Brush cuckoo explained

The brush cuckoo (Cacomantis variolosus) is a member of the cuckoo family.

The brush cuckoo is native to Malesia, New Guinea, the Solomon Islands and northern and eastern Australia. It is a grey-brown bird with a buff breast. Its call is a familiar sound of the Australian and Indonesian bush.

Taxonomy

Twelve subspecies have been recognised:[1] [2]

Most are geographically isolated, though some come into contact outside of the breeding season. For example, on Seram, members of the nominate subspecies variolosus join the local aeruginosus during the southern hemisphere winter.[8]

The convention of uniting the subspecies under C. variolosus dates back at least to Peters' checklist,[9] but there is uncertainty about whether they all belong there or not. For example, some ornithologists treat sepulcralis as a species in its own right (the Rusty-breasted cuckoo).[10] [11] Likewise, aeruginosus is elevated by some to species level (the Moluccan cuckoo), but is placed by others under C. sepulcralis. Some ornithologists treat infaustus as part of C. variolosus and others as part of C. sepulcralis. The uncertainty arises because differences between the subspecies in characteristics such as plumage colour can be minimal, while differences in vocalisations are often significant.[8] [10]

Description

The brush cuckoo is about 22– long. The plumage of adult males and females is similar. The head is pale grey, the breast is buff, the back is grey-brown, and the underside of the tail is brown with white tips and bars.[12] The eye has a narrow, pale ring around it, and the feet are olive-pink. Juvenile plumage is heavily barred dark brown. The wings are sharply pointed and backswept in flight. Underwings are grey-brown with pale buff underwing coverts and a white or pale buff bar.[12] The brush cuckoo has a similar appearance to the pallid cuckoo, and especially the fan-tailed and chestnut-breasted cuckoo.[12]

Distribution and habitat

The brush cuckoo is found in northern and eastern Australia, the Solomon Islands, New Guinea, Malaysia, and other islands to the north of Australia.[12] It is resident in parts of its range, such as in Thailand, peninsular Malaysia, Cambodia and southern Vietnam, the Philippines, the Greater Sunda Islands, Lesser Sunda Islands, the Maluku Islands and Timor. It may migrate locally in New Guinea and northern Melanesia. In Australia, it is migratory in the southern part of its range.[2]

In Australia, it is known to inhabit a range of environments including rainforests, rainforest edges, mangrove forests, secondary forests, and plantations.[13]

Ecology

The brush cuckoo is a brood parasite. Its eggs are polymorphic,[14] meaning females lay specific egg types for specific hosts. In Australia, females lay three types of egg depending on their major host in the relevant region of their distribution.

Across its Australian range the brush cuckoo exploits at least 58 other avian species,[13] [15] though only a small number of species have been observed raising chicks through fledging. The species observed to raise chicks through fledging vary by subspecies of brush cuckoo. For C. v. dumetorum they include the purple-crowned fairywren, brown-backed honeyeater, bar-breasted honeyeater and for C. v. variolosus they include the rose robin, Norfolk robin, leaden flycatcher, restless flycatcher, satin flycatcher, rufous fantail and grey fantail.[16]

In Indonesia, observed hosts of the local subspecies of brush cuckoo include the grey-headed canary-flycatcher,[17] Javan blue flycatcher,[18] snowy-browed flycatcher, Sunda forktail, long-tailed shrike,[19] striated grassbird, sooty-headed bulbul, yellow-vented bulbul, Malaysian pied fantail, rufous-tailed fantail, pied bush chat, Buru white-eye[20] and Sangkar white-eye.

Media

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Cacomantis variolosus . . Integrated Taxonomic Information System. 4 May 2019.
  2. Book: Payne, Robert B.. Oxford University Press. 0-19-850213-3. The Cuckoos. New York. Bird families of the world 15. 2005. 77179370.
  3. 8. 3. 179–189. Rothschild. Walter. Walter Rothschild, 2nd Baron Rothschild. Hartert. Ernst. Ernst Hartert. List of a collection of birds from Kulambangra and Florida Islands, in the Solomons group. Novitates Zoologicae. 1901.
  4. 21. 4. 281–298. Rothschild. Walter. Hartert. Ernst. The birds of the Admiralty Islands, north of German New Guinea. Novitates Zoologicae. 1914.
  5. 32. 2. 164–174. Hartert. Ernst. Review of the genus Cacomantis Müll.. Novitates Zoologicae. 1925. 10.5962/bhl.part.4504.
  6. Cabanis. Jean. Heine. Ferdinand . Verzeichniss der ornithologischen Sammlung des Oberamtmann Ferdinand Heine auf Gut St. Burchard vor Halberstadt. 4. 1. 1863. Museum Heineanum. German.
  7. ((Lei, F.-M.)), ((Zhao, H.-F.)), ((Wang, G.)), ((Payne, R. B.)) . Folia Zoologica . Vocalizations and species limits of the plaintive cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus) and the brush cuckoo (C. variolosus) . 52 . 4 . 399–411 . 2003.
  8. 1744-537X. 7. 18–38. Rheindt. Frank E.. Hutchinson. Robert O.. A photoshot odyssey through the confused avian taxonomy of Seram and Buru (southern Moluccas). BirdingASIA. 2007.
  9. Book: Peters, James Lee. Harvard University Press. 4. Check-list of Birds of the World. Cambridge, Massachusetts. 1940. 10.5962/bhl.title.14581. 24–26.
  10. 52. 4. 399–411. Lei. Fu-Min. Zhao. Hong-Feng. Wang. Gang. Payne. Robert B.. Vocalizations and species limits of the plaintive cuckoo (Cacomantis merulinus) and the brush cuckoo (C. variolosus). Folia Zoologica. 2003.
  11. 1559-4491. 120. 4. 887–890. Grim. Tomáš. Begging behavior of fledgling Rusty-breasted Cuckoo (Cacomantis sepulcralis). The Wilson Journal of Ornithology. 2008. 10.1676/07-145.1. 83997403.
  12. Book: Morcombe, Michael. 2000. Field guide to Australian birds. Archerfield, Queensland. Steve Parish Publishing. 190–191. 1-876282-10-X.
  13. 10.20938/afo34123126. 34. 123–126. de Geest. Patrick. Leitão. Ana V.. First record of Brush Cuckoo parasitism of the Lovely Fairy-wren. Australian Field Ornithology. 2017.
  14. 10.1086/684627. 0003-0147. 187. 3. 351–362. Medina. Iliana. Troscianko. Jolyon. Stevens. Martin. Langmore. Naomi E.. Brood parasitism Is linked to egg pattern diversity within and among species of Australian passerines. The American Naturalist. 2016-02-03. 26913947. 1885/151987. 29990209. free.
  15. ((Brooker, M. G.)), ((Brooker, L. C.)) . Australian Zoological Reviews . Cuckoo hosts in Australia . 2 . 1–67 . 1989.
  16. 10.5122/cbirds.2013.0007. 1674-7674. 4. 1. 86–92. Langmore. Naomi E.. Australian cuckoos and their adaptations for brood parasitism. Chinese Birds. 2013. free.
  17. ((Hellebrekers, W. P. J.)), ((Hoogerwerf, A.)) . Zoologische Verhandelingen . A further contribution to our Oological knowledge of the Island of Java (Indonesia) . 88 . 1 . 1–164 . 1967.
  18. ((van Balen, S.)), ((Margawati, E. T.)), ((Sudaryanti, S.)) . Berita Biologi . Birds of the Botanical Gardens of Indonesia at Bogor . 3 . 4 . 167–172 . 1986 . 2337-8751 . 10.14203/beritabiologi.v3i4.1342.
  19. ((Widodo, W.)), ((Widiyaningrum, P.)) . Biosaintifika: Journal of Biology & Biology Education . Selection of Cuculidae to the hosts based on the external characteristics of the eggs . 10 . 1 . 1–8 . 2018 . 2338-7610 . 10.15294/biosaintifika.v10i1.9939. free .
  20. ((Huntuo, M.)), ((Gusti Anugra, B.)), ((Emmanuel, B.)), ((Mitchell, S.)), ((Winarni, N. L.)), ((Bashari, H.)) . BirdingASIA . First breeding record of Moluccan Drongo-cuckoo Surniculus musschenbroeki and brood parasitism of Black-crowned White-eye Zosterops atrifrons . 37 . 82–84 . 2022.

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