Bryant Park Explained

Bryant Park
Photo Width:337
Coords:40.7539°N -73.9839°W
Type:Public park
Location:between Fifth and Sixth Avenues and between 40th and 42nd Streets in Midtown Manhattan, New York City
Area:9.6acres
Created:1847
Designer:Carrère and Hastings, Lusby Simpson
Etymology:Named for William Cullen Bryant
Operator:New York City Department of Parks and Recreation
Status:Open all year
Awards:Design Merit Award from Landscape Architecture Magazine
Urban Land Institute Award for Excellence (1996)
Publictransit:Subway

at 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue
Bus:

Embedded:
Embed:yes
New York Public Library and Bryant Park
Location:Avenue of the Americas, 5th Ave., 40th and 42nd Sts., New York, New York
Coordinates:40.7533°N -73.9822°W
Built:1895
Designer:Carrere & Hastings; Simpson, Lusby
Style.:Beaux Arts
Added:October 15, 1966
Refnum:66000547
Designated Other1:New York State Register of Historic Places
Designated Other1 Abbr:NYSRHP
Designated Other1 Date:June 23, 1980[1]
Designated Other1 Number:06101.000613
Designated Other1 Num Position:bottom
Designated Other2 Name:New York City Landmark
Designated Other2 Date:November 12, 1974
Designated Other2 Abbr:NYCL
Designated Other2 Link:New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission
Designated Other2 Color:
  1. FFE978

Bryant Park is a 9.6acres, privately managed public park in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It is located between Fifth Avenue and Avenue of the Americas (Sixth Avenue) and between 40th and 42nd Streets in Midtown Manhattan. The eastern half of Bryant Park is occupied by the Main Branch of the New York Public Library. The western half contains a lawn, shaded walkways, and amenities such as a carousel, and is located entirely over an underground structure that houses the library's stacks. The park hosts several events, including a seasonal "Winter Village" with an ice rink and shops during the winter.

The first park at the site was opened in 1847 and was called Reservoir Square due to its proximity to the Croton Distributing Reservoir. Reservoir Square contained the New York Crystal Palace, which hosted the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations in 1853 and burned down in 1858. The square was renamed in 1884 for abolitionist and journalist William Cullen Bryant. The reservoir was demolished in 1900 and the New York Public Library's main branch was built on the site, opening in 1911. Bryant Park was rebuilt in 1933–1934 to a plan by Lusby Simpson. After a period of decline, it was restored in 1988–1992 by landscape architects Hanna/Olin Ltd. and architects Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates, during which the park was rebuilt and the library's stacks were built underneath. Further improvements were made in the late 20th and early 21st centuries.

Though it is owned by the New York City Department of Parks and Recreation, Bryant Park is managed by the private not-for-profit organization Bryant Park Corporation, which was founded in 1980 and led the restoration of Bryant Park. The park is cited as a model for the success of public-private partnerships. The park is both a National Register of Historic Places listing and a New York City designated landmark.

History

Early history

In 1686, when the area was still a wilderness, New York's colonial governor, Thomas Dongan, designated the area now known as Bryant Park as a public space. George Washington's troops crossed the area while retreating from the Battle of Long Island in 1776. The road upon which Washington's troops retreated traversed the park site diagonally.[2] [3] The city acquired the land in 1822. Beginning in 1823, Bryant Park was designated a potter's field (a graveyard for the poor) and remained so until 1840, when thousands of bodies were moved to Wards Island.

The first park at this site opened in 1847, though that park was never legally named.[4] It was called "Reservoir Square" after the Croton Distributing Reservoir, which was erected on the eastern side of the park site due to its elevated location.[5] In 1853, the Exhibition of the Industry of All Nations with the New York Crystal Palace, featuring thousands of exhibitors, took place in the park. The Crystal Palace, also known as the Great Exhibition Hall, burned down in 1858.[6] [7] The Latting Observatory was also constructed in the park as part of the 1853 Exhibition, and was also burned down in 1856.[8] The square was used for military drills during the American Civil War, and was the site of some of the New York City draft riots of July 1863, when the Colored Orphan Asylum at Fifth Avenue and 43rd Street was burned down.

Reservoir Square was renovated in 1870–1871, during which the modern-day park had been laid out. Several additional structures were planned for Reservoir Square, but never built.[9] These included an 1870 plan for new armory for the 7th New York Militia,[10] an 1880 plan for an opera house, another plan in 1881 for a New York Historical Society building,[11] an 1893 plan for relocating the New York City Hall building,[12] and a 1903 plan for a general post office.[13]

Late 19th and early 20th centuries

Renaming and library construction

In 1884, Reservoir Square was renamed Bryant Park,[14] to honor the New York Evening Post editor and abolitionist William Cullen Bryant.[15] Around the same time as the park's renaming, in 1883, plans emerged to build a library in Bryant Park, atop the site of the reservoir. The library would be funded by Samuel J. Tilden.[16] This was opposed somewhat by property owners, who wanted to extend the park eastward onto the reservoir site. Nevertheless, by the 1890s, the reservoir was slated for demolition.[17] When the New York Public Library was founded in 1895, its founders wanted an imposing main branch building.[18] The trustees of the libraries chose to build the branch at the eastern end of Bryant Park, along Fifth Avenue between 40th and 42nd Streets, because it was centrally located between the Astor and Lenox Libraries, the library's direct predecessors.[19] The architects of the building, Carrère and Hastings, also planned to convert the western border along Sixth Avenue into a pedestrian arcade with a flower market, while the central portion of Bryant Park would have housed sculptures and statues. However, these plans were cancelled as a result of opposition.[20] The reservoir was torn down by 1900, and construction started on the library.[21] In conjunction with the library's construction, several improvements were made to the park, such as terrace gardens, public facilities, and kiosks, as well as a raised terrace adjoining the library on the eastern portion of the park.[22] Since Bryant Park itself was located several feet above the surrounding streets, an iron fence, hedge, and embankment wall were built on the north, west, and south borders to separate the park from the bordering sidewalks. Benches were also installed along the retaining walls. Bryant Park's interior was split into three lawns, divided by a pair of west–east gravel paths that aligned roughly with the sidewalks of 41st Street on the west end of the park. Four stone stairways were built: one each from Sixth Avenue's intersections with 40th and 42nd Streets, and one each from 40th and 42nd Streets between Fifth and Sixth Avenues. In addition, 42nd Street was widened in 1910, necessitating the relocation of the fence on Bryant Park's northern border and the removal of plants there.[23] The NYPL's Main Branch was opened on May 23, 1911.[24] [25] [26]

Infrastructure and further improvements

Due to its central location in Midtown Manhattan, several transit lines and infrastructure projects were also built around Bryant Park.[27] The first of these was the Sixth Avenue Elevated railway, which opened in 1878.[28] The city's first subway line, now part of the 42nd Street Shuttle, was opened in 1904 by the Interborough Rapid Transit Company (IRT) and ran directly under 42nd Street.[29] [30] In the 1910s, the Hudson & Manhattan Railroad (now PATH) also planned to extend their Uptown Hudson Tubes from Herald Square to Grand Central Terminal,[31] [32] with intermediate stations near Bryant Park's northeast and southwest corners, though this plan was never realized.[33]

The Catskill Aqueduct water tunnel was built under Bryant Park in the early 1910s.[34] Once the work was complete, the affected sections of Bryant Park were restored.[35] During World War I, Bryant Park was frequently used for patriotic rallies,[36] and a "war garden"[37] and a "recreation building" for Allied soldiers was erected in the park.[38] After the end of the war in 1920, an experimental garden was placed in the park[39] and the recreation building was destroyed.[40] During construction of the IRT Flushing Line in the 1920s, the northern segment of Bryant Park was partly closed for four years[41] while the subway line was constructed directly underneath.[42] The subway tunnel ran 35feet below ground level with a station at the eastern edge of the park, at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street. During construction, workers took precautions to avoid interrupting the flow of traffic above ground and interfering with preexisting tunnels. The Fifth Avenue station opened in 1926,[43] while the tunnel under Bryant Park to Times Square opened the following year.[44] In January 1927, after the section of the Flushing Line under Bryant Park was complete, plans were announced for a restoration of the park's northern section.

1930s restoration

By the 1930s, Bryant Park was suffering from neglect and was considered disreputable, as the Sixth Avenue elevated literally overshadowed the park.[45] Over a period of 10 years, about 100 separate plans for Bryant Park's renovation were proposed, but never enacted. In an attempt to revitalize the park, the George Washington Bicentennial Planning Committee and Sears filed plans for a replica of Lower Manhattan's Federal Hall in early 1932.[46] During the construction of the replica, part of the park was fenced off.[47] The Dr. Marion Sims and Washington Irving statues were removed; the statues were later found under the Williamsburg Bridge.[48] [49] The replica was opened to the public in May 1932, charging an admission fee for entry.[50] That November, Manhattan parks commissioner Walter R. Herrick formally notified Sears that the replica had to be torn down, because he did not approve of its proposed conversion into a Great Depression relief center.[51] [52] By the next year, the Bicentennial Committee's funds had been exhausted.[53] The replica was torn down in mid-1933.[54]

In an attempt to engage unemployed architects, the Architects' Emergency Committee held a competition for the redesign of Bryant Park in 1933. The winning design was submitted by Lusby Simpson, of Queens. However, due to a lack of funding, the winning design was not implemented immediately.[55] In February 1934, under the leadership of newly appointed parks commissioner Robert Moses, work was started on Simpson's plan.[56] [57] The renovated park featured a great lawn, as well as hedges and later an iron fence that separated the park from the surrounding city streets. Two entrances each were added from 40th and 42nd Streets.[58] As part of the project, 270 trees were placed around the park.[59] Moses also placed the park's statues along 40th and 42nd Streets so as to block sight lines from these streets.[60] To save money, the project hired workers from the Civil Works Administration, an unemployment relief program. The renovation was complete by late 1934, and after a short postponement,[61] the park reopened that September 15.[62]

Parts of the park were closed in the late 1930s due to transit changes on Sixth Avenue; the elevated was torn down in 1938, and the construction of the underground Sixth Avenue subway line occurred around the same time. The Sixth Avenue subway opened in 1940.[63] A New Yorker article remarked in 1936 that during the prior 14 years, "Bryant Park has been closed to the public [...] for half that time."[64]

Mid-20th century

Public events in Bryant Park were held through the mid-20th century. For instance, in 1944 during World War II, an aircraft demonstration was held in the park.[65] Outdoor summer concerts in Bryant Park were started in 1948 by Philip Lieson Miller, a musicologist at the New York Public Library.[66] These concerts took place from 12 to 2 p.m. on weekdays from July through September.[67] On October 15, 1969, forty thousand people attended a rally in Bryant Park as part of the nationwide Moratorium to End the War in Vietnam.[68] [69] [70] Another large event, the Big Apple Circus, was proposed to be held in Bryant Park in 1978,[71] but parks commissioner Gordon Davis denied the circus permission to host a show there, since it would have closed off Bryant Park to the public.[72]

Plans to build parking garages under Bryant Park also surfaced in the mid-20th century, as a means of relieving parking shortages in Midtown Manhattan. The first such plan was made in 1946 when the city conducted a survey to determine the feasibility of such a garage.[73] [74] Parks commissioner Moses opposed the plan.[75] A parking garage was proposed again in 1958, with plans for 1,200 spaces, though Moses also opposed this proposal.[76] This proposal was backed by the Avenue of the Americas Association.[77] However, though Mayor Robert F. Wagner Jr. supported the proposal,[78] the New York City Planning Commission voted against it in November 1961.[79]

By the 1960s, Bryant Park had entered a state of deterioration, due to a lack of maintenance and its location in a business district with few nighttime activities. In an attempt to deter crime, new lighting was installed in Bryant Park in 1962.[80] Nevertheless, in 1966, parks commissioner Thomas Hoving called a meeting to restore the park,[81] noting its degraded condition.[82] By the 1970s, Bryant Park had been taken over by drug dealers and the homeless, and was considered a no-go area by ordinary citizens and visitors.[83] The condition of the park was so bad that in 1973, parks commissioner Richard M. Clurman threatened to "close Bryant Park and clear it of everybody—until we can get together and make it a place that New Yorkers want it to be."[84] [85] After a man was murdered at the park in 1976, the New York Times noted that gambling and drinking were commonplace at the park.[86] In an opinion piece in the New York Daily News, Jerome Gartner, a coordinator for the Bryant Park Steering Committee, stated that the mugging of a Union Carbide executive in Bryant Park had been quoted as a reason for the company's moving out of New York City.[87]

An initial attempt at cleanup was commenced by the Bryant Park Community Fund in the mid-1970s. Free concerts were added in the hope that it would keep out criminals. The initiative was largely unsuccessful, though, and its funding was nearly depleted by 1977.[88] Another initiative, the Bryant Park Steering Committee, was created in 1977 as a partnership between local businesses and the City University of New York.[89] More New York City Police Department (NYPD) officers were added, and District Attorney Robert Morgenthau agreed to process arrests in Bryant Park more quickly. By 1978, public perception of Bryant Park's safety was slightly better than in previous years, though drug dealers still frequented the park after office workers had gone back to work following their lunch breaks.[90] Furthermore, NYPD officers initially declined to arrest drug users who were nonviolent.[91] Starting in 1979, a coordinated program of amenities, including book and flower markets, landscape improvements, and entertainment activities, was initiated by a parks advocacy group called the Parks Council.[92] Though the Parks Council's activities became popular, drug use and small crimes were still common within the park through the early 1980s.[93] After a group of undercover NYPD officers were stationed in the park starting in 1980, they had made 400 drug-related arrests within six months.[94]

Late 20th century to present

Formation of corporations

The Bryant Park Restoration Corporation was founded in 1980 by Dan Biederman, along with Andrew Heiskell, chairman of Time Inc. and the New York Public Library.[95] [96] The BPRC immediately brought significant changes to remake the park into a place that people wanted to visit, and instituted a rigorous program to clean the park, remove graffiti, and repair physical damage. The BPRC also created a private security staff to confront unlawful behavior. In addition, the BPRC started an outdoor concert series in the summers. By 1982, arrests had decreased significantly compared to two years prior.[97] [98]

Another agency—the Bryant Park Management Corporation, composed of several nearby businesses—was tasked with maintaining the park, spending $525,000 per year to do so. NYC Parks spent an additional $250,000 a year on maintenance, the same amount as when the city had sole control over the park's management.[99] In 1983, HBO's president, Frank Biondi, gave Heiskell a $100,000 check just before the company moved into new headquarters at 1100 Avenue of the Americas, adjacent to the park. At the time, that was the largest donation toward Bryant Park by a private corporation.[100]

Renovation

In 1983, in an attempt to draw crowds to the park and raise money for continued maintenance, the BPRC proposed leasing Bryant Park from the city, renovating it, and building a café in the park. The $18 million renovation was to be executed by an alliance between the BPRC, NYPL, and NYC Parks.[101] Restaurateur Warner LeRoy was to operate the eatery, and he planned to build an 80feet, 10500abbr=NaNabbr= glass café on the park's east side adjacent to the library.[102] In addition, the park would include four smaller food kiosks, a reflecting pool and water fountain, and a dedicated security team.

In 1984, the state passed legislation to allow the BPRC to lease space for such an eatery.[103] The City Planning Commission also approved the structure the following year.[104] However, the proposed café was met with opposition from the public, as it would obscure the library's rear facade. Several park advocates who opposed it argued that the proposed eatery would turn over part of a public park to a private entity.[105] LeRoy withdrew from the project in 1986 due to this opposition, saying that he feared that the constant reviews of the plan would bring the proposed structure to "mediocrity".[106]

The renovation was approved by the City Art Commission in January 1987, though the restaurant plan had not yet been approved.[107] Following LeRoy's withdrawal from the proposed Bryant Park café, the BPRC created a new plan with multiple smaller restaurant spaces. The spaces would be composed of two smaller pavilions, each 20feet tall with an area of 5250ft2, flanking the Bryant memorial next to the library. In September 1987, the plans went to another vote before the City Art Commission, with the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission taking an advisory role.[108] The redesigned restaurant spaces were also approved by the City Art Commission that December,[109] though the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission registered no official position on the matter.[110] A concessionaire for one of the spaces was found in 1988,[111] and the same year, the city turned over duties of Bryant Park's land to BPRC. Subsequently, the park redesign was drafted by Hanna/Olin Ltd. and Hardy Holzman Pfeiffer Associates; the design preserved many elements of Simpson's design in the 1930s.

The park was closed for renovations on July 11, 1988. The four-year project to rebuild Bryant Park entailed new entrances, repairs to paths and lighting,[112] and a redesign of the park's garden by Lynden Miller.[113] [114] Biederman worked with William H. Whyte, a sociologist whose influence led them to implement two decisions. One was the placement of 2,000 movable chairs in the park.[115] The other was to lower the park itself, because Bryant Park had been elevated from the street and isolated by tall hedges prior to the 1988 redesign. The 1988 renovation lowered the park to nearly street level and tore out the hedges, though much of the park was still slightly elevated. The park's restrooms, which had been closed for 35 years, were renovated as well.[116] The BPRC also found that several of the sculptures would need to be repaired, and called on William Cullen Bryant's descendants and other entities to provide funding for the restoration of these sculptures.[117] Landscape architect Laurie Olin of Hanna/Olin recalls that the design process focused on "the different abilities of people [who] use these spaces...as well as making spaces that people are comfortable being with each other in."[118] The restoration cost $8.9 million, which included $5.7 million of city funding and $3.2 million of private funding.[119]

The renovation took place at the same time as the NYPL's expansion of the main branch's stacks underneath Bryant Park.[120] [121] The project was originally estimated to cost $21.6 million and was to be the largest expansion project in the main branch's history;[122] it entailed building 84miles of stacks, which could hold 3.2 million books.[120] [121] Construction on the stacks started after the park was closed. The park was excavated and the Great Lawn was rebuilt above it. Once the underground facilities were completed, Bryant Park was completely rebuilt,[123] with 2.5to of earth between the park surface and the storage facility's ceiling.[124]

Reopening and critical acclaim

Bryant Park was initially supposed to reopen in late 1990 or early 1991. The reopening date was pushed back due to delays caused by the construction of the library's stacks. In June 1991, the city and BPRC reached an agreement to reopen the western section of Bryant Park on summer weekdays.[119] The park was soft reopened on April 21, 1992, with the official reopening set for nearly a month later.[124] [125]

The new design received widespread acclaim. Deemed "a triumph for many" by New York Times architectural critic Paul Goldberger, the renovation was lauded not only for its architectural excellence, but also for adhering to Whyte's vision. According to Goldberger, Biederman "understood that the problem of Bryant Park was its perception as an enclosure cut off from the city; he knew that, paradoxically, people feel safer when not cut off from the city, and that they feel safer in the kind of public space they think they have some control over." The renovation was lauded as "The Best Example of Urban Renewal" by New York magazine,[126] and was described by Time as a "small miracle".[127] [128] Many awards followed, including a Design Merit Award from Landscape Architecture Magazine, and the 1996 Award for Excellence from the Urban Land Institute (ULI).[129] The park has been extolled for its relative calmness and cleanness.[130] Even through the 21st century, Bryant Park remains a model of civic renewal that mayors of other cities, such as Jorge Elorza of Providence, Rhode Island, sometimes hold up as a model to emulate.[131]

Bryant Park was described in the media as an example of New York City's 1990s revival. A New York Times article in 1995 referred to the park as the "Town Square of Midtown" and an "office oasis" frequented by midtown office workers.[132] Further improvements included the installation of two newsstands in 1992, one each at Fifth and Sixth Avenues.[133] Open-air concerts in the summers, which drew thousands of people, were commenced.[134] To lessen infestations of pigeons eating the plants, the BPC started scattering corn kernels that contained the drug azacosterol, which resulted in many pigeons becoming infertile without any other side effects.[135] Meanwhile, financing for a restaurant in Bryant Park next to the library was finally secured in 1993.[136] The restaurant opened in 1995.[137]

Subsequent developments

With security largely under the purview of the BPC, corporate control of the park has meant that Bryant Park received passive-recreation amenities, while excluding active sports that might cater to a broader urban public.[138] The BPC added a custom-built carousel in 2002 and revived the tradition of an open-air library, the Reading Room, in 2003. In July 2002, the park launched a public wireless network, making the park the first in New York City to formally offer free Wi-Fi access to visitors.[139] The Wi-Fi system was subsequently upgraded in 2008.[140] Furthermore, the Pond, a free-admission ice skating rink, opened in the park in 2005.[141] The park's public restrooms were renovated in 2006 and in 2017.

The dramatic rise in real estate values in the area around Bryant Park, as well as new construction in adjacent areas, was a consequence of the park's improvements. By 1993, the surrounding region had become a highly desirable office area, and formerly vacant office space around the park was being filled quickly. By the first decade of the 21st century, nearby buildings and businesses were also using names that referred to the park.[142] This was shown by the then-new Bank of America Tower skyscraper at the park's northeast corner using the address "One Bryant Park", as well as the growing trend of Bryant Park vanity addresses, including 3, 4, 5, and 7 Bryant Park. National Public Radio, located just south of the park, also named a now-defunct talk show the "Bryant Park Project" upon the show's 2007 launch.[143] Such enthusiasm to use the Bryant Park name would have been nonexistent in the 1980s, when the area was described as "the Wild West".[144]

New real-estate developments were also built in the park's vicinity starting in the 21st century, which together added over 13,000 new workers to the area immediately surrounding Bryant Park. These included the Bank of America Tower; an expansion to 1095 Avenue of the Americas immediately to the south; Eleven Times Square a block west of Bryant Park; and 505 Fifth Avenue at Fifth Avenue and 42nd Street. Several hotels were also built, including a conversion of 485 Fifth Avenue at 41st Street, a Residence Inn by Marriott at Sixth Avenue and 39th Street.[145] By the early 2010s, investors were purchasing buildings around Bryant Park south of 42nd Street as part of a small real estate boom. Rents per square foot in buildings south of 42nd Street had historically been lower than rents in buildings north of 42nd Street. Conversely, 1095 Avenue of the Americas and 452 Fifth Avenue were able to attract comparatively high rental rates despite both being south of 42nd Street.[146] Later in the decade, the area around Bryant Park started growing into a residential neighborhood, with the construction of new developments in the area. Within a two-block radius of the park, or roughly 500feet, units routinely sold for millions of dollars.[147]

Description

Bryant Park is located between Fifth and Sixth Avenues and between 40th and 42nd Streets, and covers . Although technically the main branch of the New York Public Library is located within the park, in design it forms the eastern boundary of the park's green space, making Sixth Avenue the park's primary entrance. Bryant Park is used mostly as a passive recreation space, and lacks active sports facilities.[148] Bryant Park is several steps above the surrounding streets, enclosed by a retaining wall. Granite stairs at several locations provide access from the surrounding sidewalks. The surrounding area contains numerous structures, including the Bank of America Tower and 1095 Avenue of the Americas to the northwest;[149] the Bryant Park Studios, American Radiator Building, Engineers' Club Building, and 452 Fifth Avenue to the south;[149] 461 Fifth Avenue and the Stavros Niarchos Foundation Library to the southeast;[149] and 500 Fifth Avenue, the Aeolian Building, and the W.R. Grace Building to the north.[149]

One of the park's largest features is a large lawn located slightly below the level of the surrounding walkways. Besides serving as a "lunchroom" for office workers,[150] the lawn serves as the seating area for some of the park's major events, such as Bryant Park Movie Nights,[151] Broadway in Bryant Park,[152] and Square Dance.[153] The lawn's season runs from February until October, when it is closed to make way for Bank of America Winter Village.[154]

Numerous walkways surround the central lawn. The northern and southern sides are each flanked by two flagstone walkways. Each of these walkways is bordered by London plane (Platanus × hispanica) trees, which contribute to the park's European feel. In addition, numerous statues are scattered throughout the park. A raised terrace on the eastern side of the lawn, which dates to the construction of the library's main branch, is paved with gray flagstones and red brick. Its centerpiece is the William Cullen Bryant Memorial, which is raised on a pedestal of its own.[155]

A restroom structure is located at the northern border of the park along 42nd Street.[156] [157] A carousel, installed in 2002, is located at the park's southern border. The park is served by the New York City Subway's at 42nd Street–Bryant Park/Fifth Avenue station, entrances to which are located on the northern and western borders of the park,[158] as well as MTA Regional Bus Operations' routes.

Art and monuments

Sculptures

Notable sculptures in the park include or have included:[159] [160]

Other memorials

The northwest corner of Bryant Park, at Sixth Avenue and 42nd Street, contains the Heiskell Plaza, a stairway and entrance plaza paved with flagstones. It was placed in 1993 in honor of Andrew Heiskell, a cofounder of the BPC.[170]

The southwest corner of Bryant Park, at Sixth Avenue and 40th Street, is known as Nikola Tesla Corner. Tesla, an inventor, lived in the nearby New Yorker Hotel in his later years, and would feed pigeons in the park. The placement of the sign was due to the efforts of the Croatian Club of New York in cooperation with New York City officials, and Ljubo Vujovic of the Tesla Memorial Society of New York.[171]

Carousel

Bryant Park contains a carousel called Le Carrousel Magique, located in the southern section of the park.[172] The carousel was designed by Marvin Sylvor, created by the Fabricon Carousel Company, and installed in 2002. The company was selected after a carousel installation in Bryant Park was approved in 1997. The carousel has a diameter of 22feet, weighs 12000lb, and contains 14 animal casts, of which 12 are capable of moving vertically. In keeping with the French theme of the park, it plays French music.[173] It underwent a restoration in 2009.[174] The carousel also has a ticket booth, measuring tall and wide, which was constructed in 1928 and was relocated from Paragon Park in Hull, Massachusetts.

Restrooms

See main article: Bryant Park restroom. Bryant Park contains a Beaux-Arts granite restroom structure on the northern border, along 42nd Street. There are two facilities, one for men and women, both of which are 315ft2. These were built in 1911 along with the NYPL Main Branch, but due to the park's landmark status, they cannot be expanded. The exterior of each building contains a frieze with garland motifs. After being closed in the mid-1960s, they were restored by Kupiec & Koutsomitis[175] and reopened in 1992.[176] The restrooms have been described as being among the city's best. A subsequent renovation in 2006 solidified their status as, in the words of then-New York City Parks Commissioner Adrian Benepe, "the gold standard for park comfort stations."[177] The restrooms were renovated again in 2017. Following the 2017 renovation, the restrooms contained rotating artworks selected from a collection of 225 works, as well as fresh flowers, classical music, attendants, and automatic toilets and faucets.

Reading room

The original Reading Room was founded in August 1935 to entertain unemployed workers during the Great Depression.[178] Started as an initiative by the New York Public Library, the Reading Room provided the jobless with a place to interact and share ideas without having to pay money or show identification. Despite this, the library was well-used, being used by 50,000 people by its first anniversary. Theft was low, with only 34 publications being lost in the library's first year.[179] By its third year, 400 books and 1,000 magazines were in circulation and were being perused by 70,000 people per year.[180] Books from the NYPL, and donations of magazines and trade publications from publishers, contributed to the success of the open-air library.[181] The tradition of Reading Rooms halted in 1944 due to a staff shortage during World War II.[182]

The Reading Room tradition was revived in 2003 with HSBC as its first sponsor. Oxford University Press, Scholastic Corporation, Mitchell's NY, Condé Nast Publications, Time Inc., Hachette Filipacchi Media U.S., and Rodale, Inc. were among the companies who donated books and publications.[183] In addition to the complimentary reading materials, in 2004 programming was added to Reading Room's content. The Reading Room features readings and book sales by contemporary writers and poets, plus book-related special events such as book clubs, writers workshops and storytelling for kids.[184]

Bank of America Winter Village

Modeled on Europe's Christkindlmarkt, in 2002 Bryant Park introduced the Holiday Shops in an effort to liven up the park space during the winter. Initially slow to gain traction,[185] the Holiday Shops became a fixture of the Manhattan holiday scene in 2005 by expanding into an all-encompassing seasonal destination with the addition of New York's only free-admission ice skating rink.[186] The Shops also include a Norway Spruce tree,[187] [188] as well as a standalone dining and event space.[189] [190] [191]

Sponsored by Bank of America, Winter Village can be set up within two weeks. It has transformed the park into a year-round destination. In September 2016, Bryant Park Corporation announced market makers Urbanspace as the new operator for the Holiday Shops, which grew from 80 boutiques in 2002 to over 170 in 2018.[192] In 2018, Urbanspace also took over management of the rinkside eatery, rebranding it as The Lodge.

Private operation

The Bryant Park Corporation (BPC), formerly the Bryant Park Restoration Corporation (BPRC),[193] manages the park. BPC also oversees the Bryant Park Management Corporation (BPMC), which was created to manage the Bryant Park business improvement district.[194]

Although Bryant Park is a public park, BPC accepts no public funds. It was initially supported by the Rockefeller Brothers Fund, but by the 21st century it received funding through tax assessments on surrounding property within the business improvement district, fees from concessionaires, and revenues generated by public events.[195] To obtain accurate data about park usage, BPC counts the number of patrons in Bryant Park at 1 p.m. and 6 p.m. every day.[196]

The number of events at the park grew significantly after its reopening, causing some consternation by people who feared that the park would be dominated by private entities, thus would be inaccessible to the public. As a result, BPC makes most events free and open to the public. One exception was the New York Fashion Week shows that formerly took over the park for two weeks in the winter and late summer each year. BPC cofounder Dan Biederman often publicly expressed his frustration that the fashion shows were not under BPC's control. "They pay us a million dollars. It's a million dollars I would happily do without," he told the Los Angeles Times.[197] BPC was particularly frustrated that the fashion shows dominated the park during two crucial times: in late summer, when the weather is perfect for park visitors; and in early February, necessitating the early closure of the park's popular free-admission ice-skating rink.[198]

Programming

Numerous events are hosted on the lawn at Bryant Park.[199] Bryant Park Movie Nights, begun in the early 1990s, take place on Monday evenings during the summer.[200] [201] Various free musical performances are sponsored by corporations during months with warm weather, including Broadway in Bryant Park, sponsored by iHeartMedia and featuring performers from current Broadway musicals, integrated with content provided by event sponsors.

The park has various activity areas open all day long, including board games, chess and backgammon, a putting green and Kubb area, an Art Cart, ping pong tables, and Petanque courts. The parks also offer free classes in juggling, yoga, tai chi, and knitting.[202] [203] In the 40th Street plaza of the park, there is a station called Bryant Park Games where visitors can borrow an array of games, including Chinese chess and quoits. In addition, chess and table tennis can also be played at Bryant Park.[204]

Food and drink are served at four park-operated concessionary kiosks.[205] There are two additional kiosks on Fifth Avenue, bringing the total of concessionaires near Bryant Park to six.[206]

Former programming

Formerly, Bryant Park hosted New York Fashion Week (NYFW) shows, which took over the park for two weeks in the winter and late summer each year. NYFW, which moved to Bryant Park in 1993,[207] was forced to set fees for its shows after Manhattan Community Board 5 disapproved of a free fashion show on the grounds that three-fourths of profits would go to BPC and only one-fourth to NYC Parks.[208] Dan Biederman of the BPC had called the profits from NYFW "a million dollars I would happily do without," and lamented the fact that NYFW took over the park at two high-traffic periods: late summer and late winter. NYFW moved from Bryant Park in 2010 after disagreements with the BPC.[209]

Landmark designations

Bryant Park and the New York Public Library Main Branch were jointly listed on the National Register of Historic Places (NRHP) in 1966. Its listing on the NRHP is distinct from the "New York Public Library" on the same day, which covered just the main branch building.[155] In addition, in 1974, the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission designated the park as a New York City scenic landmark.[22]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Cultural Resource Information System (CRIS) . . November 7, 2014 . July 20, 2023 . April 4, 2019 . http://webarchive.loc.gov/all/20190404141934/https://cris.parks.ny.gov/ . live .
  2. News: Bryant Park's Part In City's History; Site Of Hudson-Fulton "Court Of Honor" The Scene Of Washington's Defeat By The British. September 23, 1909. The New York Times. August 13, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813230907/https://www.nytimes.com/1909/09/23/archives/bryant-parks-part-in-citys-history-site-of-hudsonfulton-court-of.html. live.
  3. Web site: History of Bryant Park in New York. Miller. Lauren. April 18, 2011. USA Today. August 15, 2019. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815174923/https://traveltips.usatoday.com/history-bryant-park-new-york-52780.html. live.
  4. News: Favoring the Name Bryant Park.. March 9, 1884. The New York Times. August 6, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190806001703/https://www.nytimes.com/1884/03/09/archives/favoring-the-name-bryant-park.html. live.
  5. Web site: Bryant Park History. Bryant Park Corporation. August 13, 2019. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813181759/https://bryantpark.org/blog/history. live.
  6. 137.
  7. News: Burning of the Crystal Palace; Total Destruction of the Articles on Exhibition. October 6, 1858. The New York Times. August 5, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190806001657/https://www.nytimes.com/1858/10/06/archives/burning-of-the-crystal-palace-total-destruction-of-the-articles-on.html. live.
  8. News: New-York City; A Configuration--Destruction of the "Latting Observatory"--$130,000 worth of Property destroyed-Narrow escape of the Crystal Palace. September 1, 1856. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817171353/https://www.nytimes.com/1856/09/01/archives/newyork-city-a-configurationdestruction-of-the-latting.html. live.
  9. News: An Enduring Strip of Green in an Ever-Evolving City. Gray. Christopher. April 22, 2007. The New York Times. August 13, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. September 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210913183836/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/04/22/realestate/22scap.html. live.
  10. News: The Seventh Regiment and Reservoir Square.. February 11, 1873. The New York Times. August 13, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813181745/https://www.nytimes.com/1873/02/11/archives/the-seventh-regiment-and-reservoir-square.html. live.
  11. News: Looking for a Building Site.; the Historical Society's Committee and the Reservoir Park.. June 15, 1881. The New York Times. August 13, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813183044/https://www.nytimes.com/1881/06/15/archives/looking-for-a-building-site-the-historical-societys-committee-and.html. live.
  12. News: On the Old Reservoir Site.; Tilden Trust's Suggestion to Use the City Hall for a Library.. January 25, 1893. The New York Times. August 13, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813183047/https://www.nytimes.com/1893/01/25/archives/on-the-old-reservoir-site-tilden-trusts-suggestion-to-use-the-city.html. live.
  13. News: Bryant Park as a Post Office Site.. January 27, 1903. The New York Times. August 13, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813183050/https://www.nytimes.com/1903/01/27/archives/bryant-park-as-a-post-office-site.html. live.
  14. Web site: Bryant Park News - Before They Were Parks (Part I). New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. August 5, 2019. July 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035151/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bryant-park/dailyplant/21895. live.
  15. Web site: Board of Commissioners of the NYC Dept of Public Parks - Minutes and Documents: May 7, 1884 - April 29, 1885. 1885. nyc.gov. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. 47 (PDF p. 146). July 30, 2019. November 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201128033248/https://www.nycgovparks.org/pagefiles/50/Board%20of%20Commissioners%20of%20the%20NYC%20Dept%20of%20Public%20Parks%20-%20Minutes%20and%20Documents%20-%20April%2030%201885_2.pdf. live.
  16. News: The Old City Hall.. February 19, 1893. The New York Times. August 6, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190806001704/https://www.nytimes.com/1893/02/19/archives/the-old-city-hall.html. live.
  17. News: In Place of the Reservoir.; Property Owners Desire to Extend Bryant Park.. March 26, 1891. The New York Times. August 6, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 6, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190806001700/https://www.nytimes.com/1891/03/26/archives/in-place-of-the-reservoir-property-owners-desire-to-extend-bryant.html. live.
  18. Web site: New York Public Library: Main Lobby, the North and South Staircases from the First Floor to the Third Floor, and the Central Hall on the Third Floor. November 12, 1974. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. August 6, 2019. July 31, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200731134548/http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/MAIN-LIBRARY-INTERIOR.pdf. live.
  19. Web site: Public Library's Home: A Strong Feeling in Favor of the Fifth Avenue Reservoir Site. October 1, 2018. The New York Times. 0362-4331. December 17, 2018. December 18, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181218011036/https://www.nytimes.com/1895/03/26/archives/public-librarys-home-a-strong-feeling-in-favor-of-the-fifth-avenue.html. live.
  20. News: City Beauty Spot Planned in Bryant Park. April 7, 1912. The New York Sun. August 13, 2019. 40. newspapers.com . May 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185858/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34867553/city-beauty-spot-planned-in-bryant-park/. live.
  21. Web site: New Library Ready Early Next Year: That Is, the Great Marble Structure Will Open if There Are No More Delays. May 2, 1910. The New York Times. 0362-4331. December 16, 2018. December 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181216074227/https://www.nytimes.com/1910/05/02/archives/new-library-ready-early-next-year-that-is-the-great-marble-struc.html. live.
  22. Web site: Bryant Park. November 12, 1974. New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission. July 28, 2019. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813181746/http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/0879.pdf. live.
  23. News: Widening of Forty Second Street Will Begin Early this Summer; An Additional Fifteen Feet for Road Traffic Will Be Acquired by Cutting Off 7 1/2 Feet on Each Side of the Sidewalk -- Entrance Columns to Manhattan and Knickerbocker Hotels to Come Down -- Bryant Park Also to be Curtailed.. June 12, 1910. The New York Times. August 13, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813230904/https://www.nytimes.com/1910/06/12/archives/widening-of-forty-second-street-will-begin-early-this-summer-an.html. live.
  24. Web site: History of The New York Public Library. The New York Public Library. December 17, 2018. November 26, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211126132103/https://www.nypl.org/help/about-nypl/history. live.
  25. News: City's $29,000,000 Library Is Opened: Golden Key of the Marble Structure Delivered, President Taft Making the Principal Address. May 24, 1911. The New York Times. 0362-4331. December 16, 2018. December 16, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181216075123/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/05/24/archives/citys-29000000-library-is-opened-golden-key-of-the-marble-structure.html. live.
  26. News: New York's Public Library Opened. May 23, 1911. Buffalo Commercial. December 18, 2018. 2. newspapers.com . December 19, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181219001119/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/26326242/new_yorks_public_library_opened/. live.
  27. Web site: From the Archives: Tunnels Under Bryant Park, Part 1. July 11, 2006. Bryant Park Corporation. August 13, 2019. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813230904/https://blog.bryantpark.org/2011/01/from-archive-tunnels-under-bryant-park.html. live.
  28. News: Days of Yore Recalled as 'L' Line Goes. December 5, 1938. Rochester Democrat and Chronicle. June 30, 2019. 9. Newspapers.com . July 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190701021951/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33411485/sixth_avenue_el_december_5_1938/. live.
  29. News: Our Subway Open, 150,000 Try It — Mayor McClellan Runs the First Official Train — Big Crowds Ride At Night — Average of 25,000 an Hour from 7 P.M. Till Past Midnight — Exercises in the City Hall — William Barclay Parsons, John B. McDonald, August Belmont, Alexander E. Orr, and John Starin Speak — Dinner at Night. October 28, 1904. New York Times. November 6, 2016. 1. May 18, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200518194053/https://www.nytimes.com/1904/10/28/archives/our-subway-open-150000-try-it-mayor-mcclellan-runs-the-first.html?searchResultPosition=2. live.
  30. News: Shuttle Is Short, Except In History. Stengren. Bernard. April 22, 1964. The New York Times. 0362-4331. January 15, 2017. New York Times Archive. August 6, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170806102205/http://www.nytimes.com/1964/04/22/shuttle-is-short-except-in-history.html. live.
  31. News: M'Adoo Extension To Be Ready In 1911; Head of Hudson & Manhattan Road Promises It After the Board of Estimate Approves. June 5, 1909. The New York Times. April 24, 2018. en-US. 0362-4331. April 25, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180425123603/https://www.nytimes.com/1909/06/05/archives/madoo-extension-to-be-ready-in-1911-head-of-hudson-manhattan-road.html. live.
  32. News: By Hudson Tunnel to Grand Central. February 11, 1909. New-York Tribune. August 13, 2019. 1. newspapers.com . January 26, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220126170737/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34871366/by-hudson-tunnel-to-grand-central/. live.
  33. Web site: In 1874, a Daring Downtown Plan: Build a Train Tunnel Under the Hudson. D'Orazio. Bernard. April 23, 2018. Tribeca Trib Online. https://web.archive.org/web/20180503041431/http://www.tribecatrib.com/content/1874-daring-downtown-plan-build-train-tunnel-under-hudson. May 3, 2018. live. May 2, 2018.
  34. News: Begin to Dig Tunnel Deep Under the City; High Pressure Water Supply Bore to be Driven Through Solid Rock.. July 23, 1911. The New York Times. August 13, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 13, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190813230903/https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/23/archives/begin-to-dig-tunnel-deep-under-the-city-high-pressure-water-supply.html. live.
  35. News: Bryant Park Restored; With Traces of Aqueduct Work Removed, Old Charm Returns.. June 12, 1915. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814190118/https://www.nytimes.com/1915/06/12/archives/bryant-park-restored-with-traces-of-aqueduct-work-removed-old-charm.html. live.
  36. News: Give a Thought to Bryant Park. June 11, 1891. New-York Tribune. August 14, 2019. 11. newspapers.com . May 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185858/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34896678/give-a-thought-to-bryant-park/. live.
  37. News: Dedicate War Garden; Key to House in Bryant Park Formally Turned Over to City.. June 28, 1918. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814190117/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/06/28/archives/dedicate-war-garden-key-to-house-in-bryant-park-formally-turned.html. live.
  38. News: Centre for Enlisted Men; Recreation Building Open to All the Allies to be in Bryant Park.. May 11, 1918. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814190118/https://www.nytimes.com/1918/05/11/archives/centre-for-enlisted-men-recreation-building-open-to-all-the-allies.html. live.
  39. News: City Starts its Garden; Crowds Cheer First Spadefull Turned In Bryant Park.. March 23, 1920. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814190119/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/03/23/archives/city-starts-its-garden-crowds-cheer-first-spadefull-turned-in.html. live.
  40. News: Bryant Park Restored; Eagle Hut Site Sodded, but Only Two Old Trees Remain.. May 30, 1920. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814190116/https://www.nytimes.com/1920/05/30/archives/bryant-park-restored-eagle-hut-site-sodded-but-only-two-old-trees.html. live.
  41. News: To Beautify Bryant Park; Many Plans Submitted for Restoration When Subway is Finished.. January 1, 1927. The New York Times. August 15, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815030637/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/01/01/archives/to-beautify-bryant-park-many-plans-submitted-for-restoration-when.html. live.
  42. News: Bryant Park Busy "Mine". July 30, 1922. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814190118/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/07/30/archives/bryant-park-busy-mine.html. live.
  43. News: Fifth Av. Station of Subway Opened. March 23, 1926. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814190115/https://www.nytimes.com/1926/03/23/archives/fifth-av-station-of-subway-opened-ceremonies-at-library-mark.html. live.
  44. News: New Queens Subway Opened to Times Sq.. March 15, 1927. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814190114/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/03/15/archives/new-queens-subway-opened-to-times-sq-service-starts-at-once-after-a.html. live.
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  46. News: Federal Hall in Bryant Park Estimated to Cost $85,000. March 15, 1932. The New York Times. August 15, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815023615/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/03/15/archives/federal-hall-in-bryant-park-estimated-to-cost-85000.html. live.
  47. Web site: Daily What?! A Temporary Replica of Federal Hall Once Existed at NYC's Bryant Park. March 19, 2018. Untapped Cities. en-US. August 15, 2019. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815004753/https://untappedcities.com/2018/03/19/daily-what-a-temporary-replica-of-federal-hall-once-existed-at-nycs-bryant-park/. live.
  48. News: Missing Bryant Park Statues Are Found In Storage Yard Under Williamsburg Bridge. February 17, 1934. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816003716/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/17/archives/missing-bryant-park-statues-are-found-in-storage-yard-under.html. live.
  49. News: Discover Banished Statues in Brooklyn Storage Yard. February 17, 1934. Brooklyn Times-Union. August 14, 2019. 2. newspapers.com . May 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185859/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34943597/discover-banished-statues-in-brooklyn/. live.
  50. News: Washington Shrine Presented to City; Walker, Accepting Mt. Vernon Reproduction in Prospect Park, Hails Patriotic Spirit. May 9, 1932. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816003714/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/05/09/archives/washington-shrine-presented-to-city-walker-accepting-mt-vernon.html. live.
  51. News: Patriotic Shine Where Poor Can't Dine. August 15, 1932. New York Daily News. August 15, 2019. 178. newspapers.com . May 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185859/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34909167/patriotic-shine-where-poor-cant-dine/. live.
  52. News: Holds Federal Hall Must Be Removed; Herrick Points Out Contract Requires That Bryant Park Be Cleared by Nov. 26.. November 23, 1932. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816004644/https://www.nytimes.com/1932/11/23/archives/holds-federal-hall-must-be-removed-herrick-points-out-contract-re.html. live.
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  54. News: Bryant Park Work is Speeded by City; Federal Hall Demolition Cost to Be Charged to Bicentennial Group and Sears, Roebuck.. June 9, 1933. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816004642/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/06/09/archives/bryant-park-work-is-speeded-by-city-federal-hall-demolition-cost-to.html. live.
  55. News: Delaus Bryant Park Plan; Sheehy Says Funds Are Lacking to Act on Elaborate Designs.. June 26, 1933. The New York Times. August 15, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815204301/https://www.nytimes.com/1933/06/26/archives/delays-bryant-park-plan-sheehy-says-funds-are-lacking-to-act-on.html. live.
  56. News: Moses Is Commended On Bryant Park Plan; Association Approves Program for Rehabilitation -- Hopes for Completion in Spring.. February 26, 1934. The New York Times. August 15, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815204257/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/26/archives/moses-is-commended-on-bryant-park-plan-association-approves-program.html. live.
  57. News: Moses Orders Bryant Park Restored as Resting Spot. February 18, 1934. New York Daily News. August 15, 2019. 44. newspapers.com . May 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185859/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34936347/moses-orders-bryant-park-restored-as/. live.
  58. News: New Bryant Park Ready By Summer. February 18, 1934. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816003715/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/02/18/archives/new-bryant-park-ready-by-summer-it-will-have-shade-trees-grass-and.html. live.
  59. News: 270 Trees Being Set Out To Shade Bryant Park. April 24, 1934. The New York Times. August 15, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815010353/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/04/24/archives/270-trees-being-set-out-to-shade-bryant-park.html. live.
  60. News: The Little Park That Could. Moritz. Owen. May 29, 1989. New York Daily News. 238, 244. newspapers.com .
  61. News: Bryant Park Reopening Postponed Until Sept. 14. August 18, 1934. The New York Times. August 15, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815025149/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/08/18/archives/bryant-park-reopening-postponed-until-sept-14.html. live.
  62. News: New Bryant Park Formally Opened; 2,000 at Exercises at Lowell Fountain Hear Praise for Transformers of Site. September 15, 1934. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816005256/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/09/15/archives/new-bryant-park-formally-opened-2000-at-exercises-at-lowell.html. live.
  63. News: New Subway Line on 6th Ave. Opens at Midnight Fete. December 15, 1940. The New York Times. 0362-4331. October 7, 2011. 1. December 13, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211213213358/https://www.nytimes.com/1940/12/15/archives/new-subway-line-on-6th-ave-opens-at-midnight-fete-mayor-and-2000.html. live.
  64. Book: The New Yorker. New Yorker Magazine, Incorporated. 1936. 12. v. 12. August 15, 2019. April 7, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220407191416/https://books.google.com/books?id=eJIiAQAAMAAJ. live.
  65. News: Thousands Watch Sham Air Attack Set Midtown 'Fires'; Realistic Show in Bryant Park Is Awesome as Rooftops Blossom Into Flames. Berger. Meyer. January 7, 1944. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024528/https://www.nytimes.com/1944/01/07/archives/thousands-watch-sham-air-attack-set-midtown-fires-realistic-show-in.html. live.
  66. News: Philip Miller, 90, Dies; Headed Public Library Music Division. Saxon. Wolfgang. November 29, 1996. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816010615/https://www.nytimes.com/1996/11/29/arts/philip-miller-90-dies-headed-public-library-music-division.html. live.
  67. News: Library Resumes Concerts in Park; Many Listen From Noon to 2 P.M.. July 6, 1950. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024521/https://www.nytimes.com/1950/07/06/archives/library-resumes-concerts-in-park-many-listen-from-noon-to-2-pm.html. live.
  68. http://pitchfork.com/reviews/albums/1583-bryant-park-moratorium-rally-1969/ Review of Bryant Park Moratorium Rally
  69. Millet, Stanley. South Vietnam, vol 4: "1969", 1974, p. 197, Indiana University
  70. [Jane Kramer|Kramer, Jane]
  71. News: 3-Ring Battle Over Circus in Bryant Park. Moritz. Owen. April 19, 1978. New York Daily News. August 15, 2019. 209. newspapers.com . May 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185900/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34977412/3-ring-battle-over-circus-in-bryant-park/. live.
  72. News: Bryant Park Is Denied to Group As Site for the Big Apple Circus. Kleiman. Dena. May 6, 1978. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024519/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/05/06/archives/bryant-park-is-denied-to-group-as-site-for-the-big-apple-circus.html. live.
  73. News: City Will Survey Parking Facilities in Subway System; Underpass That May Help Relieve the Midtown Parking Problem. July 29, 1946. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024520/https://www.nytimes.com/1946/07/29/archives/city-will-survey-parking-facilities-in-subway-system-underpass-that.html. live.
  74. News: 3 Huge Parking Lots Underground Asked by Mayor. Crosson. John. Desmond. James. July 29, 1946. New York Daily News. August 15, 2019. 138. newspapers.com . May 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185900/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34947216/3-huge-parking-lots-underground-asked/. live.
  75. News: Park Garage Plan Draws Moses' Fire. July 21, 1947. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024517/https://www.nytimes.com/1947/07/21/archives/park-garage-plan-draws-moses-fire-underground-parking-places.html. live.
  76. News: Bryant Park Gets New Garage Plan. Stengren. Bernard. September 1, 1958. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024523/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/09/01/archives/bryant-park-gets-new-garage-plan-investors-revive-idea-for.html. live.
  77. News: Parking Plan Revived; City Urged to Build Garage Beneath Bryant Park. November 29, 1959. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024525/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/11/29/archives/parking-plan-revived-city-urged-to-build-garage-beneath-bryant-park.html. live.
  78. News: New City Building Backed By Mayor. Crowell. Paul. November 21, 1961. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024519/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/21/archives/new-city-building-backed-by-mayor-he-also-favors-a-parking-garage.html. live.
  79. News: Garage Rejected For Bryant Park. Crowell. Paul. November 29, 1961. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024516/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/11/29/archives/garage-rejected-for-bryant-park-proposal-for-parking-area-is.html. live.
  80. News: Lights Improved At Bryant Park; $9,000 Spent to Brighten Area Behind Library New Lighting Brightens the Library's Backyard. June 19, 1962. The New York Times. August 19, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 19, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190819004557/https://www.nytimes.com/1962/06/19/archives/lights-improved-at-bryant-park-9000-spent-to-brighten-area-behind.html. live.
  81. News: Hoving Calls a Meeting to Plan For Restoration of Bryant Park. June 22, 1966. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816212102/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/22/archives/hoving-calls-a-meeting-to-plan-for-restoration-of-bryant-park.html. live.
  82. News: Hoving to Upgrade Bryant Park Area. Burks. Edward C.. June 24, 1966. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816212101/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/24/archives/hoving-to-upgrade-bryant-park-area-hoving-has-plan-for-bryant-park.html. live.
  83. News: Bryant Park: An Oasis Plagued by Crime. Treaster. Joseph B.. June 26, 1976. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817005007/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/26/archives/bryant-park-an-oasis-plagued-by-crime.html. live.
  84. News: Clurman Threatens To Shut Bryant Park. September 13, 1973. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816212059/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/09/13/archives/clurman-threatens-to-shut-bryant-park.html. live.
  85. News: Clurman Bids Public Do Job at Bryant Park. September 3, 1973. New York Daily News. August 18, 2019. 180. newspapers.com . May 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185900/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/34994304/clurman-bids-public-do-job-at-bryant/. live.
  86. News: Murder Scene in Bryant Park Is a Place to Drink and Gamble. Fried. Joseph P.. June 20, 1976. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817205432/https://www.nytimes.com/1976/06/20/archives/murder-scene-in-bryant-park-is-a-place-to-drink-and-gamble.html. live.
  87. News: The 42d St. village green. Gartner. Jerome. May 28, 1978. New York Daily News. August 18, 2019. 238. newspapers.com . May 8, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220508185900/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/35000550/the-42d-st-village-green/. live.
  88. News: Say Bryant Park Cleanup Fouled Up. Spiegel. Claire. September 7, 1977. New York Daily News. August 18, 2019. 8. newspapers.com .
  89. News: Fair to Help Fix Up Bryant Park Dampened by Rain. Breasted. Mary. May 10, 1977. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331.
  90. News: Bryant Park Is Showing Improvement, but It Still Has Its Ups and Downs. Maitland. Leslie. July 1, 1978. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817205427/https://www.nytimes.com/1978/07/01/archives/new-jersey-pages-bryant-park-is-showing-improvement-but-it-still.html. live.
  91. News: Won't keep off grass in Bryant Park. Daly. Michael. May 11, 1979. New York Daily News. August 18, 2019. 5. newspapers.com .
  92. News: Discount Tickets Booth Planned for Bryant Park. Fraser. C. Gerald. September 8, 1982. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024519/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/09/08/theater/discount-tickets-booth-planned-for-bryant-park.html. live.
  93. News: The 'New' Bryant Park: A Plan of Pros and Cons. Goldberger. Paul. December 1, 1983. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817214308/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/01/nyregion/the-new-bryant-park-a-plan-of-pros-and-cons.html. live.
  94. News: City's parks ... where there's smoke. King. Martin. Giordano. Mary Ann. August 21, 1980. New York Daily News. August 18, 2019. 37. newspapers.com .
  95. Book: Collaborative Governance: Private Roles for Public Goals in Turbulent Times. Donahue. J.D.. Zeckhauser. R.J.. Breyer. S.. Princeton University Press. 2012. 978-0-691-15630-9. 177. February 3, 2020.
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  97. News: The re-greening of Bryant Park. Chadwick. Bruce. August 9, 1982. New York Daily News. August 18, 2019. 97. newspapers.com .
  98. News: Crime in Bryant Park down Sharply. Fowler. Glenn. August 10, 1982. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817232453/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/08/10/nyregion/crime-in-bryant-park-down-sharply.html. live.
  99. News: Bryant will be fine & dandy. Saunders. D.J.. November 24, 1989. New York Daily News. August 18, 2019. 801. newspapers.com .
  100. News: New York Day by Day. Johnston. Laurie. August 23, 1983. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. Anderson. Susan Heller. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818011644/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/08/23/nyregion/new-york-day-by-day-118669.html. live.
  101. News: Vast Rebuilding of Bryant Park Planned. Carmody. Deirdre. December 1, 1983. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817205429/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/12/01/nyregion/vast-rebuilding-of-bryant-park-planned.html. live.
  102. News: ARCHITECTURE VIEW; A Simpler Way to Improve Bryant Park. Goldberger. Paul. October 4, 1987. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817232501/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/04/arts/architecture-view-a-simpler-way-to-improve-bryant-park.html. live.
  103. News: City Offers Legislation for Privately Run Restaurant in Bryant Park. Carmody. Deirdre. May 27, 1984. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024521/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/27/nyregion/city-offers-legislation-for-privately-run-restaurant-in-bryant-park.html. live.
  104. News: Panel Approves Restaurant Plan for Bryant Park. Purnick. Joyce. April 23, 1985. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024522/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/04/23/nyregion/panel-approves-restaurant-plan-for-bryant-park.html. live.
  105. News: Proposal for Restaurant in Bryant Park Disputed. Carmody. Deirdre. May 16, 1983. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817205429/https://www.nytimes.com/1983/05/16/nyregion/proposal-for-restaurant-in-bryant-park-disputed.html. live.
  106. News: New Restaurant Design Readied for Bryant Park. Anderson. Susan Heller. September 22, 1987. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024520/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/09/22/nyregion/new-restaurant-design-readied-for-bryant-park.html. live.
  107. News: Bryant Park Project Approved. January 13, 1987. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. April 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190407203618/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/01/13/nyregion/bryant-park-project-approved.html. live.
  108. News: Bryant Park restaurant?. Shepard. Joan. September 21, 1987. New York Daily News. August 18, 2019. 117. newspapers.com .
  109. News: Plan for 2 Restaurant Pavilions For Bryant Park Wins Approval. Dunlap. David W.. December 15, 1987. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817205431/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/15/nyregion/plan-for-2-restaurant-pavilions-for-bryant-park-wins-approval.html. live.
  110. News: Landmarks Panel Declines to Endorse Bryant Park Restaurant Plan. Dunlap. David W.. December 13, 1987. The New York Times. August 17, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817232504/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/12/13/nyregion/landmarks-panel-declines-to-endorse-bryant-park-restaurant-plan.html. live.
  111. News: Operator for Bryant Park Restaurant Named. October 15, 1988. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816024516/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/10/15/nyregion/operator-for-bryant-park-restaurant-named.html. live.
  112. News: Architecture View: Bryant Park, An Out-of-Town Experience. Goldberger. Paul. May 3, 1992. The New York Times. 0362-4331. March 13, 2010. Paul Goldberger. July 18, 2009. https://web.archive.org/web/20090718013241/http://www.nytimes.com/1992/05/03/arts/architecture-view-bryant-park-an-out-of-town-experience.html. live.
  113. Web site: Bryant Park: A Stunning Urban Garden. Sorin. Frannie. November 22, 2008. Bryant Park. January 16, 2020. February 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200203234232/https://bryantpark.org/blog/bryant-park-a-stunning-urban-garden. live.
  114. Web site: Captivating Connecticut Garden . Traditional Home . January 18, 2020 . January 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200116124536/http://www.traditionalhome.com/gardens/beautiful-gardens/captivating-connecticut-garden . dead .
  115. Web site: How Bryant Park's Iconic Chairs Revolutionized Public Spaces. Kim. Elizabeth. November 21, 2019. Gothamist. February 3, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200203170213/https://gothamist.com/arts-entertainment/how-bryant-parks-iconic-chairs-revolutionized-public-spaces. February 3, 2020. dead.
  116. News: Bryant Park to bloom again. Belmonte. John. April 8, 1990. New York Daily News. 705, 244. newspapers.com .
  117. News: Bryants, polish up your image. Saunders. D.J.. April 20, 1990. New York Daily News. August 18, 2019. 939. newspapers.com .
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  119. News: Bryant Park Journal; After 3 Years, a Park Awaits a Wary Public. Ravo. Nick. June 13, 1991. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818011640/https://www.nytimes.com/1991/06/13/nyregion/bryant-park-journal-after-3-years-a-park-awaits-a-wary-public.html. live.
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  121. News: Library Starts Road to 84-Mile Shelves Under Park. Anderson. Susan Heller. October 27, 1987. The New York Times. 0362-4331. December 23, 2018. December 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181223075411/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/10/27/nyregion/library-starts-road-to-84-mile-shelves-under-park.html. live.
  122. News: Library, Bryant Park branching out. White. Joyce. October 16, 1987. New York Daily News. December 18, 2018. 155. newspapers.com .
  123. News: Bryant Park to bloom again. December 28, 1980. New York Daily News. 645, 647. newspapers.com .
  124. News: After Years Under Wraps, A Midtown Park Is Back. Weber. Bruce. April 22, 1992. The New York Times. 0362-4331. December 23, 2018. December 23, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181223075342/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/04/22/nyregion/after-years-under-wraps-a-midtown-park-is-back.html. live.
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  126. News: Best Example of Urban Renewal. New York. December 20, 1993.
  127. News: Best Design of 1992. Time. January 4, 1993.
  128. Book: Thompson, J. The rebirth of New York City's Bryant Park. Spacemaker Press. 1997. 978-1-888931-05-1. Washington, DC. 38008110.
  129. Web site: Urban Land Institute Awards for Excellence History . ULI Americas . November 6, 2017 . August 23, 2019 . August 1, 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190801053804/https://americas.uli.org/awards/uli-awards-for-excellence-winners-though-the-years/ . live .
  130. See, for instance, Web site: Curator Magazine. In Praise of Bryant Park. July 3, 2009. May 19, 2014. May 20, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20140520004712/http://www.curatormagazine.com/natalierace/in-praise-of-bryant-park/. live.
  131. News: Kennedy Plaza plan envisions 'true civic heart'. Naylor. Donita. August 31, 2017. September 1, 2017. The Providence Journal. Mayor Jorge O. Elorza unveiled a plan for transforming Kennedy Plaza into “a true civic heart for our city,” something less like a commuter hub and more like New York City’s Bryant Park.. September 1, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170901060846/http://www.providencejournal.com/news/20170831/kennedy-plaza-plan-envisions-true-civic-heart. live.
  132. News: Town Square Of Midtown; Drug Dealers' Turf Is Now an Office Oasis. Weber. Bruce. August 25, 1995. The New York Times. 0362-4331. March 13, 2010. October 2, 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20131002205059/http://www.nytimes.com/1995/08/25/nyregion/town-square-of-midtown-drug-dealers-turf-is-now-an-office-oasis.html. live.
  133. News: POSTINGS: Fit for Bryant Park; Two New Newsstands. December 27, 1992. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818011636/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/12/27/realestate/postings-fit-for-bryant-park-two-new-newsstands.html. live.
  134. News: Commercial Property: Bryant Park; Once Anathema, Now a Midtown Marketing Tool. Deutsch. Claudia H.. June 6, 1993. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818011637/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/06/realestate/commercial-property-bryant-park-once-anathema-now-a-midtown-marketing-tool.html. live.
  135. News: Pigeons on the Pill Bring Cleaner Bryant Park. Blau. Eleanor. May 28, 1994. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818011643/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/05/28/nyregion/pigeons-on-the-pill-bring-cleaner-bryant-park.html. live.
  136. News: Financing Finally Seals Deal for a Restaurant in Bryant Park. Blau. Eleanor. December 4, 1993. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818011638/https://www.nytimes.com/1993/12/04/nyregion/financing-finally-seals-deal-for-a-restaurant-in-bryant-park.html. live.
  137. News: We'd Like to Make a Reservation: Table for 1,000, Please. Fabricant. Florence. May 17, 1995. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818011636/https://www.nytimes.com/1995/05/17/garden/we-d-like-to-make-a-reservation-table-for-1000-please.html. live.
  138. Book: Zukin, Sharon. Sharon Zukin. The Cultures of Cities. 1996. Wiley-Blackwell. Malden, MA. 1-55786-437-3. 26–33.
  139. News: Escaping to Bryant Park, but Staying Connected to the Web. Begay. Jason. July 3, 2002. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818023044/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/07/03/nyregion/escaping-to-bryant-park-but-staying-connected-to-the-web.html. live.
  140. Web site: Bryant Park Faces Onslaught of Visitors. Chan. Sewell. June 5, 2008. City Room. en-US. August 18, 2019. October 1, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191001095002/https://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/bryant-park-faces-onslaught-of-new-visitors/. live.
  141. News: Skating on a Gershwin Set, Whatever the Tune. The New York Times. 0362-4331. Charles McGrath. December 29, 2006. February 15, 2017. April 6, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180406231933/https://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/29/arts/29skat.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0. live.
  142. News: Neighborhood Report: Bryant Park; You're a Hot Park When Everyone Wants Your Name. Lee. Denny. April 27, 2003. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. March 22, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190322135231/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/27/nyregion/neighborhood-report-bryant-park-you-re-a-hot-park-when-everyone-wants-your-name.html. live.
  143. Web site: NPR names duo for drive-time. Variety. Michael. Learmonth. April 27, 2007. December 10, 2017. October 13, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171013120638/http://variety.com/2007/scene/markets-festivals/npr-names-duo-for-drive-time-1117963929/. live.
  144. News: The Fall and Rise of Bryant Park. New York Sun. Julia. Vitullo. January 21, 2004. August 16, 2019. Bryant Park Corporation; Squarespace. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817033516/https://static1.squarespace.com/static/53e3c242e4b0a29b10b989da/t/543c527fe4b09aa543ffab1a/1413239423334/2004%2B01.21%2BThe%2BFall%2Band%2BRise%2Bof%2BBryant%2BPark.%2B%2BThe%2BNew%2BYork%2BSun.pdf. live.
  145. News: Bryant Park Braces for Midtown Building Boom. Collins. Glenn. June 5, 2008. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. September 14, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210914144207/https://www.nytimes.com/2008/06/05/nyregion/05bryant.html. live.
  146. News: Gregor. Alison. October 2, 2012. Bryant Park Office Rents Outperform the Rest of Midtown. en-US. The New York Times. August 6, 2021. 0362-4331. August 6, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210806234657/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/03/realestate/commercial/bryant-park-office-rents-outperform-the-rest-of-midtown-manhattan.html. live.
  147. News: Bryant Park: A Growing Neighborhood in Central Manhattan. Hughes. C. J.. November 8, 2017. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818012628/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/11/08/realestate/living-in-bryant-park.html. live.
  148. Web site: Bryant Park. June 26, 1939. New York City Department of Parks & Recreation. August 14, 2019. July 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035202/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bryant-park/. live.
  149. 268-271.
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  151. Web site: Bryant Park Movie Nights . Bryant Park Corporation . February 3, 2020 . March 22, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200322090625/https://bryantpark.org/programs/movie-nights . live .
  152. Web site: Broadway in Bryant Park . Bryant Park Corporation . February 3, 2020 . February 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200203234231/https://bryantpark.org/programs/broadway-in-bryant-park . live .
  153. Web site: Square Dance . Bryant Park Corporation . February 3, 2020 . February 3, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200203234228/https://bryantpark.org/programs/square-dance . live .
  154. Web site: Bank of America Winter Village at Bryant Park . wintervillage.org . March 31, 2014 . https://web.archive.org/web/20140331141253/http://wintervillage.org/ . March 31, 2014 . unfit . February 16, 2020.
  155. Web site: Historic Structures Report: New York Public Library and Bryant Park. November 12, 1974. National Register of Historic Places, National Park Service.
  156. Web site: Peek inside Bryant Park's spiffed-up public bathrooms. Video. Curbed. June 8, 2017. Curbed NY. August 17, 2019. August 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190817005004/https://ny.curbed.com/2017/6/8/15762254/bryant-park-new-york-public-bathroom-tour. live.
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  158. Web site: MTA Neighborhood Maps: 42 St Bryant Park (B)(D)(F)(M). 2018. Metropolitan Transportation Authority. September 13, 2018. December 16, 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211216205657/https://new.mta.info/document/851. live.
  159. Web site: A walking tour of Bryant Park monuments. Bryant Park Corporation. June 19, 2014. June 25, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170625111544/http://bryantpark.org/blog/monuments. live.
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  162. News: Old Bryant Park Statues To Go to New Locations. March 6, 1934. The New York Times. August 15, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815025151/https://www.nytimes.com/1934/03/06/archives/old-bryant-park-statues-to-go-to-new-locations.html. live.
  163. Web site: From the Archives: Washington Irving in Bryant Park. Bryant Park Corporation. July 11, 2006. August 15, 2019. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815203634/https://blog.bryantpark.org/2010/09/from-archive-washington-irving-in.html. live.
  164. Web site: William Cullen Bryant. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. August 17, 2019. July 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035211/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bryant-park/monuments/189. live.
  165. Web site: Josephine Shaw Lowell. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. August 17, 2019. July 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035152/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bryant-park/monuments/944. live.
  166. Web site: Johann Wolfgang von Goethe. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. August 17, 2019. July 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035205/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bryant-park/monuments/592. live.
  167. Web site: José Bonifacio de Andrada e Silva. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. August 18, 2019. July 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035221/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bryant-park/monuments/37. live.
  168. Web site: Gertrude Stein. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. August 17, 2019. October 28, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201028173323/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bryant-park/monuments/1502. live.
  169. Web site: Benito Juarez. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. August 17, 2019. August 4, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190804184739/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bryant-park/monuments/1969. live.
  170. Web site: Andrew Heiskell Plaza. New York City Department of Parks and Recreation. August 18, 2019. July 29, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190729035226/https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/bryant-park/monuments/1785. live.
  171. Web site: A Day Of Science Around The World. July 11, 1937. Nikola Tesla's Birthday on July 10. August 18, 2019. February 23, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20150223060248/http://www.teslasociety.com/tesla_birthday_marina.htm. live.
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  173. News: Lions Out Front, And Now Ponies For the Backyard; Carousel Will Soon Adorn Grounds of Public Library. Collins. Glenn. April 4, 2002. The New York Times. August 14, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 14, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190814005621/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/04/04/nyregion/lions-front-now-ponies-for-backyard-carousel-will-soon-adorn-grounds-public.html. live.
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  178. News: 'Culture' in Parks is Greeted Coolly. August 18, 1935. Baltimore Sun. August 14, 2019. 12. newspapers.com .
  179. News: Open-Air Library Marks Birthday; Cake and One Red Candle Add Color to Celebration in Bryant Park. August 18, 1936. The New York Times. August 16, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 16, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190816005254/https://www.nytimes.com/1936/08/18/archives/openair-library-marks-birthday-cake-and-one-red-candle-add-color-to.html. live.
  180. News: Open-Air Library Goes Indoors Today; Project in Bryant Park Ends Its Best Year With 72,000 Readers, Gain of 7,000. October 23, 1937. The New York Times. August 15, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815010358/https://www.nytimes.com/1937/10/23/archives/openair-library-goes-indoors-today-project-in-bryant-park-ends-its.html. live.
  181. Web site: Reading Room. Bryant Park Corporation. April 1, 2013. May 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170522122429/http://bryantpark.org/amenities/reading-room. live.
  182. News: Public Library Abandons Outdoor Reading Room. June 21, 1944. The New York Times. August 15, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 15, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190815023613/https://www.nytimes.com/1944/06/21/archives/public-library-abandons-outdoor-reading-room.html. live.
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  184. Web site: 20th Anniversary: The Reading Room Appears in 2003. October 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161006045935/http://blog.bryantpark.org/2012/05/20th-anniversary-reading-room-appears.html. October 6, 2016. dead.
  185. Web site: Holiday Business in Bryant Park, Once Cold as Ice, Heats Up. Lee. Jennifer 8.. November 19, 2007 . October 5, 2016. October 26, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151026224925/http://cityroom.blogs.nytimes.com/2007/11/19/holiday-business-in-bryant-park-once-cold-as-ice-heats-up/. live.
  186. News: Skating – My New York. Mcgrath. Charles. December 29, 2006. The New York Times. 0362-4331. October 7, 2016. October 9, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161009194410/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/12/29/arts/29skat.html. live.
  187. Web site: Where to find 14 of New York City's festive Christmas trees. Scherer. Jenna. December 4, 2017. Curbed NY. August 18, 2019. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818023047/https://ny.curbed.com/maps/holidays-nyc-christmas-trees-rockfeller-center. live.
  188. Web site: Our Beautiful Christmas Tree. December 19, 2018. Bryant Park Corporation. August 18, 2019. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818023052/https://bryantpark.org/blog/our-beautiful-christmas-tree. live.
  189. Web site: Bank of America Winter Village at Bryant Park. Bryant Park Corporation. August 18, 2019. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818023046/https://bryantpark.org/amenities/bank-of-america-winter-village-at-bryant-park. live.
  190. Web site: Bryant Park: Where to eat, drink and be merry at Bank of America Winter Village. Muchnick. Jeanne. November 8, 2018. lohud.com. en. August 18, 2019. December 9, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181209091210/https://www.lohud.com/story/life/food/restaurants/2018/11/08/bryant-park-winter-village-nyc-food-options/1917737002/. live.
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  194. Web site: Audit Report on the Financial and Operating Practices of the Bryant Park Corporation and Bryant Park Management Corporation. comptroller.nyc.gov. August 18, 2019. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818011642/https://comptroller.nyc.gov/reports/audit-report-on-the-financial-and-operating-practices-of-the-bryant-park-corporation-and-bryant-park-management-corporation/. live.
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  198. News: Fashion Shows Leave Bryant Park Skaters in the Cold. Saul. Michael. October 13, 2006. New York Daily News. February 3, 2020. 18. newspapers.com .
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  206. News: Bryant Park Agency Replaces Kiosk Operators. Pristin. Terry. February 22, 2002. The New York Times. August 18, 2019. en-US. 0362-4331. August 18, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190818023046/https://www.nytimes.com/2002/02/22/nyregion/bryant-park-agency-replaces-kiosk-operators.html. live.
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