Yorkshire dialect explained

Yorkshire dialect
State:England
Region:Yorkshire
Coordinates:54°N -2°W
Ethnicity:Yorkshire British; various
Familycolor:Indo-European
Fam2:Germanic
Fam3:West Germanic
Fam4:Ingvaeonic
Fam5:Anglo-Frisian
Fam6:Anglic
Ancestor:Old English
Ancestor2:Middle English (Northern Middle English (North and East Riding), East Midlands Middle English (West Riding dialect))
Dialects:Traditionally divided between the West Riding, the North Riding, and East Riding dialects. Different varieties exist within the various dialects of Yorkshire, shaped by geography & culture.
Map:Yorkshire UK 1851 locator map.svg
Mapcaption:Location of Yorkshire within England
Notice:IPA
Isoexception:dialect

Yorkshire dialect (also known as Broad Yorkshire, Tyke, Yorkie, or Yorkshire English) is a geographic grouping of several dialects of English spoken in the Yorkshire region of Northern England.[1] The varieties have roots in Old English and are influenced to a greater extent by Old Norse than Standard English is. Yorkshire experienced drastic dialect levelling in the 20th century, eroding many traditional features, though variation and even innovations persist, at both the regional and sub-regional levels.[2] [3] Organisations such as the Yorkshire Dialect Society and the East Riding Dialect Society exist to promote the survival of the more traditional features.[4]

The dialects have been represented in classic works of literature such as Wuthering Heights, Nicholas Nickleby and The Secret Garden, and linguists have documented variations of the dialects since the 19th century. In the mid-20th century, the Survey of English Dialects collected dozens of recordings of authentic Yorkshire dialects.

Early history and written accounts

Based on fragments of early studies on the dialect, there seem to have been few distinctions across large areas: in the early 14th century, the traditional Northumbrian dialect of Yorkshire showed few differences compared to the dialect spoken in Aberdeen, now often considered a separate Scots language.[5] [6] The dialect has been widely studied since the 19th century, including an early work by William Stott Banks in 1865 on the dialect of Wakefield,[7] and another by Joseph Wright who used an early form of phonetic notation in a description of the dialect of Windhill, near Bradford.[8] Significant works that covered all of England include Alexander John Ellis's 1899 book On Early English Pronunciation, Part V, and the English Dialect Dictionary, which was published in six volumes between 1898 and 1905.

Charles Dickens' Nicholas Nickleby (1839) and Emily Brontë's Wuthering Heights (1847) are notable 19th century works of literature which include examples of contemporary Yorkshire dialects. The following is an excerpt of Brontë's use of contemporary West Riding dialect from Haworth in Wuthering Heights, with a translation to standard English below:

'Aw wonder how yah can faishion to stand thear i' idleness un war, when all on 'ems goan out! Bud yah're a nowt, and it's no use talking—yah'll niver mend o'yer ill ways, but goa raight to t' divil, like yer mother afore ye!''I wonder how you can dare to stand there in idleness and worse, when all of them have gone out! But you're a nobody, and it's no use talking—you'll never mend your evil ways, but go straight to the Devil, like your mother before you!

Geographic distribution

Yorkshire covers a large area, and the dialect is not the same in all areas. In fact, the dialects of the North and East Ridings are fairly different from that of the West Riding, as they display Northumbrian characteristics rather than Mercian ones.[9] The Yorkshire Dialect Society draws a border roughly at the River Wharfe between two main zones. The area southwest of the river is Mercian in origin, with origins in the East Midlands dialects, whilst that to the northeast, like Geordie, the Cumbrian dialect and the Scots language, is descended from the Northumbrian dialect. The distinction was first made by A. J. Ellis in On Early English Pronunciation.[10] The division was approved of by Joseph Wright, the founder of the Yorkshire Dialect Society and the author of the English Dialect Dictionary. Investigations at village level by the dialect analysts Stead (1906), Sheard (1945) and Rohrer (1950) mapped a border between the two areas.[11] A rough border between the two areas was mapped by the Swiss linguist Fritz Rohrer, having undertaken village-based research in areas indicated by previous statements by Richard Stead and J.A. Sheard, although there were "buffer areas" in which a mixed dialect was used, such as a large area between Leeds and Ripon, and also at Whitgift, near Goole.[12]

One report explains the geographic difference in detail:[13]

This distinction was first recognised formally at the turn of the 19th / 20th centuries, when linguists drew an isophone diagonally across the county from the northwest to the southeast, separating these two broadly distinguishable ways of speaking. It can be extended westwards through Lancashire to the estuary of the River Lune, and is sometimes called the Humber-Lune Line. Strictly speaking, the dialects spoken south and west of this isophone are Midland dialects, whereas the dialects spoken north and east of it are truly Northern. It is possible that the Midland influence came up into the region with people migrating towards the manufacturing districts of the West Riding during the Industrial Revolution.

Over time, speech has become closer to Standard English and some of the features that once distinguished one town from another have disappeared. In 1945, J. A. Sheard predicted that various influences "will probably result in the production of a standard West Riding dialect", and K. M. Petyt found in 1985 that "such a situation is at least very nearly in existence".

Authentic recordings

The Survey of English Dialects in the 1950s, 1960s and 1970s recorded over 30 examples of authentic Yorkshire dialects which can be heard online via the British Library Sound Archive.[14] Below is a selection of recordings from this archive:

Pronunciation

Some features of Yorkshire pronunciation are general features of northern English accents. Many of them are listed in the northern English accents section on the English English page.

Vowels

Due to dialect levelling, however, these sounds were merged into the modern monophthong pronounced as /[oː]/, pronounced as /[ɔː]/ and pronounced as /[ɵː]/ (east riding) by the 1950s.

The following features are recessive or even extinct; generally, they are less common amongst younger than older speakers in modern Yorkshire:

Consonants

Some consonant changes amongst the younger generation are typical of younger speakers across England, but are not part of the traditional dialect:

The following are typical of the older generation:

Rhoticity

At the time of the Survey of English Dialects, most places in Yorkshire were non-rhotic, but full rhoticity could be found in Swaledale, Lonsdale, Ribblesdale, and the rural area west of Halifax and Huddersfield. In addition, the area along the east coast of Yorkshire retained rhoticity when pronounced as //r// was in final position though not when it was in preconsonantal position (e.g. farmer pronounced as /[ˈfaːmɚ]/). A 1981 MA study found that rhoticity persisted in the towns of Hebden Bridge, Lumbutts, and Todmorden in Upper Calderdale.[31]

Rhoticity seems to have been more widespread in Yorkshire in the late 19th and early 20th centuries: for example, the city of Wakefield was marked as rhotic in the works of A. J. Ellis, and the recording of a prisoner of war from Wakefield in the Berliner Lautarchiv displays rhotic speech, but the speech of Wakefield nowadays is firmly non-rhotic.[32]

Further information

These features can be found in the English Accents and Dialects collection on the British Library website. This website features samples of Yorkshire (and elsewhere in England) speech in wma format, with annotations on phonology with X-SAMPA phonetic transcriptions, lexis and grammar.

See also

Vocabulary and grammar

A list of non-standard grammatical features of Yorkshire speech is given below. In formal settings, these features are castigated and, as a result, their use is recessive. They are most common among older speakers and among the working class.

Contracted negatives

In informal Yorkshire speech, negatives may be more contracted than in other varieties of English. These forms are shown in the table below. Although the final consonant is written as pronounced as /[t]/, this may be realised as pronounced as /[ʔ]/, especially when followed by a consonant.

width=199Word!width=199Primary Contraction!width=199Secondary Contraction
isn't pronounced as /ɪznt/ pronounced as /ɪnt/
wasn't pronounced as /wɒznt/ pronounced as /wɒnt/
doesn't pronounced as /dʊznt/ pronounced as /dʊnt/
didn't pronounced as /dɪdnt/ pronounced as /dɪnt/
couldn't pronounced as /kʊdnt/ pronounced as /kʊnt/
shouldn't pronounced as /ʃʊdnt/ pronounced as /ʃʊnt/
wouldn't pronounced as /wʊdnt/ pronounced as /wʊnt/
oughtn't pronounced as /ɔːtnt/ pronounced as /ɔːnt/
needn't pronounced as /niːdnt/ pronounced as /niːnt/
mightn't pronounced as /maɪtnt/ pronounced as /maɪnt/
mustn't pronounced as /mʊsnt/ pronounced as /mʊnt/ (uncommon)
hasn't pronounced as /haznt/ pronounced as /ant/
haven't pronounced as /havnt/ pronounced as /ant/

Hadn't does not become reduced to pronounced as /[ant]/. This may be to avoid confusion with hasn't or haven't, which can both be realised as pronounced as /[ant]/.

Yorkshire Dialect Society

The Yorkshire Dialect Society exists to promote and preserve the use of this extensively studied and recorded dialect. After many years of low activity, the Society gained some media attention in 2023 with their "Let's Talk Tyke" classes, teaching the traditional dialect to Yorkshire residents.[34]

The Yorkshire Dialect Society is the oldest of England's county dialect societies; it grew out of a committee of workers formed to collect material for the English Dialect Dictionary. The committee was formed in October 1894 at Joseph Wright's suggestion, and the Yorkshire Dialect Society was founded in 1897. It publishes an annual volume of The Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society; the contents of this include studies of English dialects outside Yorkshire, e.g. the dialects of Northumberland, and Shakespeare's use of dialect.[35] It also publishes an annual Summer Bulletin of dialect poetry.

In the early 1930s, the society recorded gramophone records of dialect speakers from Baildon, Cleveland, Cowling, Driffield and Sheffield. The recording from Cowling was provided by Lord Snowden of Ickornshaw.[36]

Significant members of the society have included Joseph Wright, Walter Skeat, Harold Orton, Stanley Ellis, J. D. A. Widdowson, K. M. Petyt, Graham Shorrocks, Frank Elgee, and Clive Upton.

Although Joseph Wright was involved in the Society's foundation, the Society's annual Transactions published one of the first critiques of his work in 1977. Peter Anderson, then the editor of the Transactions, argued that Wright took much of his material for his work English Dialect Grammar without sufficient citation from the work of Alexander John Ellis and that Wright did Ellis "a disservice" by criticising this same work.[37]

Examples of traditional Yorkshire dialect

West Riding Dialect Standard English
T'bairns wor aat laikin.[bɛːnz wəɾ aːt leːkɪn] The children were out playing.
What time is it?[wat taːɪ̯m ɪz ɪt] What time is it?
It wor a grand day.[ɪt wəɾ ə ɡɾand deː] It was a great day.
Aw heven't etten nowt today.[a ɛvənt ɛtən nɒʊ̯t tədeː]I haven't eaten anything today.
Aw usually stop at hoam i t'e'emin.[a (j)iʊ̯zəlɪ stɒp ət uəm ɪt iːmɪn] I usually stay at home in the evening.
Shoo's read fifteen books this year.[ʃəz ɾɛd fɪftiːn buːks ðɪs jiə] She's read fifteen books this year.
He hugg'd a poak up a stee whol his rig wark'd.[ɪ ʊɡd ə puək ʊp ə stiː wɒl ɪz ɾɪɡ waːkt] He carried a bag up a ladder until his back ached.
Tha cud mak moor brass aat on't if tha tried.[ða kʊd mak muə bɾas aːt ɒnt ɪf ða tɾaːɪ̯d] You could make more money out of it if you tried.
We hed to wesh ussens i cowd watter.[wɪ ɛd tə wɛʃ əsɛnz ɪ kɒʊ̯d watə] We had to wash ourselves]get washed in cold water.
It mud ha bin war.[ɪt mʊd ə bɪn waː] It might've been worse.
Yo can leead a hoss to t'troff, but yo can't mak him sup.[jə kən liəd ə ɒs tət tɾɒf bət jə kaːnt mak ɪm sʊp] You can lead a horse to the trough, but you can't make it drink.
Experience is a dear schooil, but fooils will leern i noo' other.[ɪkspiːɾiəns ɪz ə diə skuɪl bət fuɪlz wəl liən ɪ nuː ʊðə] Experience is a dear school, but fools will learn in no other (school).
Them at eyts t'moast puddin, gets t'moast meyt.[ðɛm ət ɛɪ̯ts muəst pʊdɪn ɡɛts muəst mɛɪ̯t] Those who eat the most pudding, get the most meat.
Here's hauf a craan; nip daan to t'chip-hoile an get uz a nice piece o haddock for uz teea.[iəz oːf ə kraːn nɪp daːn tət tʃɪpɒɪ̯l ən ɡɛɾ əz ə naːɪ̯s piːs ə adək fɒɾ əz tiə] Here's half a crown, nip down to the chip-shop and get us a nice piece of haddock for our supper.
Wud-ta like to donce wi me?[wʊdtə laːɪ̯k tə dɒns wɪ mɪ] Would you like to dance with me?
Wheer does-ta come fra? [wiə dʊstə kʊm fɾə] Where do you come from?
Aw can't go to t'party toneet becoss Aw've a lot to do.[a kaːnt ɡʊ tət paːtɪ təniːt bəkɒs av ə lɒt tə duː] I can't go to the party tonight because I've got a lot to do.
Aw doan't think Aw sall be puttin mi coit on wi haa warm it is.[a duənt θɪŋk a səl bɪ pʊɾɪn mɪ kɒɪ̯t ɒn wɪ aː waːm ɪt ɪz] I don't think I shall be putting my coat on with how warm it is.

Yorkshire dialect and accent in popular culture

Wilfred Pickles, a Yorkshireman born in Halifax, was selected by the BBC as an announcer for its North Regional radio service; he went on to be an occasional newsreader on the BBC Home Service during World War II. He was the first newsreader to speak in a regional accent rather than Received Pronunciation, "a deliberate attempt to make it more difficult for Nazis to impersonate BBC broadcasters",[38] and caused some comment with his farewell catchphrase "... and to all in the North, good neet".

The director Ken Loach has set several of his films in South or West Yorkshire and has stated that he does not want actors to deviate from their natural accent.[39] The relevant films by Loach include Kes (Barnsley), Days of Hope (first episode in south of West Yorkshire), The Price of Coal (South Yorkshire and Wakefield), The Gamekeeper (Sheffield), Looks and Smiles (Sheffield) and The Navigators (South and West Yorkshire). Loach's films were used in a French dialectological analysis on changing speech patterns in South Yorkshire. Loach said in his contribution that the speech in his recently released film The Navigators was less regionally-marked than in his early film Kes because of changing speech patterns in South Yorkshire, which the authors of the article interpreted as a move towards a more standard dialect of English.[40]

Dialect of the northern dales featured in the series All Creatures Great and Small.

A number of popular bands hail from Yorkshire and have distinctive Yorkshire accents. Singer-songwriter YUNGBLUD, originating from Doncaster, preserves a strong Yorkshire accent. Louis Tomlinson, who was a member of One Direction, is from Yorkshire and in his solo music his accent is often heard. Joe Elliott and Rick Savage, vocalist and bassist of Def Leppard; Alex Turner, vocalist of the Arctic Monkeys;[41] Jon McClure, of Reverend and The Makers;[42] Jon Windle, of Little Man Tate;[43] Jarvis Cocker, vocalist of Pulp;[44] and Joe Carnall, of Milburn[45] and Phil Oakey of The Human League are all known for their Sheffield accents, whilst The Cribs, who are from Netherton, sing in a Wakefield accent.[46] The Kaiser Chiefs originate in Leeds, as does the Brett Domino Trio, the musical project of comedian Rod J. Madin. Graham Fellows, in his persona as John Shuttleworth, uses his Sheffield accent, though his first public prominence was as cockney Jilted John. Toddla T, a former DJ on BBC Radio 1 and 1Xtra, has a strong Sheffield accent and often used on air the phrase "big up thysen" (an adaptation into Yorkshire dialect of the slang term "big up yourself" which is most often used in the music and pop culture of the Jamaican diaspora). Similarly, grime crews such as Scumfam use a modern Sheffield accent, which still includes some dialect words.

The Lyke Wake Dirge, written in old North Riding Dialect, was set to music by the folk band Steeleye Span. Although the band was not from Yorkshire, they attempted Yorkshire pronunciations in words such as "light" and "night" as pronounced as //li:t// and pronounced as //ni:t//.

Actor Sean Bean normally speaks with a Yorkshire accent in his acting roles, as does actor Matthew Lewis, famously known for playing Neville Longbottom in the Harry Potter films.[47] [48]

Wallace of Wallace and Gromit, voiced by Peter Sallis, has his accent from Holme Valley of West Yorkshire, despite the character living in nearby Lancashire. Sallis has said that creator Nick Park wanted a Lancashire accent, but Sallis could only manage to do a Yorkshire one.[49] The late British Poet Laureate, Ted Hughes originated from Mytholmroyd, close to the border with Lancashire, and spent much of his childhood in Mexborough, South Yorkshire.[50] His own readings of his work were noted for his "flinty" or "granite" voice and "distinctive accent"[51] [52] and some said that his Yorkshire accent affected the rhythm of his poetry.[53]

The soap opera Emmerdale, formerly Emmerdale Farm, was noted for use of broad Yorkshire, but the storylines involving numerous incomers have diluted the dialect until it is hardly heard.

In the ITV Edwardian/interwar period drama Downton Abbey, set at a fictional country estate in North Yorkshire between Thirsk and Ripon, many of the servants and nearly all of the local villagers have Yorkshire accents. BBC One series Happy Valley and Last Tango in Halifax, both from creator Sally Wainwright of Huddersfield, also heavily feature Yorkshire accents.[54] [55] [56]

In the HBO television series Game of Thrones, many of the characters from the North of Westeros speak with Yorkshire accents, matching the native dialect of Sean Bean, who plays Lord Eddard "Ned" Stark.

Several of the dwarfs in the Peter Jackson film adaptation of The Hobbit, namely Thorin Oakenshield, Kíli and Fili, speak with Yorkshire accents.

The character of the Fat Controller in the Thomas and Friends TV series, as voiced by Michael Angelis, has a broad Yorkshire accent.

"On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at", a popular folk song, is sung in the Yorkshire dialect and accent and considered to be the unofficial anthem of Yorkshire.[57]

Actress Jodie Whittaker keeps her native Yorkshire accent in her role as the Thirteenth Doctor in Doctor Who.[58]

The freeware action game Poacher by Ben "Yahtzee" Croshaw features Yorkshireman as a protagonist and majority of the in-game dialogues is done in Yorkshire dialect.[59]

Studies have shown that accents in the West Riding (that is, mostly, modern West and South Yorkshire), and by extension local dialects, are well-liked among Britons and associated with common sense, loyalty, and reliability.[60] [61]

Resources on traditional Yorkshire dialect

Books showcasing the dialect

Further reading

Several nineteenth-century books are kept in specialist libraries.

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Tyke: It's all the Vikings' fault (sort of) . 16 April 2008 . Keane . Peter . . BBC Bradford and West Yorkshire . 27 March 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170327015740/http://www.bbc.co.uk/bradford/voices2005/pete_2.shtml . live .
  2. Haigh, Sarah (2015). "Investigating Regional Speech in Yorkshire: Evidence from the Millennium Memory Bank" Doctoral dissertation. University of Sheffield, 159, 171.
  3. 10.3389/frai.2020.00048 . free . General Northern English. Exploring Regional Variation in the North of England with Machine Learning . 2020 . Strycharczuk . Patrycja . López-Ibáñez . Manuel . Brown . Georgina . Leemann . Adrian . Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence . 3 . 48 . 33733165 . 7861339 .
  4. Beal, Joan (2010). "Shifting Borders and Shifting Regional Identities". Language and Identities. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 220. https://doi.org/10.1515/9780748635788-023.
  5. Book: Warrack, Alexander. The Scots dialect dictionary. New Lanark, Scotland : Waverley Books. 2000. 5. 9781902407098 . 10 January 2021.
  6. Book: Skeat, Walter. English dialects from the eighth century to the present day. 1911. Cambridge University Press. 34. 10 January 2021.
  7. Banks, William Stott (1865), A List of Provincial Words in Use at Wakefield in Yorkshire, WR Hall (Wakefield)
  8. Wright, Joseph (1892), A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill, Truebner & Co, London
  9. Book: Yorkshire Dialect Society . Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society . 1992 . Volume 18, Part 92.
  10. Ellis also identified a third area around Craven, Ribblesdale, upper Wensleydale and Swaledale as part of his "West Northern" area (numbered Area 31), alongside almost all of Cumbria as well as north Lancashire and south Durham. In the tradition of the Yorkshire Dialect Society, this area is usually grouped with the North Riding dialect.
  11. Web site: The Yorkshire Dialect Border. 17 May 2012. 26 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180226165051/http://www.yorkshiredialect.com/Border%20text.htm. live.
  12. Rohrer. Fritz. 1950. The border between the northern and north-midland dialects in Yorkshire. Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society. VIII. I.
  13. Web site: Yorkshire dialect - an explanation . 14 April 2023 . Yorkshire Dialect Society . 9 July 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210709184536/https://www.yorkshiredialectsociety.org.uk/yorkshire-dialect-explanation/ . live .
  14. Web site: Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects British Library - Sounds. 14 May 2021. sounds.bl.uk. 14 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210514110618/https://sounds.bl.uk/Accents-and-dialects/Survey-of-English-dialects. live.
  15. Web site: Welwick, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects British Library - Sounds. 13 May 2021. sounds.bl.uk. 11 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210411150038/https://sounds.bl.uk/Accents-and-dialects/Survey-of-English-dialects/021M-C0908X0047XX-0400V1. live.
  16. Web site: Stewart . Mary . Gilbert . Holly . 11 September 2020 . Science and Technology . 14 April 2023 . British Library . 20 September 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210920212121/https://www.bl.uk/if-homes-had-ears/articles/technology-and-gender . dead .
  17. Web site: 1995 (Date of recording) . Yorkshire dialect: Miss Dibnah explains the different methods for baking white bread, brown bread and spice bread . 14 April 2023 . British Library . Audio recording . 9 December 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201209174951/https://www.bl.uk/collection-items/yorkshire-dialect-miss-dibnah-methods-for-baking . dead .
  18. Web site: Muker, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects British Library - Sounds. 14 May 2021. sounds.bl.uk. 15 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210515114803/https://sounds.bl.uk/Accents-and-dialects/Survey-of-English-dialects/021M-C0908X0046XX-0500V1. live.
  19. Web site: Golcar, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects British Library - Sounds. 14 May 2021. sounds.bl.uk. 8 July 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210708203420/https://sounds.bl.uk/Accents-and-dialects/Survey-of-English-dialects/021M-C0908X0010XX-0100V1. live.
  20. Web site: Pateley Bridge, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects British Library - Sounds. 14 May 2021. sounds.bl.uk. 14 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210514103630/https://sounds.bl.uk/Accents-and-dialects/Survey-of-English-dialects/021M-C0908X0046XX-0900V1. live.
  21. Web site: Skelton, Yorkshire - Survey of English Dialects - Accents and dialects British Library - Sounds. 14 May 2021. sounds.bl.uk. 14 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210514103615/https://sounds.bl.uk/Accents-and-dialects/Survey-of-English-dialects/021M-C0908X0046XX-0200V1. live.
  22. Web site: BBC – Voices – The Voices Recordings. 25 December 2019. 13 November 2012. https://web.archive.org/web/20121113201926/http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/recordings/individual/leeds-university-arif-ayeshah.shtml. live.
  23. Handbook of Varieties of English, p. 125, Walter de Gruyter, 2004
  24. Tidholm . Hans . The Dialect of Egton in North Yorkshire . Language . 59 . 2 . 413603 . 49–50. 1983 .
  25. Tidholm . Hans . The Dialect of Egton in North Yorkshire . Language . 59 . 2 . 413603 . 98–99. 1983 .
  26. Web site: Jack Windsor. Lewis. The General Central-Northern, Non-Dialectal Pronunciation of England. points 4–13. 6 June 2014. 19 August 2013. https://web.archive.org/web/20130819151223/http://www.yek.me.uk/centnthpn.html. live.
  27. Web site: A survey of dialect studies in the area of the Sedbergh & District History Society. Petyt. K. M.. 17 October 2020. 2014. 14. 20 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201020070135/http://centre-for-english-traditional-heritage.org/TraditionToday6/TT6_Petyt_Dialects.pdf. live.
  28. See section on "Conservative Northernisms" in Our Changing Pronunciation by John C. Wells
  29. Joan C. Beal, An Introduction to Regional Englishes, Edinburgh University Press, 2010, pp. 95–99
  30. Book: Wright, Joseph . A Grammar of the Dialect of Windhill . 1892 . Trübner & Co. . London . 91.
  31. Patchett. J. H.. The Dialect of Upper Calderdale. Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society. XV. LXXXI. 1981. 24–37.
  32. Aveyard. Edward. Berliner Lautarchiv: the Wakefield Sample. Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society. 2019. 1–5.
  33. Book: Wright, Joseph . 1905 . English Dialect Dictionary Volume 6: T-Z . 458 . London . Henry Frowde.
  34. News: Yorkshire dialect classes rammed with students as popularity soars - YorkshireLive (examinerlive.co.uk). Examiner. Huddersfield. Port. Samuel. 30 September 2023. 14 April 2024.
  35. Brook, G. L. (1965) English Dialects; 2nd ed. London: Andre Deutsch; pp. 156–57
  36. Back sleeve of the vinyl First o't'sort, 1978, Logo Records, LTRA 505 Mono
  37. A new light on Early English Pronunciation. Anderson. Peter M.. Transactions of the Yorkshire Dialect Society. 1977. 32–41.
  38. Web site: March 2007. Your Voice, Accentuate the positive. 28 December 2010. BBC. 16 February 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110216212710/http://www.bbc.co.uk/voices/yourvoice/accent2.shtml. live.
  39. http://www.publicacions.ub.es/revistes/ejecuta_descarga.asp?codigo=561 Dialect in Films: Examples of South Yorkshire.
  40. http://www.publicacions.ub.es/revistes/ejecuta_descarga.asp?codigo=561 Dialect in Films: Examples of South Yorkshire.
  41. News: Petridis . Alex . 15 April 2006 . Made in Sheffield . . 26 November 2009 . 30 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220830112524/https://www.theguardian.com/music/2006/apr/15/popandrock.arcticmonkeys . live .
  42. Web site: Reverend and the Makers, Koko, July 8th . McCudden . Louise . 13 July 2009 . In the news . www.inthenews.co.uk. . 26 November 2009 . 15 March 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120315073026/http://www.inthenews.co.uk/news/entertainment/music/live-review/reverend-and-the-makers-koko-july-8th-$1310886.htm . live .
  43. Web site: Little man tate about what you know . Dean . Will . 31 January 2007 . Drowned in Sound . 26 November 2009 . 14 August 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110814073345/http://drownedinsound.com/releases/9164/reviews/1555624- . dead .
  44. Web site: Cocker of the North . Burton . Jane . November 1995 . Telegraph Magazine . 15 July 2010 . 21 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091221162637/http://www.acrylicafternoons.com/telegraph95.html . live .
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This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Yorkshire dialect".

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