Brooklyn Botanic Garden Explained

Zoo Name:Brooklyn Botanic Garden
Date Opened:May 13, 1911
Location:990 Washington Avenue, Crown Heights, Brooklyn, New York 11225
United States
Area:52acres
Num Species:14,000
Annual Visitors:800,000 (2015)
Publictransit:New York City Subway

New York City Bus

Brooklyn Botanic Garden (BBG) is a botanical garden in the borough of Brooklyn in New York City. The botanical garden occupies 52acres in central Brooklyn, close to Mount Prospect Park, Prospect Park, and the Brooklyn Museum. Designed by the Olmsted Brothers, BBG holds over 14,000 taxa of plants and has over 800,000 visitors each year. It includes a number of specialty gardens, plant collections, and structures. BBG hosts numerous educational programs, plant-science and conservation, and community horticulture initiatives, in addition to a herbarium collection.

The site of Brooklyn Botanic Garden was first designated in 1897, following three proposals for botanic gardens in Brooklyn in the 19th century. BBG opened in May 1911, on the site of an ash dump, and was initially operated by the Brooklyn Institute. Most of BBG's expansions were carried out over the next three decades under the tenure of its first director, C. Stuart Gager. BBG began operating three additional sites in the New York metropolitan area in the 1950s and 1960s, while its main garden in Brooklyn fell into decline. The original Brooklyn Botanic Garden was expanded and restored substantially starting in the 1980s, and additional structures were built through the 2010s.

BBG's landscape includes many specialty gardens and a group of buildings on its eastern boundary, accessed from three entrances. A brook flows from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Water Garden in the south. BBG's other specialty gardens include rose, native flora, Shakespeare, fragrance, and children's gardens. There are also more formal landscape features such as an overlook, a celebrity path, the Osborne Garden, and a cherry esplanade. The structures include the 1980s-era Steinhardt Conservatory, the Laboratory Administration Building (which contains a library), and a palm house dating from the 1910s.

History

Early proposals

Prior to the construction of the present Brooklyn Botanic Garden, there had been three proposals for botanic gardens in the then-independent city of Brooklyn in the 19th century, though only one of these botanic gardens was ever built.[1] André Parmentier had created the Horticultural and Botanic Garden of Brooklyn in October 1825 within Prospect Heights, on a plot bounded by Sixth, Atlantic, and Carleton Avenues and Bergen Street;[2] this garden only lasted until about 1830.[3] Brooklyn resident Thomas Hunt granted $50,000 in 1855 for the establishment of a botanic garden in Sunset Park (between Fifth Avenue, 57th Street, Sixth Avenue, and 60th Street).[4] [5] The Hunt Horticultural and Botanical Garden sought to raise $150,000, but the garden was never built at that location.

The third plan for a botanical garden in Brooklyn was included in the plans for Prospect Park, which was approved in 1859.[6] In February 1860, a group of fifteen commissioners submitted suggestions for park locations in Brooklyn, including a 320acres plot centered on present-day Mount Prospect Park and bounded by Warren Street to the north; Vanderbilt, Ninth, and Tenth Avenues to the west; Third and Ninth Streets to the south; and Washington Avenue to the east.[7] Egbert Viele began drawing plans for the park, which was to straddle Flatbush Avenue and include Prospect Hill and the land now occupied by the Brooklyn Public Library, Brooklyn Botanic Garden, and the Brooklyn Museum.[8] The botanical garden was initially planned to be located along the shores of the park's lake. The onset of the Civil War stopped further activity; following the war, the triangle of land to the east of Flatbush Avenue was excluded from the park.[9] The botanical garden within Prospect Park was not built. The northeast portion of the triangle served as an ash dump[10] until just before Brooklyn Botanic Garden was established.[11]

Creation

Legislation and funding

On May 18, 1897, as the city moved toward consolidation, the New York State Legislature reserved 39 acres (16 ha) for a botanic garden.[12] The site became part of Institute Park in 1902. The garden was to be run under the auspices of the Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences, which until the 1970s included Brooklyn Museum, Brooklyn Children's Museum, and Brooklyn Academy of Music.[13] By 1901, the institute sought to acquire a site on the eastern side of Flatbush Avenue for the botanical garden.[14] This site had also been proposed as the location of a proposed Brooklyn university, but the institute wanted to establish a botanical garden on the site.[15] Several of the institute's donors proposed in 1905 to give $25,000 for the upkeep of a "scientific botanic garden" next to the Brooklyn Museum.[16] The next year, the donors doubled this award to $50,000. City officials endorsed the creation of the botanical garden in 1907,[17] and supporters of the institute donated thousands of dollars toward the botanical garden.[18] Alfred Tredway White, a trustee of the Brooklyn Institute, leased a 40acres site behind the Brooklyn Museum from the city.[19]

Although the New York City Board of Estimate approved Brooklyn Botanic Garden's creation in June 1909, it did not approve another agreement that would allow the Brooklyn Institute to maintain the botanical garden.[20] [21] By the end of that year, the Olmsted Brothers had been hired as landscape designers, while McKim, Mead & White had been hired as architects for the botanical garden's buildings.[22] The Board of Estimate voted on December 10, 1909, to allow the city and the Brooklyn Institute to sign a maintenance agreement for the botanical garden. New York City government and the Brooklyn Institute signed the maintenance agreement on December 28,[23] [24] and an endowment fund for BBG was created three days later. C. Stuart Gager was hired as BBG's first director in March 1910.[25] At this point, BBG was authorized to spend between $2,000 and $2,500 annually on plantings.[26] That June, the city government appropriated $25,000 for Brooklyn Botanic Garden's plant houses.[27]

Construction and opening

Gager wanted to create "an animated textbook in botany", with a Palm House and laboratories facing Washington Avenue, as well as a landscape with valleys, hills, a pond, and rocks.[28] In contrast to older botanical gardens, Brooklyn Botanic Garden was not arranged based solely on taxonomic classifications; the Olmsted Brothers sought to make the garden aesthetically pleasing as well. McKim, Mead & White began drawing up plans in late 1910 for a laboratory and administration building with a 480-seat lecture hall, laboratories, and classrooms.[29] The New York City government turned over to the Brooklyn Institute in February 1911, and the institute's director Franklin W. Hooper requested the same month that more land be allocated to BBG.[30] McKim, Mead & White had completed plans for two wings of the Palm House and the first part of the Laboratory Administration Building that March.[31] The next month, the institute decided to build only one part of the Palm House, as the botanical garden only had a $50,000 budget.[32]

The first section of BBG, the Native Flora Garden, opened on May 13, 1911;[33] the date was chosen to coincide with the birthday of the naturalist Carl Linnaeus.[34] [35] At the time, the plants had temporary labels, and work on the Palm House and laboratory had not started. By late 1911, the Brooklyn Institute was planting shrubs and trees and were curating BBG's lawn.[36] The plantings included between 150 and 200 species of shrubs that grew within of Brooklyn.[37] BBG staff used a temporary headquarters in the Brooklyn Museum while BBG was being completed. Harold Caparn was appointed as the landscape architect in 1912, serving in that position until 1945. BBG hired Cockerill & Little Co. to build the Laboratory Administration Building in January 1912 and began constructing the structure three months later. That September, the city government gave BBG an additional of land, abutting the museum and reservoir.[38]

Workers began constructing the second section of the Palm House and landscaping the northern section of the botanical garden in early 1913.[39] The completion of the Laboratory Administration Building was postponed because of difficulties in obtaining roof tiles and structural steel. The first portions of the Laboratory Administration Building and the Palm House were being completed by mid-1913,[40] and these structures opened in December 1913.[41] At the time, the Palm House had about 250 specimens from 140 species. Dirt from the Brooklyn Botanical Garden was used to flatten land in Prospect Park,[42] and workers also landscaped BBG's watercourses and laid out paths. The ongoing work forced officials to close off about two-thirds of the botanical garden's area to the public. BBG launched a children's garden in 1914,[43] which was one of the first of its kind in the world.[44] By the end of that year, workers were constructing a Japanese garden and a rock garden.[45] BBG's Japanese garden opened on the northeastern corner of the grounds in June 1915, next to the lake.[46] [47] At that time, BBG started admitting visitors every day of the week; the grounds had been closed during the previous year because workers were regrading the paths. McKim, Mead & White filed plans for expansions of the Palm House and the Laboratory Administration Building in August 1915 at a projected cost of $150,000.[48] The Board of Estimate approved the rock garden in March 1916,[49] and the Laboratory Administration Building's cornerstone was laid at a groundbreaking ceremony that April.[50] The rock garden was completed in May 1916. The same year, the third section of the Palm House was built, and contracts for the Palm House's fourth section were awarded. The Laboratory Administration Building and Palm House were nearly complete in early 1917[51] [52] and were dedicated on April 19–21, 1917.[53] The children's building was finished the same year.

Operation

Caparn designed most of BBG's grounds in the botanical garden's first three decades of operation, including the Osborne Garden, Cranford Rose Garden, Magnolia Plaza, and Plant Collection.[54] For most of the 20th century, BBG could not expand beyond because of space constraints. BBG initially did not charge admission.[55]

1920s and 1930s

By the early 1920s, BBG had 330,000 visitors a year, including over 15,000 students from across Brooklyn.[56] During 1921, BBG staff planted 2,000 lily bulbs within its Lily Pool Terrace,[57] [58] as well as thousands of daffodils and crocus bulbs.[59] BBG also planted thousands of asters east of the Laboratory Administration Building.[60] Daniel Chester French designed the Alfred Tredway White Memorial for the botanical garden in 1922 following White's death.[61] John D. Rockefeller Jr. offered to donate $250,000 to BBG in 1925 on the condition that the botanical garden raise matching funds.[62] By then, 500,000 people (including 50,000 students) visited BBG annually, and BBG gave lectures and classes to another 25,000 people per year.[63] The same year, Ernest F. Coe donated 32 bonsai to allow BBG to establish its Bonsai Collection, and Henry C. Folger gave BBG $500 to establish a Shakespeare garden,[64] which opened in May 1925.[65] Gager announced in 1927 that BBG would create a rose garden,[66] following a $10,000 donation from Walter V. Cranford[67] (later increased to $15,000).[68] The rose garden opened on May 8, 1928,[69] and was finished that June.[70] [71] An anonymous donor contributed funds for a stone bridge at BBG in December 1928, replacing a wooden bridge across the botanical garden's lake.[72] Gager announced in June 1929 that an ornamental gate designed by McKim, Mead & White would be installed at BBG's Flatbush Avenue entrance, following a donation from Richard Young.[73] [74] The next month, BBG trustee Alfred W. Jenkins donated funds for two additional stone "rustic bridges".[75] By that October, the gate and several new bridges within BBG were nearly finished;[76] the gate was dedicated in May 1930.[77] During the same time, ten garden seats and eight drinking fountains were donated to BBG,[78] and Jenkins agreed to donate a fountain and another rustic bridge in 1930,[79] [80] BBG awarded contracts for the construction of a 500feetby90feetft (byft) plaza in front of the Laboratory Administration Building in April 1930, more than a decade after plans for the plaza had been drawn up.[81] Gager also planned to build three other gates, an overlook, a north addition next to the Brooklyn Museum, garden seats, and plantings within the Native Flora Garden.[82] The Japanese garden was expanded as well, reopening in 1931.[83]

In 1933, a redesigned native wildflower garden, the Laboratory Administration Building plaza, and the overlook were completed,[84] and the BBG Women's Auxiliary donated magnolias to the garden's Magnolia Plaza. Civil Works Administration (CWA) workers began landscaping the 2.5acres north addition next to the Brooklyn Museum the same year.[85] The CWA crew also constructed a new entrance to BBG from Eastern Parkway. Most of the north addition was completed in 1935, when BBG had 1.35 million annual visitors.[86] Afterward, BBG staff planted a formal garden along the north addition; a "wall garden" next to Mount Prospect Park;[87] and an herb garden.[88] Mrs. Walter V. Cranford donated a Rose Arc Pool to BBG in 1936.[89] BBG's Japanese shrine burned down in January 1938;[90] the herb garden at the northeast corner of BBG, planted by the Women's Auxiliary, was dedicated that September.[91] Sade Elisabeth Osborne dedicated the Dean Clay Osborne memorial at BBG in April 1939.[92]

1940s and 1950s

BBG attracted about 1.8 million annual visitors at the beginning of the 1940s with an endowment fund of nearly $1.4 million. The Cherry Esplanade was created in 1941 after the Women's Auxiliary donated four rows of cherry trees.[93] [94] An ivy garden was also dedicated the same year.[95] The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was closed from 1941 to 1947 because of anti-Japanese sentiment during World War II. BBG rehired McKim, Mead & White in 1942 to design a $200,000 annex to the Laboratory Administration Building, but the annex was not completed because of financial shortfalls. Gager, BBG's first director, died in 1943[96] and was succeeded by George S. Avery Jr. the following year.[97] Michael Tuch and his wife donated a wrought iron gate for BBG's Eastern Parkway entrance in 1945,[98] and the gate was dedicated in March 1946.[99]

By the early 1950s, Avery planned to expand BBG's children's garden by by covering the open-cut Franklin Avenue subway line.[100] [101] At the time, the children's garden only had space for 250 plots, but a thousand children wanted to use the children's garden each year. BBG accommodated 1.35 million visitors annually, more than the larger New York Botanical Garden did, but received less funding from the city.[102] The Women's Auxiliary proposed creating a "garden of fragrance" at BBG in May 1954;[103] [104] the project was inspired by a British garden for the blind. Construction of the 1.5acres garden, located just north of the Laboratory Administration Building, began in October 1954.[105] The fragrance garden was dedicated in June 1955.[106]

Elizabeth Van Brunt sold of forest at Kitchawan in Westchester County, New York, to BBG in 1956 for use as a research center.[107] [108] BBG planned to move its nursery to Westchester to make way for a 1acres expansion of the children's garden. Workers restored BBG's paths, and added new trees and benches, in 1958 as part of a project designed by Clarence C. Combs.[109] Local women also volunteered to cultivate the garden after BBG staff went on strike for several months in 1959.[110]

1960s and 1970s

A Shinto shrine was dedicated at BBG's Japanese Garden in May 1960,[111] replacing a shrine that vandals had burned down.[112] The research center in Westchester was dedicated the same month.[113] By that October, BBG had recorded 50 million all-time visitors.[114] Takuma Paul Tono designed a replica of a stone garden at Ryōan-ji after BBG received a private donation in 1961.[115] The stone garden, dedicated in May 1963, contained 15 granite stones of varying colors and sizes.[116] [117] The Native Flora Garden was closed in 1963 due to a lack of funding; it did not reopen for two decades. By the mid-1960s, Avery said BBG's finances were in decline, as most of the garden's funding came from wealthy benefactors who were moving away from Brooklyn.[118] Furthermore, an increase in crime had caused BBG officials to close off most of the botanical garden's exits by the end of the decade,[119] and litter was beginning to accumulate in the surrounding area.[120] BBG had an average of 5,000 daily visitors by the late 1960s.[121]

Avery served as BBG's director until 1969,[122] and Louis B. Martin briefly served as BBG's third director for the next two years, until the beginning of 1972.[123] As early as 1971, the city considered allowing the Brooklyn Botanic Garden to charge admission.[124] Elizabeth Scholtz, BBG's assistant curator of instruction, was appointed as the garden's acting director in 1972[125] and officially became the garden's fourth director the next year, making her the first woman to lead a large U.S. botanical garden.[126] Under Scholtz's leadership, BBG shifted its focus to its three "outreach stations" in Westchester County and on Long Island, as there was very little space to expand the original garden in Brooklyn. Although public interest in BBG had grown, the original garden in Brooklyn only employed seven full-time instructors and some part-time instructors.[127] The Ryōan-ji stone garden, which had been closed for several years because of a lack of funds, reopened in 1973.[128]

BBG split from the Brooklyn Institute during the 1970s. The Women's Auxiliary of BBG launched a docent program, Volunteer Garden Guide, in 1974. Continuing financial problems forced BBG to close on Mondays starting in 1975 for the first time in its history.[129] The change was attributed to the fact that BBG's annual operating budget had come to exceed $2 million, a two-thirds increase from the $1.2 million budget in 1970, but the city had committed to funding a smaller portion of BBG's expenses.[130] BBG had 800,000 annual visitors by the late 1970s; although this was half the number of visitors that the garden had recorded in the mid-20th century, BBG was still more popular than comparable botanical gardens.[131] The Shakespeare Garden reopened in June 1979[132] after being relocated from its original location near the Children's Garden.[133]

1980s and 1990s

Donald E. Moore became BBG's fifth leader in 1980.[134] Under his tenure, BBG was expanded, and its membership grew threefold to 25,000.[135] BBG began allowing events, such as parties and weddings, on its grounds in 1982;[136] it also started hosting an annual cherry blossom festival that year.[137] In 1983, BBG reopened its native flora garden, which had been closed for twenty years, after hiring a gardener and two assistants.[138] By the mid-1980s, the botanical garden had over 600,000 annual visitors, as well as 11,000 members from around the world.[139] BBG also had 15,000 specimens representing 2,000 species.[140] At that time, BBG's Palm House and the adjacent wooden greenhouses had become severely deteriorated.[141] The Celebrity Path was created in 1985 following a donation from the Brooklyn Union Gas Company.[142] [143]

BBG announced in 1984 that it would construct a new conservatory and restore the Palm House for $16 million. The city and BBG would each pay for half of the renovation.[144] The conservatory was to be designed by Davis, Brody & Associates, who were also responsible for renovating the Palm House and Administration Building.[145] Work on the new conservatory commenced in May 1984;[146] it was the first major building erected in BBG since the 1910s. The conservatory replaced three smaller gardens, including the Ryōan-ji stone garden.[147] The conservatory's $25 million cost included $3 million from Michael and Judith Steinhardt and $11.65 million from the city government.[148] [149] The Steinhardt Conservatory was named for the couple in March 1988 and opened on May 19, 1988.[150] BBG also renovated the Palm House into an education center and event space, and it erected an education building with greenhouses, displays, and classrooms.[151] The renovation added, more than doubling the amount of space dedicated to displaying plants and exhibits.[152] A gift shop opened next to the Steinhardt Conservatory in June 1989,[153] and a discovery center sponsored by Chase Manhattan Bank opened in September 1989.[154]

Judith Zuk was named as BBG's president in 1990 after Moore resigned.[155] Several of BBG's gardens were renovated under Zuk's tenure.[156] The Discovery Garden opened next to the Discovery Center in September 1992,[157] and the viewing pavilion in the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated in 1993 as part of a larger $1.5 million rehabilitation of the Japanese garden.[158] In 1996, the garden began charging admission of $3 per adult after cuts in public and private funding and increases in operating costs.[159] [160] Community groups objected that the admission fee would negatively impact local residents,[161] but Zuk said the fee would raise at least half a million dollars per year. To attract visitors during the winter, BBG began hosting model train displays in late 1998.[162] The Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden was renovated starting in 1999; the project was supposed to cost $3 million and was funded mostly by the New York City Council.[163] The project included repainting the torii, restoring the viewing pavilion and Turtle Island, making the lower level accessible, and planting extra trees.[164] The Japanese garden reopened in May 2000.[165]

2000s to present

When the entrance to the Brooklyn Museum was rebuilt in 2002, some of BBG's cherry trees had to be cut down.[166] The entrance on Eastern Parkway was rebuilt in 2003 at a cost of $2.5 million. The previous entrance had been too narrow and was set back from the street, making it difficult for visitors to see the entrance.[167] The new entrance opened in 2005.[168] After Zuk retired in 2005, the Magnolia Plaza was named in her honor,[169] [170] and Scot Medbury was selected as president the same year.[171] Medbury planned to build a party room, restaurant, and visitor center; by then, BBG had 700,000 annual visitors and an operating budget of nearly $15 million. The Cranford Rose Garden was restored in 2006, followed by the C.V. Starr Bonsai Museum the next year.

BBG's Laboratory Building was designated as a city landmark in 2007.[172] The same year, as part of the Campaign for the Next Century,[173] BBG started to raise money for new gardens, entrances, and a visitor center.[174] Major donors to the campaign included Charlie and Irene Hamm, the Leon Levy Foundation, the Brooklyn Community Foundation, and the Robert Wilson Charitable Trust.[175] BBG announced in 2009 that it would build a new entrance and visitor center on its northeastern corner, at the intersection of President Street and Washington Avenue. The botanical garden also planned to construct herb, woodland, and water gardens for its centennial.[176] The visitor center was originally supposed to be located near the Cherry Walk but was moved to provide a better connection with the surrounding area.[177] BBG relocated its herb garden in 2010,[178] and the visitor center opened in May 2012.[179] In June 2013, BBG opened an expansion of its Native Flora Garden.[180] [181] BBG suspended its science program that year because of budget cuts and the severe deterioration of BBG's science center in Crown Heights.[182]

Brooklyn Botanic Garden was one of ten institutions that received the National Medal for Museum and Library Service in 2014, the centennial of its children's garden.[183] [184] BBG's Discovery Garden reopened in June 2015 after a renovation designed by Michael Van Valkenburgh.[185] [186] The Water Garden, which was named for Shelby White and Leon Levy after they donated $7.5 million to BBG,[187] reopened in September 2016 following a restoration.[188] The Yellow Magnolia Café opened within the Palm House in 2017.[189] [190] In 2018, BBG announced that it would re-landscape a hill leading to the Robert W. Wilson Overlook,[191] which was rededicated in November 2019.[192] [193] The Elizabeth Scholtz Woodland Garden, named in honor of BBG's former director, also opened the same year. After a high-rise tower development was announced next to BBG at 960 Franklin Avenue, BBG protested the project in 2019;[194] the towers were canceled after city officials rejected the project.[195]

BBG was closed temporarily from March to August 2020 due to the COVID-19 pandemic in New York City.[196] Former city parks commissioner Adrian Benepe was selected as BBG's eighth president in late 2020, after Medbury resigned.[197] The retailer Anthropologie opened a Terrain home-and-garden store at BBG in 2024.[198]

Location and geography

Brooklyn Botanic Garden is in the central part of the New York City borough of Brooklyn, on the border of the Park Slope, Prospect Heights, and Crown Heights neighborhoods. It occupies much of the city block bounded by Eastern Parkway to the north, Washington Avenue to the east, Empire Boulevard to the south, and Flatbush Avenue to the southwest.[199] BBG shares a large city block with Brooklyn's Central Library, Mount Prospect Park, and the Brooklyn Museum to the west and north.[200] The far southeastern corner of the block contains the Brooklyn Central Office, Bureau of Fire Communications, at 35 Empire Boulevard.[201] BBG covers,[202] making it much smaller than the New York Botanical Garden, which covers ., BBG has over 14,000 plant species.[203]

Approximately 17,000 years ago the terminal moraine of the receding Wisconsin Glacier that formed Long Island, known as the Harbor Hill Moraine, established a string of hills and kettles as well as a lower lying outwash plain.[204] Mount Prospect (or Prospect Hill), near the intersection of Flatbush Avenue and Eastern Parkway, is one of the tallest hills in Brooklyn, rising 200 feet (61 m) above sea level.[205] As a result of the Wisconsin glaciation, there were a large number of rock outcroppings on the site prior to BBG's development. The northwestern and eastern edges of the site contained outcroppings, while the rest of the site was in an overwash plain. Boulders from the site were used in the rock garden, the native flora garden, bridges and dams across the artificial brook, and pedestals for various memorial tablets.[206] In addition to 18 boulders in the rock garden, there are six outcroppings in other parts of BBG.

A brook runs across the garden from the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden in the north to the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden in the south. Water from the Water Garden flowed into a storm drain prior to 2019, when the Water Conservation Project was completed. As a result of the project, water from the Water Garden is recirculated to the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden.[207] This project was intended to save over 21e6gal of water per year, reducing by 95 percent the amount of water that the brook drew from the New York City water supply system.

Entrances

Brooklyn Botanic Garden contains three entrances.[208] The southwest entrance, at Flatbush Avenue near Empire Boulevard, is near the New York City Subway's Prospect Park station. McKim, Mead & White designed an Italian Renaissance Revival-style gate at Flatbush Avenue. The gate measures tall by wide and is made of brick and limestone. It contains three arches measuring deep, with a large central arch flanked by smaller entry and exit arches. Three similar arches were proposed, one on Eastern Parkway and two on Washington Avenue, but were not built. In the early 21st century, a visitor center was added next to the Flatbush Avenue entrance.[209]

The northern entrance on Eastern Parkway is adjacent to an entrance to the New York City Subway's Eastern Parkway–Brooklyn Museum station. Prior to 2003, it contained a decorative metal gate dating from 1946. The gate contained plaques symbolizing three major crops, namely rice, maize, and wheat. In addition, there were vertical reliefs that symbolize plant evolution. The entrance was rebuilt in 2003 with a 16-wideNaN-wide stainless-steel gate flanked by 12-highNaN-high curved steel walls. The new entrance, designed by James Polshek, also contains a 50-highNaN-high cast-glass cone, as well as an embankment with information and ticket kiosks. Just within the entrance, there are boulders from New Jersey on either side of the path, as well as an overhanging birch branch.The eastern entrance on Washington Avenue abuts the Brooklyn Museum's parking lot. This entrance contains the Diane H. and Joseph S. Steinberg Visitor Center, designed by Weiss/Manfredi,[210] [211] and faces the botanical garden's northeastern corner. The structure is accessed by a set of stairs, which lead to a concrete plaza with a rock garden on its northern border (abutting the Brooklyn Museum's parking lot). The visitor center's Washington Avenue facade is made of concrete and glass, with a gabled copper roof, while the northern and southern facades of the visitor center are curved. The interior consists of a rectangular pavilion to the east, which houses the gift shop, and a 480feet curving pavilion to the west, with kitchens, event spaces, offices, and exhibits. The visitor center has a sloped green roof, covering . The structure is heated by a ground source heat pump system.

Specialty gardens and collections

Osborne Garden

At the extreme north end of BBG, just south of the Eastern Parkway entrance,[212] is the Osborne Garden, a 3acres Italian-style garden that features pergolas.[213] The Osborne Garden also contains a memorial with four columns, a fountain, sinks, and seats. The columns are arranged in two pairs, one each at the northern and southern end. Each set of columns is fluted and is high, with ginkgo leaves inscribed into the pedestals of each column. There is a stone flower bed between the northern and southern pairs of columns, which originally served as a reflecting pool. The fountain is located near the southern pair of columns and is surrounded by limestone benches, which are arranged in a semicircle. The benches are nicknamed the "whispering chairs" because people sitting on the benches at either end can hear each other clearly even when whispering. A staircase at the south end of the Osborne Garden descends to the Louisa Clark Spencer Lilac Collection.

Native Flora Garden

The Native Flora Garden, formerly the Local Flora Section, is located at BBG's northwestern corner, just southwest of the Osborne Garden. It was the first of its kind in North America. It was originally a wildflower planting but was redesigned in 1931 as a woodland habitat with plants native to the New York metropolitan area.[214] The 1931 redesign divided the Native Flora Garden into eight sections, each corresponding to a different "ecological zone". The Native Flora Garden was closed from 1963 to 1983 due to a lack of funding.

Until the 2000s, the Native Flora Garden's ecological zones consisted of a serpentine rock formation, a kettle pond with dry meadow, a bog, a limestone ledge, a pine barrens, a wet meadow, and a deciduous woodland. The garden was expanded in the late 2000s and early 2010s to provide space for local plants that were shaded out by the original garden's mature canopy. The current design, by Darrel Morrison, dates to 2013. The expansion has a tallgrass prairie, dry meadow, pine barrens, kettle pond, and a wooden bridge.[215] There are over 15,000 specimens within the older Native Flora Garden and the expansion.[216]

Cranford Rose Garden

The Cranford Rose Garden is in the northern section of BBG, between the Cherry Esplanade to the east and the Native Flora Garden to the west. It is named after Walter V. Cranford, a construction engineer whose firm built many of Brooklyn's subway tunnels, and who had donated $15,000 to BBG for a rose garden.[217] The Cranford Rose Garden was designed by landscape architect Harold Caparn and BBG horticulturist Montague Free. The garden originally measured 500by across and contained 15 beds with 3,000 total roses, each bed being surrounded by wooden trellis panels.[218] The varieties of roses were originally arranged in chronological order, with older varieties to the north and newer varieties to the south. There was also a pavilion and a pergola, as well as a triangle south of the pavilion with space for historical roses.

During the late 20th century, it was the United States' third-largest rose garden that was open to the public. At the time, the Cranford Rose Garden had 5,000 bushes, representing 900 varieties.[219] Many of the original plants were still in the garden in the early 21st century.[220] A 2001 guidebook cited the Cranford Rose Garden as having 1,200 varieties of roses. The garden features many varieties of roses including the Knock Out rose, the Julia Child rose, and the Yellow Rose of Texas. In addition, there are numerous All-America Rose Selections, as well as roses honoring celebrities such as actors Angela Lansbury and George Burns.

Cherry Walk and Cherry Esplanade

Brooklyn Botanic Garden has more than 200 cherry trees, representing 42 Asian species and cultivated varieties, across its Cherry Walk and Cherry Esplanade.[221] Depending on weather conditions, the Asian flowering cherries bloom from late March or early April to mid-May, though the many species flower at slightly different times. The original cherry trees date to 1921 when BBG planted 30 trees on the Cherry Walk.[222] The Cherry Walk connects the pond with the Cherry Esplanade in the north-central portion of BBG.

The Cherry Esplanade features two rows of tall cherry trees,[223] as well as several rows of shorter cherry trees. There are 76 trees on the Cherry Esplanade, which represent 21 varieties. There is a 7.25feet-high limestone fountain in the Cherry Esplanade, which consists of a circular limestone bowl above a 28.5-wideNaN-wide concrete water basin.[224] The southern end of the esplanade contains the Rose Arc Pool, consisting of three beds of roses arranged in a semicircle.

Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden

BBG's Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden is at the northeast corner, east of the Cherry Esplanade. It was one of the first Japanese gardens to be created in an American botanic garden, and reportedly the first one to be accessible free of charge.[225] [226] It was constructed for $13,000, a gift of early BBG benefactor and trustee Alfred Tredway White. The garden was created by Japanese landscape designer Takeo Shiota. Shiota never fully documented his design before his death in 1943, and various renovations over the years have modified Shiota's original plans for the Japanese Garden.

The 3acres garden contains three man-made hills signifying earth, heaven, and humanity; an artificial waterfall and island, and rocks.[227] The garden also contains a curved pond; although it is commonly cited as being shaped after the Chinese character for "heart", the pond predates BBG.[228] Among the architectural elements of the garden are wooden bridges, stone lanterns, a viewing pavilion, a torii (gateway), and a Shinto shrine.[229] [230] The pond is filled with hundreds of Japanese koi fish that visitors can view at the torii or along the garden's trail. The center of the pond contains Turtle Island, a small rock that contains a granite lantern. There is also a Japanese temple dedicated to Inari, the fox kami. A 10-highNaN-high shogun lantern, installed in 1980, celebrates the fact that Tokyo is a sister city of New York City. The brook from this garden leads through several other parts of Brooklyn Botanic Garden, terminating at the Water Garden.[231]

The shrine and viewing pavilion were both rebuilt in the 1960s after burning down. The Japanese Garden was renamed the Oriental Garden during World War II[232] and restored in 1950 following an extended wartime closure.[233] The Japanese Garden's 2000 restoration, costing $3 million,[234] was recognized with the New York Landmark Conservancy's 2001 Preservation Award.[235]

Shakespeare Garden

BBG's original Shakespeare Garden was funded by a donation from Henry Clay Folger, founder of the Folger Shakespeare Library in Washington, D.C.[236] The original garden was overshadowed by Austrian pines, so it was relocated in 1979. The modern-day Shakespeare Garden, sited just east of the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden, is one of two in New York City, the other being in Central Park.[237] This English cottage garden has more than 80 plants that are mentioned in William Shakespeare's plays and poems.[238] Plants are labeled with their common, Latin and Shakespearean names, relevant quotations, and in some cases a graphic representation of the plant. Some of the specimens in BBG's Shakespeare Garden were not mentioned in Shakespeare's work but were planted because they were suited to the climate of New York City.

Alice Recknagel Ireys Fragrance Garden

Next to the Shakespeare Garden, just north of the Laboratory Administration Building, is the Fragrance Garden. It was created by landscape architect Alice Recknagel Ireys.[239] The Fragrance Garden was the first in the U.S. to be designed for the vision-impaired[240] and has braille information signs for visitors with impaired vision. Visitors can rub the fragrant or pleasingly textured leaves of the plants between their fingers.[241] There are four themed sections in the garden; plants to touch, plants with scented leaves, plants with fragrant flowers, and kitchen herbs. The garden is wheelchair-accessible, and all planting beds are high enough for people in wheelchairs to touch. There is also a fountain that is used as a washbasin.

Children's Garden

The Children's Garden, at the southeastern corner, is one of the world's oldest children's gardens,[44] as well as the oldest in the U.S. It was founded by BBG educator Ellen Eddy Shaw and was initially divided into plots measuring or .[242] The Children's Garden has historically taught 200 to 300 children per season. Youth grow vegetables rather than flowers. A BBG staff member quoted in 1971 said that "a variety of vegetables provides a greater range of examples of plant growth than flowers; many kinds grow quickly; and they provide a substantial and tangible reward for a child's labor".[243]

By the 2010s, the Children's Garden attracted 1,000 youth per year. The Children's Garden continues to operate as a community garden for children[244] and is open to Garden Apprentice Program interns and to children between 2 and 17 years of age. It also has a compost area that is maintained by interns and staff.[245]

Herb Garden

The Herb Garden, on the western boundary, contains fruit trees, corn stalks, cabbages, and other medicinal and agricultural plants.[246] It includes 300 herb plants, including those used to create medicines and food flavors. Interspersed with the herbs are two knot-shaped Japanese barberry and boxwood hedges. The western portion of the hedge garden is a modern adaptation of a 1577 garden designed by Thomas Hill, while the eastern portion copies Hill's original design. By 2001, the Herb Garden contained seven planting beds: six are divided by function and use, while the other planting bed is for miscellaneous herbs.

Discovery Garden

The Discovery Garden, designed for children, is at the southwest corner of BBG, next to the Flatbush Avenue entrance. It covers about and contains 250 trees, 2,600 grass specimens, and 9,500 perennials. It is divided into three portions that contain meadows, marshes, and woodlands.[247] The garden includes a boardwalk that winds around four large trees, in addition to several exhibits and a "hiding tree" for children.

Water Garden

Located in the south-central section of BBG, the Shelby White and Leon Levy Water Garden is a 1.5adj=onNaNadj=on wetland and riparian environment with numerous sustainability features. It contains a pond that serves as the terminus of the brook that flows from the Japanese Garden.[248] A renovation of the Water Garden was completed in 2016.[249] Designed by landscape architecture firm Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates, the renovated Water Garden contains plants such as black tupelo, sedges and rushes.

Other gardens and landscape features

The Lily Pool Terrace, in front of the Laboratory Administration Building to the east, has two large display pools of lilies and koi fish[250] and is surrounded by over 6,000 annuals and perennials.[251] Mixed perennials are planted to the east of the Lily Pool Terrace, while annuals are planted to the west. The Elizabeth Scholtz Woodland Garden, at BBG's northwest corner,[252] contains an open-air "walled garden" surrounded by ruins which is intended to resemble a forest in the Northeastern U.S.[253] [254] The Louisa Clark Spencer Lilac Collection, also at the northwest corner near the Osborne Garden, contains 150 lilac bushes, which represent 20 species of lilacs. The Rock Garden, on the western boundary of BBG, contains alpine plants around 18 boulders left behind by glaciers during the Ice Age.[255] On the western side of BBG, a bronze strip crosses a path, marking the former boundary of Brooklyn and Flatbush; a tablet marking the boundary line is mounted onto a nearby rock.[256]

The Plant Family Collection, within the center of BBG, includes plants and trees arranged by family to show their evolution.[257] Unlike the rest of BBG, the collection is not confined to a specific plot but is instead scattered across the botanical garden. The northern end of the collection is just south of the Japanese Hill-and-Pond Garden. From north to south, the collection contains primitive plants (ferns and conifers), ginkgos, beeches and birches, elm and pawpaw trees, laurels and roses, legumes and citruses, heath and olive families, and monocots. These are separated by a small stream.

A Celebrity Path honors famous Brooklynites such as Barbra Streisand, Woody Allen, and Walt Whitman with a trail of engraved paving stones.[258] The Celebrity Path consists of 18inchesby24inchesin (byin) concrete blocks and leads from a hill south of the Japanese Garden to the Alfred T. White Amphitheater. Outlines of leaves surround each of the names, which are laid in bronze letters. After Marty Markowitz became Brooklyn's borough president in 2002, he stopped adding names to the path,[259] but names are added from time to time. there are 151 names.[260] The stones of Allen, alongside Alan Dershowitz, are often requested to be removed.

BBG also has an overlook along its northern border, known as the Robert W. Wilson Overlook.[261] The overlook was built on a hill that was created using dirt excavated from the site of the neighboring Brooklyn Museum.[262] Originally, the hill was intended as a terrace abutting the unbuilt southern wing of the Brooklyn Museum. The modern-day overlook sits atop BBG's visitor center. The top of the overlook is above the rest of BBG. After the overlook was redesigned by Weiss/Manfredi in 2019, the hill was rebuilt with a curving 680feet path lined by retaining walls. The overlook has over 40,000 total specimens of plants.[263]

Structures

Because of the limited space available, most of Brooklyn Botanic Garden's buildings are located on the eastern edge of the site. These structures include the Steinhardt Conservatory, the Laboratory Administration Building, the Palm House, and a house for the Children's Garden.

Steinhardt Conservatory

The Steinhardt Conservatory occupies the eastern portion of Brooklyn Botanic Garden, just south of the Laboratory Administration Building. The conservatory consists of four structures: a main wing along Washington Avenue to the east, as well as three octagonal pavilions. These structures, each measuring up to tall, cover and are connected internally via tunnels. The facade of the conservatory is clad with of glass panes measuring 3by. The metal on the exterior of the conservatory's structures is painted green to match the color of the Laboratory Administration Building's facade. The conservatory is twice the size of the Palm House, which it replaced.

The main conservatory building. measuring long, contains a bonsai museum, an aquatic greenhouse, and the Trail of Evolution exhibit. The lower part of the main wing has a stucco facade that is only visible from Washington Avenue, as well as a gabled entrance. The C. V. Starr Bonsai Museum hosts the second-oldest collection of bonsai in the U.S., behind Boston's Arnold Arboretum.[264] Originally composed of 32 bonsai, the collection later grew to between 600 and 2,000 bonsai; the museum usually displays 100 bonsai simultaneously. The Robert W. Wilson Aquatic House has a collections of tropical water plants, insect-eating plants, and orchids.[265] The Trail of Evolution, named for BBG botanist Stephen K-M Tim,[266] measures 100by.[267] It traces the history of plant evolution and the effects of climate change over 3.5 billion years.[268]

A stairway descends beneath the main structure's exterior terrace to the basements of the three octagonal pavilions. Each pavilion is accessed by a stairway leading from the basement, as well as stairways from the garden's paths. The pavilions are themed to different climates and showcase tropical, warm temperate, and desert flora. The tropical pavilion, the largest of the three pavilions at, contains tropical plants and a waterfall. The desert pavilion hosts plants from American and North African deserts and is designed to resemble a desert environment. Finally, the temperate pavilion includes Mediterranean plants. The tops of each pavilion contain cupolas with ventilation openings.

Laboratory Administration Building

William M. Kendall of McKim, Mead & White designed the Laboratory Administration Building (also known as the Laboratory Building or Administration Building), a New York City designated landmark, in the Tuscan Revival style. The structure measures 240by across and was inspired by European churches, with a Greek cross layout as viewed from the air.[269] The center section is topped by a terracotta cupola with round-arched windows, while the outer sections are topped by octagons with round-arched windows. Outside the building is Magnolia Plaza, which contains a circular compass rose and bronze armillary sphere. Created in 1932, Magnolia Plaza was named for Judith D. Zuk in 2005.

The Laboratory Administration Building's facade is made of reinforced concrete and brick, covered with stucco. The building has hip roofs with Spanish tiles. The names of 68 famous botanists are inscribed in a frieze running across the building's facade; these names were selected through a vote in 1911. The original main entrance is on the second floor of the western facade, accessed by a staircase. The modern-day main entrance is on the first story. A portico provided a secondary entrance on Washington Avenue.

When the Administration Building was completed, it was intended to contain laboratories and storage space. The main entrance led to a rotunda, which connected with a library to the east. The northern pavilion was intended for BBG's offices, the director's laboratory, and offices for various departments. The southern pavilion was intended to contain classrooms, instructor's room, and various other laboratory rooms. The basement had service rooms and a lecture hall. By the 21st century, the Administration Building's second floor contained BBG's library, while the rest of the building was used for offices and as a visitor center.

Palm House

The Palm House was built as Brooklyn Botanic Garden's original conservatory and was designed by McKim, Mead & White. The central section of the Palm House measures 104by across and high and was originally used for tropical plants.[270] It is flanked by two wings each to the north and south, which each measure 50by across. Originally, the northeast wing had classrooms, while the southwest, southeast, and northwest wings contained greenhouses; there were stables and other rooms under the southern wings. The interior of the Palm House is climate-controlled by a steam heating system.[271]

During the 1980s, the Palm House was converted to an education center and event space, with a 300-seat restaurant. Part of the Palm House was also converted to host temporary exhibits. Since 2017, one wing of the Palm House has contained the Yellow Magnolia Café. By the 21st century, the Palm House was frequently being used for weddings, such as that of singer Art Garfunkel.

Programs

Education programs

From its inception in the early 20th century, BBG offered free lectures and classes to local students. In the 21st century, BBG has continued to operate programs in youth education, conservation, and community horticulture. BBG, Prospect Park Alliance, and New York City Department of Education operate the Brooklyn Academy of Science and the Environment (BASE), a small public high school dedicated to science, environmental studies, and urban ecology.

Since 2004, BBG's Garden Apprentice Program has provided internships for students in grades 8 through 12 in gardening, science education, and environmental issues.[272] Some of the teenagers with plots in the Children's Garden also become junior instructors for that garden. The Discovery Garden hosts weekly workshops for children, with interactive exhibits and a small plot with a variety of vegetables.[273] Project Green Reach, launched in 1990, is a science-focused school outreach program for teachers and students in grades K–8 in underserved neighborhoods.[274]

Plant science and conservation

In BBG's early years, officials hosted annual "spring inspections" for BBG members and invited guests.[275] It also hosted events such as an annual Fall Rose Day.[276] Scientists at Brooklyn Botanic Garden launched the New York Metropolitan Flora project, a comprehensive study of the plants of metropolitan New York City, in 1990.[277] [278] The study was intended to catalog and describe all vascular plants growing in the region.[279]

BBG started creating magnolia cultivars in the 1950s. Among the species cultivated there were Magnolia × brooklynensis, three magnolia hybrid cultivars grown by BBG, as well as Magnolia 'Elizabeth', a yellow magnolia hybrid cultivar for which BBG received a patent in 1977.[280]

The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Herbarium collection holds over 300,000 specimens representing over 1,400 species of preserved plants.[281] [282] These specimens, some from as early as 1818, aid scientists in tracking species, analyzing the spread of invasive plants, and modeling changes in the New York metropolitan area's vegetation. There are also holdings from the western United States, the Galapagos Islands, Bolivia, and Mauritius. The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Library, which is housed in the Laboratory Administration Building, has a collection of books on horticulture and botany that is available to home gardeners, professionals, and staff.[283]

Community horticulture

Since 1993, Brooklyn Botanic Garden has run the Community Greening program (formerly known as Brooklyn GreenBridge[284]), which offers residential and commercial gardening programs to block associations, community gardens, community centers, and other groups. Under the Community Greening program, BBG has run the annual Greenest Block in Brooklyn contest since 1994,[285] which gives awards in various categories.[286] [287] Since 1982, BBG has hosted Making Brooklyn Bloom,[288] an annual event with various workshops and activities. The Community Greening program also includes the Community Garden Alliance, for community gardens in Brooklyn,[289] and the Street Tree Stewardship program, for individual trees on streets.[290] [291] The NYC Compost Project (formerly the Urban Composting Project[292] [293]), supported by the New York City Department of Sanitation, offers composting assistance and resources, as well as information on composting in residential backyards.[294]

Publications and resources

BBG began publishing a magazine, the Record, in February 1912;[295] members received the publication for free.[296] BBG's director C. Stuart Gager was editor of the Record until his death in 1943. The last edition of the Record was published in 1944.[297] BBG launched a series of gardening handbooks in 1945;[298] the first volume in the series was Lilies and Their Culture: Use in the Garden. Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Guides to a Greener Planet contain information on garden design, sustainability, and native plants.[299] In addition, the botanical garden has published reference books such as the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Gardener's Desk Reference (1998).[300]

BBG launched its website in 1996. The website includes events, classes, and information on its gardens and collections, as well as a blog and practical gardening advice. BBG's collection of historic photographs and lantern slides is also available online.[301] The website includes an interactive map named CherryWatch, which tracks whether each cherry blossom tree has bloomed during the spring.[302] The Laboratory Administration Building has a Gardener's Resource Center that provides reference services.[303] [304]

Former BBG properties

BBG formerly operated three other sites in the New York metropolitan area. The first to open was a 223acres research facility at Kitchawan Preserve in Westchester County,[305] on land that it purchased from Elizabeth Van Brunt in 1956. Yorktown, New York, officials approved the research center in early 1959;[306] the complex included a double-level laboratory near an abandoned railroad station on the New York and Putnam Railroad.[307] [308] After the research center opened in 1960, it was described as "the most important single development since the founding of the Botanic Garden 50 years ago".[309] The research center was originally known as the Kitchawan Research Laboratory. A herb garden and perennial border garden were dedicated at Kitchawan in 1981,[310] and the research center was renamed the Brooklyn Botanic Garden Research Center in 1982. BBG sold off most of Kitchawan to the Westchester County government in 1988.[311] A second property in Westchester County, the Teatown Lake Reservation, was established in 1963, a year after Gerard Swope Sr. bequeathed 250acres to BBG.[312] [313] Over the years, the reservation grew through additional bequests. BBG and Teatown staff co-produced programming at the reservation until 1980, when Teatown began leasing the land from BBG,[314] and the Teatown Lake Reservation became a legally separate entity in 1984.[315] BBG continued to own a 245acres portion of the Teatown Lake Reservation until May 2018. BBG retains a conservation easement on the Teatown site.

The lawyer Grenville Clark donated the 12acres Clark Botanic Garden in Albertson, on Long Island, to BBG in 1966.[316] [317] BBG's Fanny Dwight Clark Memorial Garden opened on the site in 1969,[318] [319] and BBG used the Clark Botanic Garden as an outreach station, with instructors from the Brooklyn Museum.[320] The Clark Botanic Garden had three small lakes, as well as a children's garden and a rock garden, which were similar to those in the original BBG.[321] Although the Clark Botanic Garden was operated by BBG, the two gardens were legally separate entities, and the Clark Garden charged admission, whereas the original garden did not. The North Hempstead town government acquired Clark Botanic Garden from BBG in 1989.[322]

Membership, events, and operations

, BBG membership starts at $75 for individuals. Members can attend events in the spring and summer months, including themed sunset picnic nights.[323] Each spring, a month-long cherry blossom viewing festival called Hanami is held at the Cherry Esplanade. This culminates in a weekend celebration called Sakura Matsuri, which was first hosted in the 1980s,[324] although this event has not been held since the COVID-19 pandemic.[325] Other events include the Chile Pepper Festival, which has been held annually since the 1990s,[326] and Lightscape, a light art show that is hosted at the end of each year.[327] [328]

, BBG had an annual operating budget of $23 million.[329] BBG recorded $20,869,967 in revenue and $20,988,655 in expenses for fiscal year 2020, meaning its net income was negative $118,688.[330] BBG had more than 800,000 annual visitors .

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: October 26, 1941 . Botanic Garden Is Visited by Nearly 2 Million A Year . 102 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728001412/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128990345/ . live.
  2. Book: Brooklyn Botanic Garden . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record . Brooklyn Institute of Arts and Sciences . Published for the Garden . 1926 . 14 . v. 15-16 . August 1, 2023 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723162544/https://books.google.com/books?id=joxwInlf300C&pg=PA14 . live.
  3. Book: Mann, W.A. . Landscape Architecture: An Illustrated History in Timelines, Site Plans and Biography . Wiley . 1993 . 978-0-471-59465-9 . 212 . August 1, 2023 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723162542/https://books.google.com/books?id=pwbyMLolMcgC&pg=PA212 . live.
  4. Book: Michels, J. . Science . American Association for the Advancement of Science . 1917 . 648 . 0036-8075 . v. 45 . August 1, 2023 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723162547/https://books.google.com/books?id=EM4OAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA648 . live.
  5. Book: Stiles, H.R. . A History of the City of Brooklyn: Including the Old Town and Village of Brooklyn, the Town of Bushwick, and the Village and City of Williamsburgh . subscription . 1870 . 924 . v. 3 . August 1, 2023 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723162545/https://books.google.com/books?id=QnQxAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA924 . live.
  6. Book: Anderson, J.A.. Laws Relating to the Public Parks, Parkways, and Other Property Under the Care and Control of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners. 1887. 1. January 20, 2019. August 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230801235750/https://books.google.com/books?id=BBYZAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1. live. none.
    News: Public Parks and Promenades. May 29, 1860. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 19, 2019. 2. Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com. August 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230801235739/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/3137046/. live.
  7. Book: Lancaster, Clay. Prospect Park Handbook. Long Island University Press. 1972. 978-0-913252-06-2. 2nd. New York. September 30, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191001181824/https://www.echonyc.com/~parks/books/handbook.html. October 1, 2019. live. none.
    News: Prospect Park. May 19, 1861. Brooklyn Daily Eagle. January 19, 2019. 2. Brooklyn Public Library; newspapers.com. August 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230801235739/https://bklyn.newspapers.com/article/27409545/. live.
  8. Bluestone. Daniel M.. 1987. From Promenade to Park: The Gregarious Origins of Brooklyn's Park Movement. American Quarterly. JSTOR. 39. 4. 529–550. 10.2307/2713123. 0003-0678. 2713123.
  9. Web site: Prospect Park; Progress of the Work—Descriptive Particulars.. December 15, 1868. The New York Times. en-US. 0362-4331. January 28, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190129064330/https://www.nytimes.com/1868/12/15/archives/prospect-park-progress-of-the-workdescriptive-particulars.html. January 29, 2019. live. none.
    Book: Annual reports of the Brooklyn Park Commissioners, 1861–1873. 1873. Brooklyn Park Commissioners. 127. January 28, 2019. Internet Archive.
  10. News: May 7, 1921 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Arose From Dumping Spot . 96 . The Chat . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223409/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-brooklyn-botanic-garden-arose-f/128864452/ . live.
  11. News: September 23, 1928 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden as Seen From the Air . A16 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  12. Book: Proceedings . 1930 . July 24, 2023 . v. 9 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161711/https://books.google.com/books?id=XUofAQAAMAAJ . live.
  13. Web site: About the Brooklyn Museum's Building . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130420183309/https://www.brooklynmuseum.org/about/building.php . April 20, 2013 . April 28, 2013 . Brooklyn Museum.
  14. News: October 13, 1901 . The Work of the Institute . 18 . The Brooklyn Citizen . newspapers.com . July 23, 2023 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723182312/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-the-work-of-the-ins/128728735/ . live.
  15. News: February 8, 1906 . Dove of Peace Hovering Over University Project . 10 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161709/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dove-of-peace-h/128776497/ . live.
  16. News: June 11, 1905 . Another $25,000 Gift to Brooklyn Institute . 6 . The Brooklyn Citizen . newspapers.com . July 23, 2023 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723182650/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-another-25000-gif/128728967/ . live. none.
    News: June 10, 1905 . Two Great Gifts to Brooklyn Institute . 4 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724142844/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-two-great-gifts-to-brooklyn/128776960/ . live.
  17. News: July 14, 1907 . City to Pay $25,000 a Year for Observatory in Prospect Park . 17 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724142846/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-city-to-pay-25000-a/128777045/ . live. none.
    October 1, 1907 . Parks and Park Work: Many New Structures for Brooklyn's Parks . Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening . 17 . 8 . 191 . .
  18. News: September 13, 1908 . Institute's Season: Brooklyn Organization Will Make Many Changes This Year . C6 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  19. News: Hinton-Braaten . Kathleen . April 5, 1983 . Roses and bonsai: Brooklyn's Botanic Garden . The Christian Science Monitor . July 30, 2023 . . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730220257/https://www.csmonitor.com/1983/0405/040538.html . live.
  20. News: December 11, 1909 . For a Botanic Garden . 6 . The Brooklyn Citizen . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161711/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-for-a-botanic-garde/128782433/ . live.
  21. News: December 11, 1909 . For Botanic Garden and Arboretum in Park . 5 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161712/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-for-botanic-gar/128782676/ . live.
  22. News: December 10, 1910 . Institute Trustees Meet . 21 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724163217/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128782569/ . live.
  23. Book: Brooklyn Botanic Garden . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record . Biodiversity Heritage Library . Brooklyn Botanic Garden. . 1913 . 75–79 . v. 2, no. 2 . August 1, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161709/https://books.google.com/books?id=AJvOAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA77 . live.
  24. News: April 17, 1910 . Brooklyn Park Plans: to Begin Arboretum and Botanical Gardens July 1 . B8 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  25. News: March 4, 1910 . Director of Botanic Garden . 15 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161711/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-director-of-bot/128782203/ . live.
  26. News: April 11, 1910 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . 11 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724163219/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-for-garde/7607461/ . live. none.
    News: May 21, 1910 . Garden for Brooklyn Institute: Notable addition for pleasure grounds of the city. . 5 . The Christian Science Monitor . .
  27. News: June 11, 1910 . City Gives Thousands to Brooklyn Institute . 3 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161713/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-gives-thou/128780494/ . live. none.
    News: June 11, 1910 . Elect Roosevelt Honorary Member . 12 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161709/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-elect-roosevelt-honor/128780637/ . live.
  28. News: August 28, 1910 . New Botanical Garden: Dr. Gager Outlines Broad Plan to Extend Educational Side . B3 . New-York Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  29. News: December 23, 1910 . A New Park Building . 20 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724161710/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-a-new-park-buil/128782235/ . live.
  30. News: February 23, 1911 . Botanic Garden May Be Enlarged . 16 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724172251/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-may-be/128783860/ . live.
  31. News: March 11, 1911 . Institute Trustees Hold Regular Meeting . 3 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724174546/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-trust/128783135/ . live.
  32. News: April 15, 1911 . Institute Gets 692 New Members . 3 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724172252/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-institute-gets-692-new-membe/128783521/ . live. none.
    News: April 15, 1911 . Gifts to the Institute Announced by Trustees . 3 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724174545/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-gifts-to-the-in/128783639/ . live.
  33. News: May 14, 1911 . Many Persons Visit New Botanic Garden . 16 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724173757/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-many-persons-visit-ne/128786039/ . live.
  34. News: May 12, 1911 . Botanic Garden Opens To-morrow . 2 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724175302/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-opens/128785950/ . live.
  35. News: May 12, 1911 . To Open Botanic Garden . 5 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724173758/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-open-botanic/128785650/ . live.
  36. News: September 24, 1911 . Scientific Soil Culture for Botanical Gardens . 55 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724174547/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-scientific-soil/128783296/ . live.
  37. January 1, 1912 . Parks and Park Work: Park Building Under Way in Brooklyn . Park and Cemetery and Landscape Gardening . 21 . 11 . 741 . .
  38. News: September 22, 1912 . City Presents Brooklyn Land for Botanic Garden . 38 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724180806/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-city-presents-b/128786682/ . live.
  39. News: June 14, 1913 . Sums Up Work of Institute Season . 3 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725020846/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-sums-up-work-of/128812479/ . live. none.
    July 1913 . Notes . The Record . 2 . 3 . 106 . 2027/uc1.31210014609729?urlappend=%3Bseq=256 . July 25, 2023 . HathiTrust.
  40. News: May 20, 1913 . Rapid Progress Made on Brooklyn Botanic Garden Building . 19 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725015340/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-rapid-progress/128812745/ . live.
  41. News: December 15, 1913 . Brooklyn Institute's Botanic Garden and Laboratory Building Opened . 21 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725022350/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-brooklyn-instit/128813487/ . live. none.
    News: December 14, 1913 . Big Reception at Botanic Garden . 9 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725020845/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-big-reception-at-bota/128815342/ . live.
  42. News: September 13, 1913 . New Museum Section . 14 . The Chat . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725013835/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-new-museum-section/128814186/ . live.
  43. News: September 25, 1914 . Children Exhibit Garden Products . 9 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725015340/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-children-exhibi/128815980/ . live.
  44. Book: Oldfield, Sara . Botanic Gardens: Modern-day Arks . MIT Press . 2010 . 978-0-262-01516-5 . Mit Press . 19 . August 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725012333/https://books.google.com/books?id=vi5FAQAAIAAJ . July 25, 2023 . live.
  45. January 18, 2023 . Fourth Annual Report of the Brooklyn Botanic Garden . The Record . 4 . 2 . 23–24 . 2027/hvd.32044103101101?urlappend=%3Bseq=442 . HathiTrust.
  46. News: July 11, 1915 . Institute Now Has $200,000 to Spend on Botanic Gardens . 17 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725015341/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-now-h/128816577/ . live.
  47. News: June 5, 1915 . Inspect Beauties of Botanic Garden . 12 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725214650/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-inspect-beauties-of-b/128856799/ . live.
  48. News: August 21, 1915 . Submit Plans for Gardens . 3 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725012331/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-submit-plans-for-gardens/128816433/ . live. none.
    News: August 19, 1915 . To Enlarge Buildings . 7 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223158/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-enlarge-buil/128858948/ . live.
  49. News: March 5, 1916. To Have a Rock Garden. 19. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. newspapers.com. July 25, 2023. July 25, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223410/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-to-have-a-rock/128862644/. live.
  50. News: April 21, 1916 . Cornerstone Laid at Botanic Garden . 10 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223200/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-cornerstone-laid-at-b/128862471/ . live.
    News: April 21, 1916 . Lay Botanic Cornerstone . 8 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223158/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-lay-botanic-cornerstone/128860476/ . live.
  51. News: February 9, 1917 . Institute Breaks Attendance Record . 8 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223408/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-institute-break/128862992/ . live.
  52. News: May 13, 1917 . Wonderful Growth of Brooklyn Botanic Garden Shown in Report . 32 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223412/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-wonderful-growt/128864120/ . live.
  53. News: April 20, 1917 . Botanic Garden Is Dedicated . 3 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223411/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-is-dedicated/128863129/ . live. none.
    News: April 22, 1917 . Get Out and Plant, Says Prof. Button . 58 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223410/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-get-out-and-pla/128863154/ . live.
  54. Web site: Biography of Harold Caparn . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20141031215452/http://tclf.org/pioneer/harold-caparn/biography-harold-caparn . October 31, 2014 . April 28, 2013 . The Cultural Landscape Foundation.
  55. News: May 15, 1988 . Glass Houses . 214 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 23, 2023 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723171230/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-glass-houses/128724987/ . live.
  56. News: June 7, 1920 . Botanic Garden's Work . 6 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223408/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128865358/ . live.
  57. News: December 11, 1921 . 2,000 Lily Bulbs Planted; Sheltered by Azaleas in the Brooklyn Botanic Garden. . en-US . The New York Times . July 25, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223408/https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/11/archives/2000-lily-bulbs-planted-sheltered-by-azaleas-in-the-brooklyn.html . live.
  58. News: December 9, 1921 . To Cultivate Lilies in Botanic Garden . 11 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223414/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-to-cultivate-lilies-i/128865473/ . live.
  59. News: November 13, 1921 . Botanic Garden News . 19 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 25, 2023 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223416/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-news/128865178/ . live.
  60. News: December 11, 1921 . Our Asters Improved Upon; Brooklyn Botanic Garden to Plant American Shoots From England. . en-US . The New York Times . July 25, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725223408/https://www.nytimes.com/1921/12/11/archives/our-asters-improved-upon-brooklyn-botanic-garden-to-plant-american.html . live.
  61. News: December 7, 1922 . Show White Memorial; Daniel C. French Exhibits His Bas Relief of Brooklyn Philanthropist . en-US . The New York Times . July 26, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726012514/https://www.nytimes.com/1922/12/07/archives/show-white-memorial-daniel-c-french-exhibits-his-bas-relief-of.html . live. none.
    News: December 6, 1922 . Alfred T. White Memorial Model Finished; To Be Cast in Bronze and Placed in Botanic Gardens . 24 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 26, 2023 . July 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726012513/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-alfred-t-white/128875717/ . live.
  62. News: December 5, 1925 . Conditional $250,000 Gift to Brooklyn Botanic Garden Pledged by Rockefeller, Jr. . 1, 2 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727154451/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-conditional-250000/128954209/ . live. none.
    News: December 5, 1925 . Rockefeller Pledges Botanic Garden Gift; Offers $250,000 for Permanent Fund if Equal Amount Is Raised by Dec. 31, 1926. . en-US . The New York Times . July 27, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727151815/https://www.nytimes.com/1925/12/05/archives/rockefeller-pledges-botanic-garden-gift-offers-250000-for-permanent.html . live.
  63. News: Shuler . Marjorie . December 7, 1925 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Source of Both Pleasure and Instruction: Half a Million Persons Visit This Beauty Spot Each Year, While 50,000 School Children Are Taught of Flowers and Shrubs--fund of $250,000 Sought Even Has a Library Are Sure of Outcome Supplies Study Material . 4A . The Christian Science Monitor . .
  64. News: March 13, 1925 . Warmbath Named Taxidermist at Brooklyn Museum . 20 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727154452/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-warmbath-named/128956919/ . live. none.
    News: March 13, 1925 . Botanic Garden Draws 20,600 Persons in Feb. . 36 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727154459/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-draws-20600/128957624/ . live.
  65. News: May 13, 1925 . Spring Inspection of Botanic Garden; Many New Exhibits . 8 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727154501/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-spring-inspecti/128957484/ . live.
  66. News: June 24, 1927 . Botanic Experts Plan Rose Garden . 69 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727154455/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-experts-plan-rose-ga/128957850/ . live. none.
    News: May 22, 1927 . Plans New Rose Garden; Brooklyn Botanic Project Will Cover an Acre and Cost $10,000. . en-US . The New York Times . July 27, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727151814/https://www.nytimes.com/1927/05/22/archives/plans-new-rose-garden-brooklyn-botanic-project-will-cover-an-acre.html . live.
  67. News: June 18, 1927 . Gift of $10,000 for New Rose Garden . 4 . Brooklyn Life and Activities of Long Island Society . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727154457/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-life-and-activities-of-long-isl/128957879/ . live.
  68. News: June 12, 1928 . Get $15,000 for Big Rose Garden . 9 . The Herald Statesman . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171428/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-herald-statesman-get-15000-for-big/128960567/ . live.
  69. News: October 15, 1952 . Founder and 250 Enthusiasts Mark Cranford Rose Garden's 25th Year . en . The New York Times . July 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172737/https://www.nytimes.com/1952/10/15/archives/founder-and-250-enthusiasts-mark-cranford-rose-gardens-25th-year.html?searchResultPosition=1 . live.
  70. News: June 17, 1928 . Open Rose Garden to Public June 24 . 62 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171430/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-open-rose-garden-to-public-j/128960398/ . live.
  71. News: June 18, 1928 . Borough's New Rose Garden to Open for Visitors at Botanic Garden June 24; Said to Be One of Finest in the Country . 14 . The Brooklyn Citizen . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171432/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-boroughs-new-rose/128960787/ . live.
  72. News: December 2, 1928 . Glacial Boulders Hold Bridge . 130 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171432/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-glacial-boulders-hold-bridge/128961303/ . live. none.
    News: 9 Dec 1928 . Plans Win Gift For Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Inspection of Design Leads Visitor to Donate Funds for New Boulder Bridge . A11 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  73. News: June 22, 1929 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden to Have New Gate . 2 . Brooklyn Life and Activities of Long Island Society . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171429/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-life-and-activities-of-long-isl/128961538/ . live.
  74. News: June 28, 1929 . New Ornamental Gate for Botanic Garden . 33 . The Chat . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171431/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-chat-new-ornamental-gate-for-botanic/128961709/ . live.
  75. News: July 14, 1929 . Botanic Garden Starts Work on Rustic Bridges: Glacial Bowlder Structures Will Replace Temporary Crossings Over Brook 6 Weeks on Construction Plans Are Drawn for Three More New Entrance Gates . A11 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: July 14, 1929 . Botanic Garden Adds 2 Bridges . 11 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171428/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-garden-adds-2-bridge/128962576/ . live.
  76. News: October 7, 1929 . New Spans at Boro Botanic Garden Ready . 3 . The Brooklyn Citizen . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171427/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-new-spans-at-boro-b/128961996/ . live. none.
    News: October 6, 1929 . Bridges Rise in Garden . 96 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171429/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-bridges-rise-in-garden/128962106/ . live.
  77. News: May 14, 1930 . Brooklyn Receives $17,000 Gift Gate For Botanic Garden: Richard Young, Donor, Makes Presentation Before 1,200 at Spring Inspection . 21 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  78. News: March 23, 1930 . Botanic Garden Open Museum, Says Director: Aim Is to Stimulate Interest in Plant Life; Park Use Secondary, He Adds School Service Increased 282.299 Pupils Reached by Brooklyn Institution Brooklyn Rose Garden and New Entrance Gate . B13 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  79. News: June 8, 1930 . Fountain Given to Botanic Garden . 39 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171434/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-fountain-given-to-botanic-ga/128963767/ . live.
  80. News: June 9, 1930 . Botanic Garden Looks Ahead to 1935 With New Projects . 5 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171434/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-looks/128964099/ . live.
  81. News: April 20, 1930 . To Build Botanic Plaza; Brooklyn Garden Lets Contract to Complete 10-Year-Old Plan. . en-US . The New York Times . July 27, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171429/https://www.nytimes.com/1930/04/20/archives/to-build-botanic-plaza-brooklyn-garden-lets-contract-to-complete.html . live. none.
    News: April 20, 1930 . Hanging Plaza Under Way at Botanic Garden: Stone Stairs to Lead From Paths to Long Plot Facing Laboratory Building . A13 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  82. News: May 19, 1930 . Botanic Garden Pictured After Quarter of Century . 5 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171431/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-botanic-garden-pictur/128964643/ . live.
  83. News: June 7, 1931 . Brooklyn Adds Garden Units to Japanese Plot: Oriental Experts Assist in Work at Botanic Center; Bridge Built Over Lake Trees and Shrubs Treated Improved Area Reopened for Public Inspection . A13 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: June 8, 1931 . Japanese Garden Is Open Again . 7 . The Standard Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727171435/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-standard-union-japanese-garden-is-op/128965290/ . live.
  84. News: May 20, 1934 . Botanic Project Half Complete . 22 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727182951/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-project-half-complet/128966919/ . live.
  85. News: May 20, 1934 . Botanic Garden In Brooklyn to Get New Gate: Eastern Parkway Approach To Be Built for Large Addition, Half Completed C. W. A. Assists Project Annual Report Shows Gain in Attendance for 1933 . A20 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  86. News: April 14, 1935 . Botanic Garden Income Drops As Needs Rise: Brooklyn Report Reveals 36,560 Gain in Visitors, $7,672 Cut, in Last Year Gager Warns of Crisis Situation Is Serious in Extreme, Says Director . 26B . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . . none.
    News: April 15, 1935 . Botanic Garden's Visitors Increase But Income Drops . 2 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727182957/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-botanic-gardens-visitors-in/128967810/ . live.
  87. News: August 11, 1935 . $144,000 WPA Grant Spurs Work in Botanical Garden; Improvement Program, Begun in 1930, Will Be Carried On With U.S. Funds -- Brooklyn Garden Keeps Pace in Development. . en-US . The New York Times . July 27, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727182951/https://www.nytimes.com/1935/08/11/archives/144000-wpa-grant-spurs-work-in-botanical-garden-improvement-program.html . live.
  88. News: 1936-10-25 . Philanthropists Support Numerous Charity Functions—Committees Announced . 20 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 2023-08-23.
  89. News: June 14, 1936 . Visit Botanic Garden to See New Rose Arc . 19 . Times Union . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727182953/https://www.newspapers.com/article/times-union-visit-botanic-garden-to-see/128968485/ . live.
  90. News: January 26, 1938 . Japanese Shrine is Razed by Fire; Enemy of Nation Suspected of Destroying Shinto Temple in Brooklyn Botanic Garden . en-US . The New York Times . July 27, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727182952/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/01/26/archives/japanese-shrine-is-razed-by-fire-enemy-of-nation-suspected-of.html . live. none.
    News: January 26, 1938 . Nippon Shrine Burns Down at Botanic Garden: Brooklyn Firemen Find No Arson, bill the Director Blames Enemy of Japan Blaze There Once Before Japanese Garden Structure Built by Oriental Labor Nippon Shrine in Brooklyn Botanic Garden Razed by Fire . 3 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  91. News: September 28, 1938 . Botanic's Herb Garden Opened . 11 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727182950/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanics-herb/128968870/ . live. none.
    News: September 28, 1938 . Brooklyn Herb Garden Opens . en-US . The New York Times . July 27, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727183702/https://www.nytimes.com/1938/09/28/archives/brooklyn-herb-garden-opens.html . live.
  92. News: April 20, 1939 . Botanic Garden Gets Osborne Memorial . 10 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727182955/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128969634/ . live.
  93. News: May 13, 1941 . 600 Flower Lovers Enjoy 27th Tour of Botanic Garden . 8 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728001414/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-600-flower-love/128989559/ . live.
  94. News: Brawarsky . Sandee . April 25, 2003 . A Beauty as Fleeting as Life . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731192615/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/04/25/arts/a-beauty-as-fleeting-as-life.html . live.
  95. News: May 14, 1941 . 600 Nature Lovers Stage Inspection of Botanic Garden . 4 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 27, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728001559/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-600-nature-love/128989609/ . live.
  96. News: August 10, 1943 . Dr. C. S. Gager, Botanic Garden Director, Dies: Developed Brooklyn Plot From 'East Side Lands' to a National Landmark . 16 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  97. News: April 20, 1944 . Dr. G. S. Avery to Direct Boro Botanic Garden . 13 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 28, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728182358/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dr-g-s-avery/129028681/ . live.
  98. News: August 19, 1945 . Plans Golden Gate, Wired Music for Botanic Garden . 14 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 28, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728010308/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-plans-golden-ga/128993534/ . live. none.
    News: August 12, 1945 . Gate Given to Botanic Garden . en . The New York Times . July 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728004342/https://www.nytimes.com/1945/08/12/archives/gate-given-to-botanic-garden.html?searchResultPosition=1 . live.
  99. News: May 15, 1946 . Dedicate New Gate to Botanic Garden . 7 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 28, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728010310/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-dedicate-new-ga/128993816/ . live.
  100. News: June 29, 1952 . Vegetables Grow In Brooklyn, Too: Botanic Garden Seeks More Land for Child Farmers . C18 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  101. News: June 6, 1951 . City Urged to Give New Garden Plot; Appeal for Children Made by Botanic Garden's Head to Park Association Group . en . The New York Times . July 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172739/https://www.nytimes.com/1951/06/06/archives/city-urged-to-give-new-garden-plot-appeal-for-children-made-by.html?searchResultPosition=1 . live.
  102. News: July 6, 1952 . Botanic Garden Seen Relegated to Stepchild Role . 20 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 28, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728182359/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/129028868/ . live.
  103. News: May 16, 1954 . Blind to Have Own Garden . 442 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 28, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172737/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-blind-to-have-own-garden/129023142/ . live.
  104. News: May 18, 1954 . Garden for Blind Set; Project Planned for Brooklyn to Have Signs in Braille . en . The New York Times . July 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172737/https://www.nytimes.com/1954/05/18/archives/garden-for-blind-set-project-planned-for-brooklyn-to-have-signs-in.html?searchResultPosition=1 . live.
  105. News: October 15, 1954 . Start Work on Garden for Blind at Botanic . 3 . Brooklyn Record . newspapers.com . July 28, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172739/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-start-work-on-garden-for/129022267/ . live. none.
    News: October 17, 1954 . A Garden For Blind In Brooklyn . D16 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  106. News: June 10, 1955 . Garden for the Blind; Brooklyn Plot With Signs in Braille Is Dedicated . en . The New York Times . July 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728172738/https://www.nytimes.com/1955/06/10/archives/garden-for-the-blind-brooklyn-plot-with-signs-in-braille-is.html?searchResultPosition=1 . live.
  107. News: October 20, 1956 . Botanic Garden Gets a Big Tract; Westchester Site to Be Used for a Research Station on Cancer Antibiotics Three Goals Listed . en . The New York Times . July 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728182358/https://www.nytimes.com/1956/10/20/archives/botanic-garden-gets-a-big-tract-westchester-site-to-be-used-for-a.html?searchResultPosition=1 . live.
  108. News: October 25, 1956 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Plans Field Station for Research . 8 . Brooklyn Daily . newspapers.com . July 28, 2023 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728182359/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-daily-brooklyn-botanic-garden-p/129028559/ . live.
  109. News: Schumach . Murray . May 19, 1958 . Botanic Garden's Beaten Paths Are Under Repair in Brooklyn . en . The New York Times . July 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728182358/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/05/19/archives/botanic-gardens-beaten-paths-are-under-repair-in-brooklyn.html?searchResultPosition=1 . live.
  110. News: June 24, 1959 . Volunteers Keeping Struck Botanic Garden Green . en . The New York Times . July 28, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728182400/https://www.nytimes.com/1959/06/24/archives/volunteers-keeping-struck-botanic-garden-green.html?searchResultPosition=1 . live.
  111. News: May 2, 1960 . Governor of Tokyo Visits Shrine In Japanese Garden in Brooklyn . en . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184703/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/05/02/archives/governor-of-tokyo-visits-shrine-in-japanese-garden-in-brooklyn.html?searchResultPosition=2 . live.
  112. News: April 20, 1975 . For Garden, a Celebration . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730183824/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/04/20/archives/for-garden-a-celebration.html . live.
  113. News: May 26, 1960 . Botanic Garden Dedicates 'Lab' . 12 . The Reporter Dispatch . newspapers.com . July 29, 2023 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184659/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-reporter-dispatch-botanic-garden-ded/129085727/ . live.
  114. News: October 7, 1960 . Botanic Garden Fetes 50,000,000th Visitor . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184659/https://www.nytimes.com/1960/10/07/archives/botanic-garden-fetes-50000000th-visitor.html . live.
  115. News: Thach . Joanna May . September 10, 1961 . Inspired by Japan; Botanic Garden Builds Replica of Ryoanji . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184704/https://www.nytimes.com/1961/09/10/archives/inspired-by-japan-botanic-garden-builds-replica-of-ryoanji.html . live. none.
    News: October 13, 1961 . Search for Rocks to Complete Exhibition . 5 . Brooklyn Record . newspapers.com . July 29, 2023 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184705/https://www.newspapers.com/article/brooklyn-record-search-for-rocks-to-comp/129085879/ . live.
  116. News: May 29, 1963 . Rites Inaugurate Japanese Garden; Zen Temple Bell is Sounded at Brooklyn Dedication . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184700/https://www.nytimes.com/1963/05/29/archives/rites-inaugurate-japanese-garden-zen-temple-bell-is-sounded-at.html . live.
  117. News: July 12, 1963 . Copy of Ryoanji Temple Garden Opens in Brooklyn . 17C . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  118. News: Jones . Theodore . December 11, 1965 . A Cultural Crisis in Brooklyn Is Depicted at Budget Hearing . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205113/https://www.nytimes.com/1965/12/11/archives/a-cultural-crisis-in-brooklyn-is-depicted-at-budget-hearing.html . live.
  119. News: Burks . Edward C. . December 12, 1969 . Museums Seeking Guards To Stem Mounting Crime . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729235616/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/12/12/archives/museums-seeking-guards-to-stem-mounting-crime.html . live.
  120. News: Ross . Edwin . Ross . Frank . August 11, 1971 . Grouse at Garden's Garbage . 345 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 30, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730185015/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-grouse-at-gardens-garbage/129139888/ . live.
  121. News: Clark . Alfred E. . April 13, 1969 . Money Pinch Delays Opening of Zoo . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729235616/https://www.nytimes.com/1969/04/13/archives/money-pinch-delays-opening-of-zoo.html . live.
  122. Book: American Rose Society . The American Rose . American Rose Society . 1969 . 5 . 1078-5825 . v. 20 . August 1, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730180217/https://books.google.com/books?id=ltRJAAAAYAAJ . live. none.
    News: Pace . Eric . August 8, 1994 . George Avery Jr., 92, Former Director Of Botanic Garden . en . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012025/https://www.nytimes.com/1994/08/08/obituaries/george-avery-jr-92-former-director-of-botanic-garden.html . live.
  123. Book: Brooklyn Botanic Garden . Plants & Gardens . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . 1971 . July 30, 2023 . v. 27-28 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730180216/https://books.google.com/books?id=trlPAAAAYAAJ . live.
  124. News: January 25, 1971 . City Considering Zoo, Museum Fees . en . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012023/https://www.nytimes.com/1971/01/25/archives/city-considering-zoo-museum-fees-cultural-institutions-may-be.html . live.
  125. News: Stevenson . Tom . October 14, 1973 . The Brooklyn Botanic Garden ... 12,000 Plants and One Woman: The Brooklyn Botanic Garden ... 12,000 Plants and One Woman . K18 . The Washington Post, Times Herald . 0190-8286 . . none.
    News: March 24, 1972 . New Garden Director . 135 . Newsday . newspapers.com . July 30, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730185017/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-new-garden-dire/129141063/ . live.
  126. News: February 4, 1973 . Botanic Garden Gets Chief . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730180215/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/02/04/archives/botanic-garden-gets-chief.html . live. none.
    News: Jones . Bea . February 24, 1973 . Woman Director Will Guide Work at Botanic Gardens . 2B . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  127. News: Schuman . Wendy . April 15, 1973 . Chief Gardener in Brooklyn . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730180217/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/04/15/archives/chief-gardener-in-brooklyn.html . live.
  128. News: Fischer . Muriel . June 24, 1973 . Zen Temple and Gardens Bloom Quietly in Brooklyn . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730220257/https://www.nytimes.com/1973/06/24/archives/zen-temple-and-gardens-bloom-quietly-in-brooklyn-a-zen-temple-and.html . live.
  129. News: June 20, 1975 . Metropolitan Briefs . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730183825/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/20/archives/metropolitan-briefs-bronx-slayer-draws-30year-minimum-botanic.html . live.
  130. News: June 22, 1975 . Brooklyn Garden Closing Mondays . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730183824/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/06/22/archives/brooklyn-pages-brooklyn-garden-closing-mondays.html . live.
  131. News: Forgang . Isabel . June 6, 1977 . Globetrotting in Brooklyn's Botanic Garden . 249 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 30, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730191125/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-globetrotting-in-brooklyns-b/129144607/ . live.
  132. News: Shepard . Joan . June 21, 1979 . Four from Bay Ridge graduate from LIU . 672 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 30, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730210147/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-four-from-bay-ridge-graduate/129151586/ . live.
  133. News: June 2, 1980 . Shakespeare Gardens Flourish 'Under the Blossom That Hangs on the Bough'; Contains 80 Plants No Qualms About Choices . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723173911/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/02/archives/shakespeare-gardens-flourish-under-the-blossom-that-hangs-on-the.html . live.
  134. News: June 28, 1980 . Donald Moore Named Botanic Garden Head . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730210147/https://www.nytimes.com/1980/06/28/archives/donald-moore-named-botanic-garden-head.html . live. none.
    News: June 29, 1980 . CPR Course Is Offered . 202 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 30, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730210147/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-cpr-course-is-offered/129152175/ . live.
  135. News: Roberts . Sam . October 11, 2018 . Donald E. Moore, Who Expanded Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Dies at 90 . en . The New York Times . July 27, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728000633/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/10/11/obituaries/donald-moore-dead.html . live.
  136. News: Alexander . Ron . July 23, 1982 . City's Bucolic Havens Welcome Weddings . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730210147/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/23/style/city-s-bucolic-havens-welcome-weddings.html . live.
  137. News: Chira . Susan . 1982-05-03 . Japan's Cherry Festival Re-created in Brooklyn: For Japanese, Cherry Trees Recall Home . en . The New York Times . 2023-08-23 . 0362-4331.
  138. News: Banner . Randy . September 15, 1983 . Species Go Public . 4 . Newsday . newspapers.com . July 23, 2023 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723181143/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-species-go-public/128728533/ . live.
  139. News: July 21, 1983 . News Briefs . 142 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 30, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730221626/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-news-briefs/129154395/ . live.
  140. News: Yarrow . Andrew L. . November 14, 1986 . Brooklyn's Best and Brightest; Woodlands and Exotic Gardens . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731151316/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/11/14/arts/brooklyn-s-best-and-brightest-woodlands-and-exotic-gardens.html . live.
  141. News: Santangelo . Mike . January 9, 1984 . Garden blooms new showplace . 76 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 30, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730220256/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-garden-blooms-new-showplace/129157133/ . live.
  142. Web site: May 13, 1911 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Highlights : NYC Parks . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121103055821/http://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/brooklynbotanicgarden/history . November 3, 2012 . July 23, 2023 . New York City Department of Parks & Recreation.
  143. News: Farrell . Bill . August 9, 1987 . Garden Honors New Crop of Brooklyn's Elite . 646 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 31, 2023 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731194118/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-garden-honors-new-crop-of-bro/129206258/ . live.
  144. News: Carmody . Deirdre . January 7, 1984 . Renovation Planned for Brooklyn Botanic Garden . en-US . The New York Times . July 23, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723173909/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/01/07/nyregion/renovation-planned-for-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html . live.
  145. 1185.
  146. News: May 19, 1984 . The City; Expansion Begins At Botanic Garden . en-US . The New York Times . July 23, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723173908/https://www.nytimes.com/1984/05/19/nyregion/the-city-expansion-begins-at-botanic-garden.html . live.
  147. Lyman . Rick . May 19, 1988 . A $25 Million Garden Blooms in Brooklyn . Philadelphia Inquirer . C.1 . .
  148. News: Goldberger . Paul . July 3, 1988 . Architecture View; Glass Houses for Trees That Grow In Brooklyn . en-US . The New York Times . July 23, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723165725/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/03/arts/architecture-view-glass-houses-for-trees-that-grow-in-brooklyn.html . live.
  149. News: Nerl . Daryl . March 15, 1988 . Building Grows at Botanic Garden New Conservatory to Show Exotic Plants in Their Natural Environment . 27 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  150. News: Raver . Anne . May 19, 1988 . A Trek Through Evolution . 234 . Newsday . newspapers.com . July 23, 2023 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723165725/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-a-trek-through/128724868/ . live.
  151. News: June 11, 1987 . Kresge Foundation awards grant to Brooklyn Botanic Garden . 12 . Italian Voice . .
  152. News: Morgan . Thomas . March 10, 1988 . Brooklyn's Big Garden Is Growing Bigger . en-US . The New York Times . July 23, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723165727/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/03/10/nyregion/brooklyn-s-big-garden-is-growing-bigger.html . live.
  153. News: Brown . Patricia Leigh . June 29, 1989 . Currents; At the Brooklyn Garden, A Growers' Gift Shop . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731155315/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/06/29/garden/currents-at-the-brooklyn-garden-a-growers-gift-shop.html . live.
  154. News: Roach . Margaret . September 21, 1989 . A New Discovery A Brooklyn Botanic Garden facility offers children an education in gardening and nature . 5 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  155. News: Howe . Marvine . July 5, 1990 . Botanic Garden Loses a Leader, Gains a Legacy . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730210146/https://www.nytimes.com/1990/07/05/nyregion/botanic-garden-loses-a-leader-gains-a-legacy.html . live.
  156. News: Judith D. Zuk, 55, Who Ran the Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Is Dead. Martin. Douglas. September 6, 2007. The New York Times. January 9, 2020. en-US. 0362-4331. September 13, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220913012341/https://www.nytimes.com/2007/09/06/nyregion/06zuk.html. live.
  157. News: September 15, 1992 . Crown Heights/New Garden of Insights . 32 . Newsday . newspapers.com . July 31, 2023 . August 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230801235739/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-crown-heightsnew-garden-of-insi/129194306/ . live. none.
    News: Leimbach . Dulcie . September 25, 1992 . For Children . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731155313/https://www.nytimes.com/1992/09/25/arts/for-children.html . live.
  158. News: Kaufman . Bill . August 10, 1993 . Spotlight . 61 . Newsday . newspapers.com . July 31, 2023 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731164829/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-spotlight/129194932/ . live.
  159. News: Martin . Douglas . January 26, 1996 . The Garden In Brooklyn Plans to Levy Entrance Fee . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . May 26, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150526171445/http://www.nytimes.com/1996/01/26/nyregion/the-garden-in-brooklyn-plans-to-levy-entrance-fee.html . live.
  160. Web site: Williams . Laura . January 30, 1996 . A Fee Grows in Brooklyn; Botanic Garden to Charge Admission . July 31, 2023 . New York Daily News . May 23, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170523083947/http://www.nydailynews.com/archives/boroughs/fee-grows-brooklyn-botanic-garden-charge-admission-article-1.722031 . live.
  161. News: Baillou . Charles . April 6, 1996 . Botanic Garden Admission Fee Rattles Brooklyn Activists Who Urge Rollback . 9 . New York Amsterdam News . .
  162. News: Herszenhorn . David M. . November 29, 1998 . Little Iron Horses Upstage the Garden Flora . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731170420/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/nyregion/little-iron-horses-upstage-the-garden-flora.html . live.
  163. News: Martin . Douglas . February 21, 1999 . Restoring the Glory Of a Japanese Jewel . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731170415/https://www.nytimes.com/1999/02/21/nyregion/restoring-the-glory-of-a-japanese-jewel.html . live.
  164. News: Shelby . Joyce . May 24, 2000 . Japanese Hill & Pond Garden Reopening . 461 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 29, 2023 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184701/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-japanese-hill-pond-garden-r/129081764/ . live.
  165. News: Raver . Anne . June 18, 2000 . Travel Advisory; Japanese Garden Restored . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . October 5, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221005103759/https://www.nytimes.com/2000/06/18/travel/travel-advisory-japanese-garden-restored.html . live.
  166. News: Allen . Michael O. . January 24, 2002 . Museum plan takes root, minus trees . 101 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 29, 2023 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184703/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-museum-plan-takes-root-minus/129081556/ . live.
  167. News: Hevesi . Dennis . November 16, 2003 . Postings: A 50-Foot-High Glass Cone; New Entrance To Gardens In Brooklyn . en . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184701/https://www.nytimes.com/2003/11/16/realestate/postings-a-50-foot-high-glass-cone-new-entrance-to-gardens-in-brooklyn.html . live.
  168. Kreinin Souccar . Miriam . October 3, 2005 . Brooklyn's green thumb . Crain's New York Business . 21 . 40 . 37 . .
  169. Web site: May 2, 2008 . Magnificent magnolias – BBG marks 75th anniversary of Judith D. Zuk Plaza . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Paper . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731204528/https://www.brooklynpaper.com/magnificent-magnolias-bbg-marks-75th-anniversary-of-judith-d-zuk-plaza/ . live.
  170. Web site: September 5, 2007 . Judith Zuk, 55, President of Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 31, 2023 . The New York Sun . August 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230802000239/https://www.nysun.com/article/obituaries-judith-zuk-55-president-of-brooklyn-botanic-garden . live.
  171. Web site: Williamson . Alex . June 18, 2019 . 'A wild place:' Brooklyn Botanic president looks back on 14 years at the helm . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Eagle . June 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230602155254/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2019/06/18/scot-medbury-brooklyn-botanic/ . live.
  172. Web site: McElroy . Steven . March 15, 2007 . Arts, Briefly; Brooklyn Botanic Building Gets Landmark Status . July 27, 2023 . The New York Times . en . January 16, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180116164123/http://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9E00E4DC1E31F936A25750C0A9619C8B63 . live.
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  247. Web site: Smith . Rachel Holliday . January 27, 2015 . Rebuilt Children's Garden to Open at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden in June . July 27, 2023 . DNAinfo New York . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727030627/https://www.dnainfo.com/new-york/20150127/prospect-heights/rebuilt-childrens-garden-open-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden-june/ . dead.
  248. Web site: Water Garden . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230601062009/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/water_garden . June 1, 2023 . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
  249. Web site: October 24, 2016 . New Brooklyn Botanic Garden water garden inspired by NY wetlands . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200113181305/https://archpaper.com/2016/10/brooklyn-botanic-garden-water-garden/ . January 13, 2020 . January 13, 2020 . Archpaper.com . en-US.
  250. Web site: Lily Pool Terrace and Borders . July 25, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725225439/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/lily_pool_terrace_and_borders . live.
  251. Web site: Lyons . Bill . May 2, 2015 . NYC-area day trips by ferry & train: Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 28, 2023 . silive . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728182358/https://www.silive.com/seen/2015/05/nyc-area_day_trips_by_ferry_an_1.html . live.
  252. Web site: September 17, 2021 . The Woodland Garden at Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 28, 2023 . Michael Van Valkenburgh Associates Inc . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728000633/https://www.mvvainc.com/projects/the-woodland-garden-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden-copy . live.
  253. News: Russell . James S. . October 22, 2020 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Turns Over a New Leaf . en-US . The New York Times . July 25, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725225435/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/10/22/arts/design/brooklyn-botanic-garden-reopen.html . live.
  254. Web site: Woodland Garden . July 28, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 28, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230728000634/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/woodland_garden . live.
  255. Web site: Rock Garden . July 25, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725225439/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/rock_garden . live.
  256. News: 1935-01-13. Old Brooklyn-Flatbush Line Marked in Botanic Garden. 2024-02-09. The Brooklyn Daily Eagle. 14.
  257. Web site: Plant Family Collection . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20221127050841/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/plant_family_collection . November 27, 2022 . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden.
  258. Web site: Celebrity Path . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . May 10, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230510155957/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/celebrity_path . live.
  259. News: Barry . Dan . May 12, 2004 . About New York; A Path Of Glory, So Fleeting . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . December 30, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221230175242/https://www.nytimes.com/2004/05/12/nyregion/about-new-york-a-path-of-glory-so-fleeting.html . live.
  260. News: Beery . Zoë . July 8, 2024 . The Untold Saga of the Guy Who Defaced Alan Dershowitz's Honorary Stone at the Brooklyn Botanic Garden . subscription . July 8, 2024 . Hell Gate.
  261. Web site: OverlookBrooklyn Botanic Garden . July 25, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725225438/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/overlook . live. none.
    Web site: May 22, 2018 . Robert W. Wilson Overlook . July 25, 2023 . Architect . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725225438/https://www.architectmagazine.com/project-gallery/robert-w-wilson-overlook_o . live.
  262. Web site: Davidson . Justin . November 20, 2019 . The Brooklyn Botanic Garden Renovates, and Faces an Existential Threat . July 26, 2023 . Intelligencer . July 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726005356/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2019/11/review-new-visitor-center-at-the-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html . live.
  263. Web site: Spivack . Caroline . November 18, 2019 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden unveils sculptural path with scenic vista . July 31, 2023 . Curbed NY . July 25, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230725225437/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/11/18/20970823/brooklyn-botanic-garden-new-path-views . live.
  264. Web site: Bonsai Museum . July 23, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . April 21, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230421134313/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/bonsai_museum . live.
  265. Web site: Aquatic House and Orchid Collection . July 23, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723165732/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/aquatic_house_and_orchid_collection . live.
  266. News: Fountain . Henry . November 29, 1998 . Stephen Tim, 61, Plant Expert At Brooklyn Botanic Garden . en-US . The New York Times . July 23, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723165731/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/11/29/nyregion/stephen-tim-61-plant-expert-at-brooklyn-botanic-garden.html . live.
  267. News: Fan . Maureen . November 29, 1989 . North Hempstead Will Tend Garden . 17 . Newsday . newspapers.com . July 31, 2023 . August 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230802003244/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-north-hempstead/129192599/ . live.
  268. Web site: Trail of Plant Evolution . July 23, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 23, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230723165726/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/trail_of_plant_evolution . live.
  269. 518.
  270. July 1914 . Opening of the Tropical Economic House . The Record . Brooklyn Botanic Garden. . 3 . 3 . 91 . none.
  271. Web site: May 10, 2012 . Architects Triumph With New Botanic Garden Visitor Center . July 30, 2023 . Curbed NY . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730220257/https://ny.curbed.com/2012/5/10/10372354/architects-triumph-with-new-botanic-garden-visitor-center . live.
  272. Web site: Garden Apprentice Program . July 27, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 27, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727010358/https://www.bbg.org/learn/gap . live.
  273. Web site: Discovery Garden . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . May 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230514070205/https://www.bbg.org/collections/gardens/discovery_garden . live.
  274. Morgan . Susan Conlon . Hamilton . Susan L. . Bentley . Michael L. . Myrie . Sharon . July 2009 . Environmental Education in Botanic Gardens: Exploring Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Project Green Reach . The Journal of Environmental Education . en . 40 . 4 . 35–52 . 10.3200/JOEE.40.4.35-52 . 2009JEnEd..40d..35M . 143983038 . 0095-8964 . 2023-08-02 . 2022-06-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220615160219/https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.3200/JOEE.40.4.35-52 . live.
  275. News: May 12, 1935 . 25th Birthday To Be Observed By Brooklyn Botanic Garden: Many Notables to Take Part in Four-Day Program Beginning Tomorrow . 30B . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  276. News: 11 Oct 1949 . Going On in New York: Brooklyn Botanic Garden To Conduct 'Fall Rose Day' . 24 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  277. Book: McCully, B. . City at the Water's Edge: A Natural History of New York . Rutgers University Press . Biologia e historia natural . 2007 . 978-0-8135-3915-7 . March 2, 2024 . 108.
  278. News: Stamler . Bernard . September 13, 1998 . Neighborhood Report: New York on Line; Going Green on Screen . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731170420/https://www.nytimes.com/1998/09/13/nyregion/neighborhood-report-new-york-on-line-going-green-on-screen.html . live.
  279. Web site: April 2, 2010 . The New York Metropolitan Flora Project . July 31, 2023 . WNYC . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731161822/https://www.wnyc.org/story/60370-the-new-york-metropolitan-flora-project/ . live.
  280. Book: Flint . H.L. . Landscape Plants for Eastern North America: Exclusive of Florida and the Immediate Gulf Coast . Lyverse . J.M. . Wiley . 1997 . 978-0-471-59919-7 . 355–356 . 2023-08-02 . 2023-07-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730210151/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q1_fAywb_bkC&pg=PA355 . live.
  281. Web site: Herbarium . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . August 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230802002910/https://www.bbg.org/collections/herbarium . live.
  282. Web site: Brooklyn Botanic Garden, Global Plants on JSTOR . July 31, 2023 . Global Plants on JSTOR . November 28, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221128084604/https://plants.jstor.org/partner/BKL . live.
  283. Web site: BBG Library . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730214654/https://www.bbg.org/gardening/library . live.
  284. Web site: April 23, 2016 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden - Go Green Brooklyn . July 30, 2023 . Go Green Brooklyn . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012023/https://gogreenbk.org/brooklyn-botanic-garden-greenbridge/ . live.
  285. Web site: August 10, 2022 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden makes Brooklyn greener far beyond its own walls . July 30, 2023 . Brooklyn Eagle . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012021/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2022/08/10/brooklyn-botanic-garden-makes-brooklyn-greener-far-beyond-its-own-walls/ . live.
  286. Web site: Ricciulli . Valeria . August 9, 2019 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden crowns the borough's greenest block . July 30, 2023 . Curbed NY . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012021/https://ny.curbed.com/2019/8/9/20798757/crown-heights-greenest-block-brooklyn-botanic-garden . live.
  287. News: August 10, 2022 . The Greenest Block Grows in Brooklyn . en . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012021/https://www.nytimes.com/2022/08/10/nyregion/urban-garden-award-brooklyn.html . live.
  288. News: Klockenbrink . Myra . February 13, 1986 . Learning the Care of Street Trees . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731151316/https://www.nytimes.com/1986/02/13/garden/learning-the-care-of-street-trees.html . live.
  289. Web site: Community Garden Alliance . July 30, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012021/https://www.bbg.org/community/cga . live.
  290. Web site: Street Tree Stewardship . July 30, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012022/https://www.bbg.org/community/street_trees . live.
  291. Book: Benfield, Richard W. . New Directions in Garden Tourism . CABI . 2020 . 978-1-78924-176-1 . 132 . 2023-08-02 . 2023-07-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012021/https://books.google.com/books?id=t3cREAAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 . live.
  292. News: Bazzi . Mohamed . February 10, 1995 . Green Movement Gets the Blues Composting projects by funding cuts . B15 . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  293. News: Raver . Anne . June 16, 2001 . Cuttings: A Land Rush for Compost in the City . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731180730/https://www.nytimes.com/2001/06/16/living/cuttings-a-land-rush-for-compost-in-the-city.html . live.
  294. Web site: BBG's Guide to Composting . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 26, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230726012512/https://www.bbg.org/gardening/composting . live.
  295. News: February 18, 1912 . Botanic Garden Scheme Outlined in 'Record' . 42 . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724174548/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-daily-eagle-botanic-garden/128786590/ . live.
  296. News: February 10, 1912 . Institute Is in Favor of Endowed Theatre . 6 . The Brooklyn Citizen . newspapers.com . July 24, 2023 . July 24, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230724174548/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-brooklyn-citizen-institute-is-in-fav/128787008/ . live.
  297. Web site: Brooklyn Botanic Garden Record archives . July 27, 2023 . The Online Books Page . January 3, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230103053248/https://onlinebooks.library.upenn.edu/webbin/serial?id=bklynbotgardrec . live.
  298. Web site: November 28, 1998 . The Holly & the Ivy: Holiday Books . July 27, 2023 . Hartford Courant . July 7, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210707154037/https://www.courant.com/news/connecticut/hc-xpm-1998-11-28-9811280447-story.html . live.
  299. Web site: Imprints - Sterling Publishing . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170830235239/https://www.sterlingpublishing.com/imprints/ . August 30, 2017 . September 17, 2017.
  300. Hansell . Betsey . December 18, 1998 . Reference is Designed to Delight a Browser: 816 Pages of Data Gleaned From the Brooklyn Botanic Garden . Philadelphia Inquirer . E.1 . .
  301. Web site: Historic Images . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . August 2, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230802002804/https://www.bbg.org/collections/historicimages . live.
  302. News: Solis . Marie . March 20, 2023 . When Cherry Blossom Heads Know It's 'Game Time' . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731215853/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/03/20/style/cherry-blossom-trackers.html . live.
  303. Web site: Volunteer . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . July 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230701103229/https://www.bbg.org/support/volunteer . live.
  304. Book: Spencer . T.S. . Gardens Across America: The American Horticultural Society's Guide to American Public Gardens and Arboreta . Russell . J.J. . Taylor Trade Pub. . 2005 . 978-1-58979-102-2 . G - Reference,Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series . 256 . v. 1 . 2023-08-02 . 2023-08-02 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230802003243/https://books.google.com/books?id=uWWY9pXjKmUC&pg=PA256 . live.
  305. News: Faust . Joan Lee . July 11, 1982 . Botanic Study Unit Takes a New Name . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729202257/https://www.nytimes.com/1982/07/11/nyregion/botanic-study-unit-takes-a-new-name.html . live.
  306. News: January 13, 1959 . $10,000,000 IBM Laboratory at Yorktown Waits Approval . 76 . The Daily Item . newspapers.com . July 29, 2023 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729190523/https://www.newspapers.com/article/the-daily-item-10000000-ibm-laborator/129083724/ . live.
  307. News: October 17, 1958 . Research Unit Set by Botanic Garden . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729184706/https://www.nytimes.com/1958/10/17/archives/research-unit-set-by-botanic-garden.html . live.
  308. News: Dade . Denslow M. . November 9, 1958 . Botanic Garden Starts Work on Antibiotics Lab . 33 . New York Herald Tribune . 1941-0646 . .
  309. News: May 20, 1962 . Big Nursery Boon to Botanic Garden . 546 . Daily News . newspapers.com . July 30, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012021/https://www.newspapers.com/article/daily-news-big-nursery-boon-to-botanic-g/129108983/ . live.
  310. News: Ames . Lynne . September 27, 1981 . Kitchawan Honoring 2 Hardy Perennials . en-US . The New York Times . July 30, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730210149/https://www.nytimes.com/1981/09/27/nyregion/kitchawan-honoring-2-hardy-pe-rennials.html . live.
  311. News: Ames . Lynne . July 31, 1988 . The View From: The Kitchawan Field Station; A Shrinking World of Microscopes Still Broadens Horizons . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729202257/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/07/31/nyregion/the-view-from-the-kitchawan-field-station-a-shrinking-world-of.html . live.
  312. News: Bryant . Nelson . May 6, 1977 . Out of Doors . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729202256/https://www.nytimes.com/1977/05/06/archives/out-of-doors.html . live.
  313. Web site: May 30, 2018 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Transfers 245 Acres to Teatown . July 29, 2023 . Yonkers Times . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729210153/https://yonkerstimes.com/brooklyn-botanic-garden-transfers-245-acres-to-teatown/ . live.
  314. Web site: McKinney . Michael P. . May 22, 2018 . No worries, Teatown hikers and visitors: Land will be protected . July 29, 2023 . lohud.com . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729202256/https://www.lohud.com/story/news/local/westchester/ossining/2018/05/22/teatown-hikers-visitors-land-protected/632409002/ . live.
  315. News: Faust . Joan Lee . June 5, 1988 . An Island of Sequestered Wildflowers . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729202256/https://www.nytimes.com/1988/06/05/nyregion/an-island-of-sequestered-wildflowers.html . live.
  316. News: June 11, 1966 . Botanic Garden Given 12-Acre Estate on L.I. . en-US . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205113/https://www.nytimes.com/1966/06/11/archives/botanic-garden-given-12acre-estate-on-li.html . live.
  317. News: June 18, 1966 . Memorial Garden to Open in '68 . 35W . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  318. Web site: Hendrixson . Jed . January 8, 2019 . Town's Clark Botanic Garden to receive renovations in 50th year - News . July 29, 2023 . The Island 360 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205124/https://theisland360.com/news-98/towns-clark-botanic-garden-to-receive-renovations-in-50th-year/ . live.
  319. News: October 4, 1969 . Garden Notes . 38 . Newsday (Nassau Edition) . newspapers.com . July 30, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730012021/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-nassau-edition-garden-notes/129109329/ . live.
  320. News: Bernstein . Phyllis . May 18, 1975 . Brooklyn Garden Touches Nassau . en . The New York Times . July 29, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729205113/https://www.nytimes.com/1975/05/18/archives/brooklyn-garden-touches-nassau-early-harvest.html . live.
  321. News: Jones . Bea . May 1, 1975 . Clark Memorial Garden-- Brooklyn's oasis on LI . 13A . Newsday . newspapers.com . 2574-5298 . . August 2, 2023 . July 30, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230730185707/https://www.newspapers.com/article/newsday-suffolk-edition-clark-memorial/129143970/ . live.
  322. Web site: December 10, 2018 . Clark Botanic Garden to celebrate 50 years in 2019 . July 29, 2023 . The Island Now . July 29, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729202256/https://theislandnow.com/clark-botanic-garden-to-celebrate-50-years-in-2019/ . live.
  323. Web site: Membership Rate Change . Brooklyn Botanic Garden . January 3, 2023 . March 1, 2023 . March 1, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301140450/https://www.bbg.org/support/membership_rate_change . live.
  324. News: Schmidt . Ann W. . 26 Apr 2016 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden's Cherry Blossom Festival Returns to Prospect Park . Newsday . 2574-5298 . .
  325. News: Carmel . Julia . Meko . Hurubie . April 13, 2023 . Where to See New York City's Cherry Blossoms . en-US . The New York Times . July 31, 2023 . 0362-4331 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731180736/https://www.nytimes.com/article/nyc-cherry-blossoms.html . live.
  326. Web site: Sprung . Shlomo . October 3, 2017 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden holds 25th Annual Chile Pepper Festival . July 31, 2023 . Brooklyn Eagle . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731180730/https://brooklyneagle.com/articles/2017/10/03/brooklyn-botanic-garden-holds-25th-annual-chile-pepper-festival/ . live.
  327. Web site: Weaver . Shaye . This eye-catching light extravaganza is now open in Brooklyn . Time Out New York . October 23, 2023 . January 27, 2024.
  328. Web site: Bisram . Jennifer . Brooklyn Botanic Garden lights up for the holidays . CBS New York . November 18, 2023 . January 27, 2024.
  329. Web site: Kadet . Anne . June 4, 2019 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Draws Visitors in Spades on a Modest Budget . July 31, 2023 . The Wall Street Journal . 0099-9660 . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731170419/https://www.wsj.com/articles/brooklyn-botanic-garden-draws-visitors-in-spades-on-a-modest-budget-11559656801 . live.
  330. Web site: Suozzo . Andrea . Schwencke . Ken . Tigas . Mike . Wei . Sisi . Glassford . Alec . Roberts . Brandon . May 9, 2013 . Brooklyn Botanic Garden Corporation - Nonprofit Explorer . July 31, 2023 . ProPublica . July 31, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230731170420/https://projects.propublica.org/nonprofits/organizations/112417338 . live.

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