mon: (pronounced as /[samənɔe]/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[sʰaː˨ mne˨]/)
- Thai: สามเณร sama-naen
- 沙彌
- Cn: shāmí
- Jp: shami
- Tw: sa-bi
- Vi: sa-di, chú tiểu
|
| samatha Mental stabilization; tranquility meditation. Distinguished from vipassanā meditation | - Pāli: samatha
- Sanskrit: śamatha
| - Bur: thamahta (in Burmese pronounced as /θəmətʰa̰/)
- Thai: สมถะ samatha
- 止
- Cn: zhǐ or 舍摩他 shěmótā
- Jp: サマタ samata or シャマタ shamata
- Vi: ??
|
| samsara The cycle of birth and rebirth; the world as commonly experienced |
| - Bur: thanthaya (in Burmese pronounced as /θàɴðəjà/)
- Thai: สังสารวัฏ sung-sara-wat
- Tib: འཁོར་བ khor ba
- Bur: သံသရာ
- Mn: орчлон, orchlon
- 輪迴, 輪廻
- Cn: lúnhúi
- Jp: rinne
- Tw: lûn-hôe
- Vi: luân hồi
|
| samu Work, conceived as a part of Zen training.https://web.archive.org/web/20031215200529/http://www.mbzc.org/glossary/#samu |
|
|
| samvrti Conventional, as opposed to absolute, truth or reality; see also paramartha |
| - Bur: thamudi (in Burmese pronounced as /θəmṵdḭ/)
- Thai: สมมุติ sommoot
- 俗諦
|
| sangha The community of Buddhist monks and nuns. Teachers and practitioners. |
| - Bur: thangha (in Burmese pronounced as /θàɴɡà/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /sɛŋ/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: សង្ឃ
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /sɑŋ/
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /sʰaːŋ˨ kʰaː˨/)
- Thai: สงฆ์ song
- Tib: ཚོགས་ཀ་མཆོག tsog gyu chog
- Mn: хуврагийн чуулган, khuvragiin chuulgan
- 僧團
- Cn: sēng tuan
- Jp: sō, sōryō
- Vi: tăng già
|
| Sanlun Buddhist philosophical school based on the Madhyamaka school |
| - 三論宗
- Cn: Sānlùnzōng
- Jp: Sanron-shū
- Vi: Tam luận tông
|
| sanzen A formal interview with a teacher in many traditions of Zen. Similar to dokusan |
| |
| satori Awakening; understanding. A Japanese term for enlightenment |
|
|
| sayadaw Burmese meditation master | - Bur: sayadaw (in Burmese pronounced as /sʰəjàdɔ̀/)
| |
| seichu In the Zen Buddhist calendar, a period of intensive, formal monastic training. It is typically characterized by week-long Daisesshins and periodic sanzen |
| |
| sesshin A Zen retreat where practitioners meditate, eat and work together for several days |
|
|
| shikantaza Soto Zen. "Only concentrated on sitting" is the main practice of the Soto school of Japanese Zen Buddhism |
|
|
| shunyata Emptiness; see also Nagarjuna | - Pāli: suññatā
- Sanskrit: śūnyatā
| - Bur: (in Burmese pronounced as /θòʊɴɲa̰/)
- Shan: (pronounced as /[sʰuŋ˨ ɲaː˥]/)
- Tib: pa nyid
- Mn: хоосон чанар, khooson chanar
- 空
- Cn: kōng
- Jp: kū
- Tw: khong
- Vi: tính Không
|
| Sikhī Buddha Buddha of Knowledge | - Pāli: Sikhī Buddha
- Sanskrit: Śikhīn Buddha
|
|
| sila "morals", "morality", "ethics": precepts | - Pāli: sīla
- Sanskrit: śīla
| - Bur: thila (in Burmese pronounced as /θìla̰/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: សីល
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /səl/
- Mon: (pronounced as /sɔelaʔ/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /sʰi˨ laː˥/)
- Thai: ศีล seen
- 尸羅, 戒
- Cn: jiè
- Jp: kai
- Tw: kài
- Vi: giới
- Mn: шагшаабад, shagshaabad
|
| Sōtō Sect of Zen emphasizing shikantaza as the primary mode of practice; see also Dōgen |
| - 曹洞宗
- Cn: Cáodòng-zōng
- Vi: Tào Động tông
|
| store consciousness The base consciousness (alayavijnana) taught in Yogacara Buddhism | - Pāli, Sanskrit: ālayavijñāna
| - 阿頼耶識
- Cn: āyēshí
- Jp: arayashiki
- Vi: a-lại-da thức
|
| Śrāvastī |
|
|
| sukha happiness; ease; pleasure; bliss | - Pāli: sukha
- Sanskrit: sukha
| - Bur:
- Khmer: Central Khmer: សុខ
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /sok/
- Mon: ??
- Mn: ??
- 樂
- Cn: 乐 lè
- Jp: 楽 raku
- Tw: 樂 lo̍k
- Vi: ??
|
| sutra Scripture; originally referred to short aphoristic sayings and collections thereof | - from √siv: to sew
- Sanskrit: sutra
- Pāli: sutta
| - Bur: thoht (in Burmese pronounced as /θoʊʔ/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: សូត្រ
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /soːt/
- Mon: (pronounced as /[sɔt]/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /[sʰuk˧]/)
- Thai: สูตร soothe
- Mn: судар, sudar
- 經, 経
- Cn: jīng
- Jp: kyō
- Tw: keng
- Vi: kinh
|
| Śūraṃgamasamādhisūtra | - Sanskrit: Śūraṃgamasamādhisūtra
|
|
| Sutra Pitaka The second basket of the Tripiṭaka canon, the collection of all Buddha's teachings |
| - Bur: thoht (in Burmese pronounced as /θoʊʔ/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /[sɔt]/)
- Mon: (pronounced as /[sʰuk˧]/)
- Mn: Судрын аймаг Sudriin aimag
- 經藏, 経蔵
- Cn: jīngcáng
- Jp: kyōzō
- Vi: Kinh tạng
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| tangaryō A period of waiting for admission into a Zen monastery at the gate, lasting anywhere from one day to several weeks - depending on the quality of one's sitting. Refers to the room traveling monks stay in when visiting, or await admittance into the sōdō. |
| |
| tanha Craving or desire |
| - Bur: tahna (in Burmese pronounced as /tən̥à/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: តណ្ហា
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /tɑnhaː/
- Thai: ตัณหา tunha
- Mn: хурьцахуй, khuritsahui
- 愛
- Cn: ài
- Jp: ai
- Kr: 애 ae
- Tw: ài
- Vi: ái
|
| Tanto In Zen, one of the main temple leaders, lit."head of the tan." In a Zen temple, the Tanto is one of two officers (with the Godo) in charge monks' training.[2] |
| |
| tantra Esoteric religious practices, including yoga, mantra, etc. See also Vajrayana. |
| - Mn: тарнийн ёс, дандар, tarniin yos, dandar
- Cn: 续部 xùbù, 密续 mìxù, 怛特罗 dátèluó
- Jp: タントラ tantora
- Vi: đát-đặc-la
|
| Tathagata one of the Buddha's ten epithets | - Sanskrit: tathāgata; The "Thus-Gone One"
| - Bur: tahtagata (in Burmese pronounced as /ta̰tʰàɡəta̰/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: តថាគត
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /tatʰaːkɔt/
- Thai: ตถาคต tatha-kohd
- Mn: түүнчлэн ирсэн, tuunchlen irsen
- 如来
- Cn: rúlái
- Jp: nyorai
- Tw: Jû-lâi
- Vi: như lai
|
| tathagatagarbha Buddha-nature or the seed of enlightenment | - Sanskrit: tathāgatagarbha
| - 佛性, 仏性
- Also 覚性
- Cn: juéxìng
- Jp: kakushō
- Vi: giác tính
- Also 如来藏, 如来蔵
- Cn: rúláizàng
- Jp: nyuoraizō
- Vi: như lai tạng
|
| teisho A presentation by a Zen master during a sesshin. Rather than an explanation or exposition in the traditional sense, it is intended as a demonstration of Zen realisation |
| |
| tenzo In Zen, the head cook for a sesshin. In Zen temples, the officer in charge of the kitchen |
|
|
| Tevijja Sutta Discourse of the Three-fold Knowledge |
|
|
| Theravada, lit. "words of the elders", Most popular form of Buddhism in Southeast Asia and Sri Lanka. | - Pāli: theravāda
- Sanskrit: sthaviravāda
| - Bur: hterawada (in Burmese pronounced as /tʰèɹa̰wàda̰/ or in Burmese pronounced as /tʰèja̰wàda̰/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: ថេរវាទ
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /tʰeːraviət/
- Thai: เถรวาท tera-waad
- 上座部
- Cn: shàngzuòbù
- Jp: jōzabu
- Vi: Thượng toạ bộ
|
| thera or their, lit. "elder", Honorific applied to senior monks and nuns in the Theravada tradition. |
| - Bur: htera (in Burmese pronounced as /tʰèɹa̰/)
|
| Three Jewels Three things that Buddhists take refuge in: the Buddha, his teachings (Dharma) and the community of realized practitioners (Sangha), and in return look toward for guidance (see also Refuge (Buddhism)) | - Pāli: tiratana
- Sanskrit: triratna
| - Bur: tharanagon thon ba (in Burmese pronounced as /θəɹənəɡòʊɴ θóʊɴ bá/) OR yadana thon ba (in Burmese pronounced as /jədənà θóʊɴ bá)/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: ត្រៃរតនៈ
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /trajratanaʔ/
- Thai: ไตรรัตน์ trai-rut
- Tib: དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ, dkon mchog gsum
- Mn: чухаг дээд гурав chuhag deed gurav
- 三寶
- Cn: sānbăo
- Jp: sanbō
- Vi: tam bảo
|
Three periods- Three divisions of the time following the historical Buddha's passing: the Former (or Early) Day of the Law (正法 Cn: zhèngfǎ; Jp: shōbō), the first thousand years; the Middle Day of the Law (像法 Cn: xiàngfǎ; Jp: zōhō), the second thousand years; and the Latter Day of the Law (末法 Cn: mòfǎ; Jp: mappō), which is to last for 10,000 years.
- The three periods are significant to Mahayana adherents, particularly those who hold the Lotus Sutra in high regard; e.g., Tiantai (Tendai) and Nichiren Buddhists, who believe that different Buddhist teachings are valid (i.e., able to lead practitioners to enlightenment) in each period due to the different capacity to accept a teaching (機根 Cn: jīgēn; Jp: kikon) of the people born in each respective period.
- The three periods are further divided into five five-hundred year periods (五五百歳 Cn: wǔ wǔbǎi suì; Jp: go no gohyaku sai), the fifth and last of which was prophesied to be when the Buddhism of Sakyamuni would lose all power of salvation and a new Buddha would appear to save the people. This time period would be characterized by unrest, strife, famine, and other, natural disasters.
- The three periods and the five five-hundred year periods are described in the Sutra of the Great Assembly (大集経 Cn: dàjí jīng; Jp: Daishutu-kyō, Daijuku-kyō, Daijikkyō, or Daishukkyō). Descriptions of the three periods also appear in other sutras, some of which ascribe different lengths of time to them (although all agree that Mappō will last for 10,000 years).
| | - 三時
- Cn: Sānshí
- Jp: Sanji
- Vi: Tam thời
|
| Three Poisons or Three Fires The three primary causes of unskillful action that lead to the creation of "negative" karma; the three root kleshas:
- Attachment (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; Tib.: འདོད་ཆགས་ dod chags)
- Aversion (Pali: doha; Sanskrit: ; Tib.: ཞེ་སྡང་ zhe sdang; Mn: урин хилэн, urin khilen; 瞋 Cn: chēn; Jp: jin; Vi: sân)
- Ignorance (Pāli: moha; Sanskrit: moha; Tib.: གཏི་མུག་ gti mug)
| - Pāli: kilesa (Defilements)
- Sanskrit: kleśa
| - Sanskrit: triviṣa
- Tib: düsum
- Bur: mi thon ba (in Burmese pronounced as /mí θóʊɴ bá/)
- Mn: гурван хор, gurvan khor
- 三毒
- Cn: Sāndú
- Jp: Sandoku
- Vi: Tam độc
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| Tiantai/Tendai A Mahayana school of China that teaches the supremacy of the Lotus Sutra |
| - 天台宗
- Cn: tiāntái zōng
- Jp: tendai-shū
- Vi: Thiên Thai tông
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trailõkya The 3 "regions" of the world:- Kamaloka or Kamadhatu: world of desires (Sanskrit, Pāli: kāmaloka, kāmadhātu; Tibetan: འདོད་ཁམས་ `dod khams; Mn: амармагийн орон, amarmagiin oron; 欲界 Cn: yùjiè, Jp: yokkai Vi: dục giới)
- Rupaloka or Rupadhatu: world of form (Sanskrit: rūpaloka, rūpadhātu; Tibetan: གཟུགས་ཁམས་ gzugs khams; Mn: дүрстийн орон, durstiin oron; 色界 Cn: sèjiè; Jp: shikikai , Vi: sắc giới)
- Arupaloka or Arupadhatu: world without form or desire (Sanskrit: arūpaloka, arūpadhātu; Tibetan: གཟུགས་མེད་ཁམས་ gzugs med khams; Mn: дүрсгүйн орон, dursquin oron; 無色界 Cn: wú sèjiè, Jp: mushikikai Vi: vô sắc giới)
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| - Pāli: tisso dhātuyo
- Tibetan: ཁམས་གསུམ་ khams gsum
- Mn: гурван орон, gurvan oron
- 三界
- Cn: sānjiè
- Jp: sangai
- Tw: Sam-kài
- Vi: tam giới
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trikaya The 3 "bodies" of Buddha:- Dharma-kaya (Sanskrit: dharmakāya; 法身 Cn: fǎshēn; Jp: hosshin; Vi: pháp thân)
- Sambhoga-kaya (Sanskrit: ; 報身 Cn: bàoshēn; Jp: hōshin; Vi: báo thân)
- Nirmana-kaya (Sanskrit: ; 應身,化身,応身 Cn: yìngshēn; Jp: ōjin; Vi: ứng thân)
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| - 三身
- Cn: sānshēn
- Jp: sanjin
- Vi: tam thân
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| Triṃśikā |
|
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Tripitaka The "Three Baskets"; canon containing the sacred texts for Buddhism (Pāli)- Vinaya Pitaka (Pāli, Sanskrit: ; Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ `dul ba`i sde snod; Mn: винайн аймаг сав vinain aimag sav; 律藏, 律蔵 Cn: lǜzàng; Jp: Ritsuzō; Vi: Luật tạng)
- Sutra Pitaka (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; Tib: མདོ་སྡེའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mdo sde`i sde snod; Mn: судрын аймаг сав sudriin aimag sav; 經藏, 経蔵 Cn: jīngzàng; Jp: Kyōzō; Vi: Kinh tạng)
- Abhidhamma Pitaka (Pāli: ; Sanskrit: ; Tib: མངོན་པའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ mngon pa`i sde snod; Mn: авидармын аймаг сав avidarmiin aimag sav; 論藏, 論蔵 Cn: lùnzàng; Jp: Ronzō; Vi: Luận tạng)
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| - Burmese: Tipitaka (in Burmese pronounced as /tḭpḭtəka̰/)
- Thai: ไตรปิฎก Traipidok
- སྡེ་སྣོད་་གསུམ, sde snod gsum
- Mn: гурван аймаг сав, gurvan aimag sav
- 三藏, 三蔵
- Cn: Sānzàng
- Jp: Sanzō
- Ko: Samjang
- Vi: Tam tạng
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| Triratna/Tiratana, see Three Jewels above | - Pāli: tiratana
- Sanskrit: triratna
| - Tib: དཀོན་མཆོག་གསུམ, dkon mchog gsum
- Mn: гурван эрдэнэ, gurvan erdene
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| triviṣa three poisons |
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| trsna, see tanha above | | |
| tulku A re-incarnated Tibetan teacher | - Tibetan: སྤྲུལ་སྐུ་ tulku
| - Mn: хувилгаан, khuvilgaan
- 再來人 (轉世再來的藏系師長)
- Cn: Zài lái rén
- Jp: keshin
- Vi: hoá thân
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| Udānavarga "Groups of Utterances" |
|
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| upadana Clinging; the 9th link of Pratitya-Samutpada; the Ninth Twelve Nidanas |
| - Bur: upadan (in Burmese pronounced as /ṵpàdàɴ/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: ឧបទាន
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /ʔupatiən/
- Shan: (pronounced as /[ʔu˥ paː˨ taːn˨]/)
- Thai: อุปาทาน u-pa-taan
- Tib: ལེན་པ, len pa
- Mn: авахуй, avahui
- 取(十二因緣第九支)
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| Upajjhaya spiritual teacher | - Pāli: Upajjhaya
- Sanskrit: upādhyāy
| - Bur: Upyizesaya (in Burmese pronounced as /ṵ pjɪʔzèsʰajà/)
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| upasaka A lay follower of Buddhism |
| - Bur: upathaka (in Burmese pronounced as /ṵpàθəkà/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: ឧបាសក
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /ʔuɓaːsɑk/
- Mon: (pronounced as /ʊʔpasəka/)
- Thai: อุบาสก u-ba-sok
- 近事男, 優婆塞
- Cn: jìnshìnán
- Jp: ubasoku
- Vi: cư sĩ
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| upasika A female lay follower | - from upasaka above
- Sanskrit: upāsika
| - Bur: upathika (in Burmese pronounced as /ṵpàθḭkà/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: ឧបាសិកា
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /ʔuɓaːsekaː/
- Thai: อุบาสิกา u-ba-sika
- 近事女, 優婆夷
- Cn: jìnshìnǚ
- Jp: ubai
- Vi: (nữ) cư sĩ
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| upaya Expedient though not necessarily ultimately true. Originally used as a polemical device against other schools - calling them "merely" expedient, lacking in ultimate truth, later used against one's own school to prevent students form forming attachments to doctrines In Mahayana, exemplified by the Lotus Sutra, upaya are the useful means that Buddhas (and Buddhist teachers) use to free beings into enlightenment
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| - Bur: upe (in Burmese pronounced as /ṵ pè/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: ឧបាយ
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /ʔuɓaːj/
- Tib: ཐབས, thabs
- Mn: арга, arga
- 方便
- Cn: fāngbiàn
- Jp: hōben
- Vi: phương tiện
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| upekkha equanimity | - Pāli: upekkhā
- Sanskrit: upekṣā
| - Bur: upyikkha (in Burmese pronounced as /ṵpjɪʔkʰà/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: ឧបេក្ខា
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /ʔupeːkkʰaː/
- Thai: อุเบกขา u-bek-kha
- Tib: བཏང་སྙོམས་, btang snyoms
- Mn: тэгшид барихуй, tegshid barihui
- 镇定，沉着, 捨
- Cn: Zhèndìng, chénzhuó
- Jp: sha
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| urna A concave circular dot on the forehead between the eyebrows |
| - Mn: билгийн мэлмий, bilgiin melmii
- 白毫
| |
| Definition | Etymology | In other languages |
|---|
| Vajrayana, The third major branch, alongside Hinayana and Mahayana, according to Tibetan Buddhism's view of itself | - Sanskrit: vajrayāna, lit. "diamond vehicle"
| - Bur: wazeirayana (in Burmese pronounced as /wəzeiɹa̰ jàna̰/)
- Thai: วชิรญาณ wachira-yaan
- Mn: Очирт хөлгөн, ochirt khölgön
- 金剛乘
- Cn: Jīngāng shèng
- Jp: Kongō jō
- Vi: Kim cương thừa
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| Vairocana |
| - Tib: རྣམ་པར་སྣང་མཛད། rNam-par-snang mdzad
- Mn: ;
Бярузана, Машид Гийгүүлэн Зохиогч, Гэгээн Гэрэлт;
Biruzana, Masida Geyigülün Zohiyaghci, Gegegen Gereltü
- 毗盧遮那佛, 大日如來
- Cn: Pílúzhēnàfó
- Jp: Dainichi Nyorai, Birushana-butsu
- Vi: Đại Nhật Như Lai
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| Vāsanā habitual tendencies or dispositions | - Pāli and Sanskrit: Vāsanā
| - Bur: wathana (in Burmese pronounced as /wàðanà/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: វាសនា
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /ʋiəsnaː/
- 習気
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| Vinaya Pitaka, The first basket of the Tripitaka canon, which deals with the rules of monastic life | - Pāli, Sanskrit: , lit. "discipline basket"
| - Bur: wini pitakat (in Burmese pronounced as /wḭní pḭdəɡaʔ/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: វិន័យបិដក
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /ʋinəj ɓeɗɑk/
- Mon: (pronounced as /wìʔnòa/)
- Shan: (in Shan pronounced as /wi˥˩ ɛ˦/)
- Thai: วินัย wi-nai
- Tib: འདུལ་བའི་སྡེ་སྣོད་ dul-bai sde-snod
- Mn: Винайн аймаг сав, vinain aimag sav
- 律藏
- Cn: Lǜzàng
- Jp: Ritsuzō
- Vi: Luật tạng
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| vipassana Usually translated as "Insight" meditation, most associated with the Theravāda tradition, but also present in some other traditions such as Tiantai. Often combined with śamatha meditation | - from : to see apart
- Pāli: vipassanā
- Sanskrit: vipaśyanā, vidarśanā
| - Bur: wipathana (in Burmese pronounced as /wḭpaʔθanà/)
- Khmer: Central Khmer: វិបស្សនា
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /ʋipahsanaː/
- Shan: (pronounced as /[wi˥ paːt˧ sʰa˩ naː˨]/)
- Thai: วิปัสสนา wipadsana
- Tib: ལྷག་མཐོངlhag mthong
- Mn: үлэмж үзэл, ulemj uzel
- 觀,観
- Cn: guān
- Jp: kan
- Vi: quán
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| viriya energy, enthusiastic perseverance | - from
- Pāli: viriya
- Sanskrit: vīrya,
| - Khmer: Central Khmer: វីរិយ
- UNGEGN:
- ALA-LC:
- IPA: in Central Khmer pronounced as /ʋiːrəj/
- Tib: brtson-grus
- Thai: วิริยะ wiriya
- 能量
- Cn: néngliàng
- Jp: nōryō
- Vi: năng-lượng
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