A number of different numbering and classification schemes have been used for carriages and wagons on Britain's railways, and this page explains the principal systems. Carriages and wagons (either not self-propelled, or part of a multiple unit which has power units distributed throughout a semi-permanent formation of carriages) have frequently had similar arrangements for classification and numbering, so are considered together. There are also links to other pages that deal in greater depth with the particulars of individual types.
Carriage and wagon classification has never been quite the same as locomotive and multiple unit classification. For most railways, specific types were identified by their Diagram Number. This could simply be arranged by consecutive number, or there could be some greater organisation of numbers so that similar types were grouped together.
However, carriages and wagons have rarely been referred to in general terms by their Diagram Number. Instead there have been a variety of other codes and designations, referring to generic designs rather than specific types. For instance, there were the BR (adapted from the LNER system) and LMS carriage codes, which indicated interior layout or usage. The Great Western Railway (GWR) identified some of their non-passenger carriages and wagons through a series of animal designations, including sea life for departmental (non-revenue earning) stock, followed by a letter for detail differences, e.g. Beetle A.
The majority of the sections below deal solely with carriage and wagon numbering series, though where a particular classification system was used this is also described.
Before nationalisation in 1948, each railway company had its own numbering arrangements.
British Railways inherited the stock of the 'Big Four' and a substantial number of 'Private Owner' wagons. It also inherited the stock of the Pullman Car Company when it was nationalised in the late 1950s.
The numbers of carriages and wagons inherited from the 'Big Four' companies were left unchanged, but with a prefix letter to show where they had originated from, as follows:
| E: | London & North Eastern Railway | |
| M: | London Midland & Scottish Railway | |
| S: | Southern Railway | |
| W: | Great Western Railway |
A "D" prefix in front of the regional prefix indicated departmental (non-revenue earning) stock. Departmental stock (including locomotives) inherited from the Southern Railway carried numbers with an "S" suffix (indicating Service stock, an alternative term for departmental) which was deleted and replaced with the "DS" prefix.
Former 'Private Owner' wagons, owned by industrial concerns rather than the railway companies, had a prefix letter "P" but were renumbered into a new series commencing at 3000.
Some carriages and wagons built by British Railways to the designs of the 'Big Four' companies were numbered in their series and carried the appropriate letter prefix. BR then introduced its own number series, for wagons beginning with B. Initially most designs were based on, or similar to, those of the pre-Nationalisation companies.
In 1951, the first production carriages built to British Railways' designs appeared, known as the Mark I. Numbers had a prefix letter (or letters) to indicate the region to which the carriage was allocated, and responsible for the maintenance. The inherited carriages then had a suffix letter indicating the company of origin.
New carriages had no suffix: when Pullman Company carriages were added, their numbers carried both prefix and a suffix (indicating regional allocation), as did the 2 tier car carriers built for the East Coast services.
The regional allocation letters used were:
| E: | Eastern Region | |
| GE: | Great Eastern lines | |
| M: | London Midland Region | |
| NE: | North Eastern Region | |
| S: | Southern Region | |
| SC: | Scottish Region | |
| W: | Western Region |
Wagons retained the existing prefixes indicating their origin, and new stock built to British Railways designs was given a "B" prefix.
British Railways adopted the following numbering system for carriages and wagons built to its own designs (a small number of types built to pre-Nationalisation designs were later allocated numbers in this series, but only following rebuilding to new types). Note that in this table, reference is made to first, second and third class; from June 1956, second class was abolished and third class was renamed second class (and again to standard class in 1987). The few BR-design second class carriages (intended for use in Boat Trains since ships had three classes of accommodation) were designated as first class or unclassified.[1]
| Numbers | Description | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1-1999 | Restaurant and catering cars | 1-999 first class and 1000-1999 third and unclassified; restaurant cars without kitchen facilities took the lowest numbers in each range. Pullman cars, after nationalisation of the Pullman Company, took numbers from 500 upwards. | |
| 2000-2899 | Sleeping cars | 2000-2399 first class, 2400-2499 composite, 2500-2799 third. Conversions of third class cars to "either class" took numbers in the 28xx series. | |
| 2900-2999 | Royal saloons | All Royal Train vehicles numbered in this series from 1977. The Discotheque car (for use in football excursion special trains) took number 2990. | |
| 3000-8999 | Open cars | 3000-3499 first class, 3500-3599 second class, 3700-6199 third class. Declassified first class cars took numbers in the 36xx, 62xx, 64xx and 68xx series. Cars fitted with buffet facilities took numbers in the 352x, 65xx, 66xx and 67xx series. Various special vehicles took numbers in the 626x, 63xx and 69xx series. The 7xxx series was used for Composite Corridor cars renumbered from 15xxx and 16xxx. | |
| 9000-12999 | Brake open cars | 9200-9599 third class. Cars fitted with buffet facilities took numbers in the 90xx and 91xx series. Cars fitted with a driving cab took numbers in the 97xx series. Open cars rebuilt with a brake compartment took numbers in the 98xx series. 10000-12999 used for Mark 3 vehicles onwards (see below). | |
| 13000-14999 | First class corridor cars | Cars with brake compartments numbered 14xxx. | |
| 15000-23999 | Composite corridor cars | Cars with brake compartments numbered 21xxx. The 17xxx series was used for Brake First Corridor cars renumbered from 14xxx and Mark 3 Brake First Open cars. The 18xxx/19xxx series was used for Standard Corridor cars renumbered from 25xxx/26xxx. | |
| 24000-39999 | Third class corridor cars | Cars with brake compartments numbered 34xxx/35xxx. Post-privatisation, the 38xxx/39xxx series have been used for electric multiple unit vehicles. | |
| 40000-59999 | Non-gangwayed cars | 41xxx composite, 43xxx composite (lavatory), 46xxx third class, 48xxx third class (open), 53xxx third class (brake compartment). After the 5xxxx series was reallocated for diesel mechanical multiple unit cars in 1955, the Brake Thirds were renumbered 43100 upwards. After withdrawal of all these cars, the 4xxxx series was reused for InterCity 125 and Advanced Passenger Train vehicles (see below). | |
| 50000-54999 | Single-ended Driving Motor Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit cars | The 53xxx series was used for cars renumbered from 50xxx and the 54xxx series for cars renumbered from 56xxx, with 549xx later used for Driving Trailers converted to carry parcels. | |
| 55000-55999 | Double-ended Driving Motor Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit cars | Parcels cars numbered in the 559xx series (later including single-ended Driving Motors converted from passenger stock). | |
| 56000-58999 | Driving Trailer Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit cars | ||
| 59000-59999 | Trailer Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit cars | ||
| 60000-60999 | Diesel Electric Multiple Unit cars | Motor vehicles from 60000 upwards and trailer vehicles from 60500 upwards. | |
| 61000-67999 | Motor Electric Multiple Unit cars | Cars numbered below 64000 were mainly, but not all, non-driving motors; those numbered 64xxx or 65xxx were all driving motors. | |
| 68000-68999 | Parcels Electric Multiple Unit cars | ||
| 69000-69999 | Restaurant and catering Electric Multiple Unit cars | ||
| 70000-74999 | Trailer Electric Multiple Unit cars | ||
| 75000-78999 | Driving Trailer Electric Multiple Unit | Some 78xxx numbers used for diesel electric multiple unit cars with one engine removed. | |
| 79000-79999 | Diesel Multiple Unit cars (pre-Modernisation Plan designs) | Post-privatisation, the 790xx series has been used for electric multiple unit vehicles. | |
| 80000-80199 | Kitchen cars | ||
| 80200-80499 | Travelling Post Office cars | Conversions of vehicles used in postal trains numbered in 802xx series. | |
| 80500-99999 | Hauled non-passenger carrying cars | 80500-81999 full brake vans, 85xxx newspaper vans; 86xxx general utility vans, 87000-88999 fish vans, 92xxx fruit vans, 94xxx covered carriage trucks, 95xxx and 96xxx car carriers and horse boxes, 992xx and 995xx bullion vehicles, 996xx exhibition vans. 82xxx used for Mark 3 vehicles onwards (see below). There was considerable renumbering of cars in this series to reflect conversions, including reuse of the 92xxx and 94xxx series. |
Numbers 100000 to 999999 were used for non-passenger rated stock (including wagons, vans and departmental (non-revenue earning) carriages), while internal user vehicles (stock used for internal purposes (e.g. stores) at specific locations and unlikely to move) took numbers in the 0xxxxx series. For more details see below.
The same series was used for Mark 2 coaches built in the 1960s, but when Mark 3 carriage was introduced in the early 1970s new number ranges were carved out of the old series. These new ranges were perpetuated for Mark 4 carriages in the 1980s, and were as follows:
| 10000 | - | 10499 | Restaurant and Kitchen | |
| 10500 | - | 10999 | Sleeper | |
| 11000 | - | 11899 | First class | |
| 11900 | - | 11999 | Composite First & Second class | |
| 12000 | - | 12999 | Second class | |
| 40000 | - | 40999 | High Speed Train Restaurant & Kitchen | |
| 41000 | - | 41999 | High Speed Train First class | |
| 42000 | - | 42999 | High Speed Train Second class | |
| 43000 | - | 43999 | ||
| 44000 | - | 45999 | High Speed Train Second class Brake | |
| 48000 | - | 48999 | Advanced Passenger Train Trailer | |
| 49000 | - | 49999 | Advanced Passenger Train Motor | |
| 82000 | - | 82999 |
Diesel multiple unit builds in the 1980s utilised the 52xxx, 55xxx, 57xxx and 58xxx series for carriages, all of which were motored. The 55xxx and 58xxx contained a mix of driving and non-driving motors, but the 52xxx and 57xxx cars were all driving motors. Some series have been used for conversions of carriages, e.g. 63xx has been used for a variety of miscellaneous carriages, including generator vans and observation saloons.
A major change came in May 1983 when prefix and suffix letters was abandoned, and any carriage that had the same number as another carriage or a locomotive was renumbered. The programme worked as follows:
| 14000-14999 | to | 17000-17999 | to avoid clashing with Southern Railway carriages | |
| 16000-16499/ 15500-15999 | to | 7000-7999 | to avoid clashing with Southern Railway carriages | |
| 25000-26999 | to | 18000-19999 | to avoid clashing with Class 25 and 26 locomotives | |
| 40000-40099 | to | 40400-40499 | to avoid clashing with Class 40 locomotives | |
| 50000-50999 | to | 53000-53999 | to avoid clashing with Class 50 locomotives | |
| 56000-56999 | to | 54000-54999 | to avoid clashing with Class 56 locomotives | |
| 81000-81999 | to | 84000-84999 | to avoid clashing with Class 81 locomotives | |
| 85500-85599 | to | 94000-94099 | to avoid clashing with Class 85 locomotives | |
| 86000-86999 | to | 93000-93999 | to avoid clashing with Class 86 locomotives |
Further renumberings have taken place as new locomotives were introduced. Most have involved only a handful of carriages, but a major one saw carriages in the 920xx series renumbered 929xx when Class 92 locomotives were introduced.
This series has been perpetuated, though the series have been adapted for new generation multiple unit stock. For instance, the latest diesel multiple units have reused the 50xxx and 79xxx series for driving motors and the 56xxx series for non-driving motors. In the electric multiple unit series, Class 390 Pendolinos have reused the 68xxx and 69xxx series.
When BR began to build air braked wagons they had B prefixes, but this was dropped and six-figure numbers were used without prefix. Prefixes were added, however, if and when carriages and wagons transferred to the departmental/engineers' fleets.
Privately owned wagons and carriages were allocated numbers with an integral prefix to differentiate them from the BR number series, with carriages taking numbers in the 954xx and 99xxx series. From 1986, those carriages in the 99xxx series which otherwise duplicated BR bullion and exhibition van numbers were renumbered, and from then on the prefix was not essential for identification. Post-privatisation, with all carriages being privately owned, this list was discontinued and many carriages reverted to carrying their original BR number.
Most departmental and internal user vehicles are converted from revenue-earning stock; only a small number are built for non-revenue earning use. Initially stock inherited from the 'Big Four' companies was given regional prefixes (e.g. DE, DM, DS and DW) indicating their origin, and adapting existing number series.
From about 1951, British Railways started to use new numbering series for additions to departmental and internal user stock on a regional basis, as follows:
| Region | Departmental Carriages | Internal User Stock | |
|---|---|---|---|
| London Midland | DM395000 onwards | 020000 onwards | |
| Eastern and North Eastern | DE320000 onwards | 040000 onwards (a separate series commencing at 042000 was initially used for the North Eastern Region but later abandoned and these numbers have now been reused by the Eastern Region series) | |
| Western | DW150000 onwards | Various series used in 06xxxx and 07xxxx ranges (only that commencing at 060900 now in use) | |
| Southern | DS1 onwards (existing SR series) and DS70000 onwards (from 1957) | 080000 onwards | |
| Scottish | No separate series used | 095xxx, 096xxx, 097xxx and 099xxx series used |
No prefix letters were used for internal user stock. Departmental wagons (and some passenger-rated non-passenger carrying coaching stock) often kept their original revenue earning stock number, but with the addition of the "D" prefix. On some occasions, passenger coaches that had been converted for use as wagons then entered departmental stock retaining their wagon number (most notably brake vans in the 963xxx series that were formerly passenger brake vehicles).
By the end of the 1960s, British Rail-built carriages were entering departmental stock and being allocated one of the regional prefixes according to their location, but from 1967 the "DB" prefix was introduced for all additions to departmental stock regardless of origin. This prefix was prefixed with a letter to indicate the use of the vehicle, as follows:
| A: | Mechanical & Electrical Engineers | |
| C: | British Rail Engineering Ltd | |
| K: | Signalling & Telecommunications | |
| L: | Mechanical & Electrical Engineers Electrical Construction | |
| R: | Research | |
| T: | Traffic | |
| X: | Stores | |
| Z: | Public Relations & Publicity |
The principal numbering series for carriages with the "DB" prefix have been 975xxx, then 977xxx. The latest series to be used is 971xxx. Carriages built new into departmental stock have usually been numbered in the 999xxx (and sometimes 998xxx) series (though this series also contains some conversions too).
Also in the early days of the "DB" prefix, some departmental locomotives were numbered in the 966xxx and 968xxx series, though in recent years those locomotives that remain self-propelled have been allocated locomotive Class 97.
When the Total Operations Processing System was introduced by British Railways, classifications were applied to all carriages and wagons and recorded in a field called CARKND, which is now also used to refer to the classification system as a whole. The classification typically comprises three letters, the first of which indicates the broad type, as follows:
| A: | Hauled passenger carriages | |
| B: | Bogie Steel wagons (excluding coil-carrying wagons until 1984[2]) | |
| C: | Covered bulk wagons (except CA: goods brake vans) | |
| D: | Diesel Multiple Unit carriages | |
| E: | Electric Multiple Unit carriages | |
| F: | Flat wagons | |
| G: | High Speed Train carriages | |
| H: | Hopper wagons | |
| I: | Ferry wagons (International wagons) | |
| J: | Private owner bogie wagons (bogie steel coil wagons until 1984) | |
| K: | Private owner special wagons (2-axle steel coil wagons until 1984) | |
| L: | Advanced Passenger Train carriages (includes Eurostar and Siemens Velaro) | |
| M: | Mineral wagons | |
| N: | Hauled non-passenger carriages | |
| O: | Open wagons | |
| P: | Private owner 2-axle wagons (originally all private owner wagons) | |
| Q: | Hauled departmental (non-revenue) carriages | |
| R: | Railway operating vehicles: Barrier wagons, Adaptor wagons, Runners and Diesel Brake Tenders | |
| S: | 2-axle steel wagons (excluding coil-carrying wagons until 1984) | |
| T: | Tank wagons | |
| U: | International hauled coaching stock (Uncovered bulk wagons until 1984) | |
| V: | Vans | |
| W: | Flat wagons | |
| X: | Unused (Exceptional and Special use wagons until 1984) | |
| Y: | Departmental bogie wagons | |
| Z: | Departmental two-axle vehicle (carriage or wagon) |
The second letter gave more detailed information, different for each series. The tables below list the variations for carriages:
| A Series | ||
|---|---|---|
| AA: | Corridor | |
| AB: | Brake Corridor | |
| AC: | Open (2+2 seating) | |
| AD: | Open (2+1 seating) | |
| AE: | Brake Open | |
| AF: | Driving Brake Open | |
| AG: | Micro-Buffet | |
| AH: | Kitchen Buffet | |
| AI: | Open (2+2 seating) - end of Mark IV rake | |
| AJ: | Restaurant Buffet | |
| AK: | Kitchen | |
| AL: | Open (2+2 seating) - with disabled persons' toilet | |
| AM: | Restaurant | |
| AN: | Miniature Buffet | |
| AO: | Private Owner | |
| AP: | Pullman Kitchen | |
| AQ: | Pullman Saloon | |
| AR: | Pullman Brake | |
| AS: | Sleeping | |
| AT: | Royal Train | |
| AU: | Sleeping (with pantry) | |
| AV-AY: | Barrier vehicles | |
| AX: | Generator Van (Until 1987: Narrow gauge) | |
| AY: | (Until 1987: Narrow gauge Brake) | |
| AZ: | Special saloon |
| D and E Series | ||
|---|---|---|
| xA: | Driving Motor | |
| xB: | Driving Motor Brake | |
| xC: | Non-driving Motor | |
| xD: | Non-driving Motor Brake | |
| xE: | Driving Trailer | |
| xF: | Battery Driving Trailer | |
| xG: | Driving Trailer Brake | |
| xH: | Trailer | |
| xI: | Battery Driving Motor | |
| xJ: | Trailer Brake | |
| xN: | Trailer Buffet | |
| xO: | Battery Driving Trailer Brake | |
| xP: | Driving Motor (Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit only) | |
| xQ: | Driving Motor Brake (Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit only) | |
| xR: | Non-driving Motor (Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit only) | |
| xS: | Driving Trailer (Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit only) | |
| xT: | Trailer (Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit only) | |
| xU: | Trailer Brake (Diesel Mechanical Multiple Unit only) | |
| xX: | Non-passenger Driving Motor and single-car passenger DMMUs | |
| xY: | Non-Passenger Non-driving Motor | |
| xZ: | Departmental stock |
| G and L Series | ||
|---|---|---|
| xC: | Motor | |
| xE: | Driving Trailer | |
| xF: | Barrier Vehicle | |
| xH: | Trailer | |
| xJ: | Trailer with Guard's compartment | |
| xK: | Trailer Kitchen with Buffet | |
| xL: | Trailer Kitchen | |
| xM: | Trailer Kitchen with Lounge | |
| xN: | Trailer Buffet |
| N Series | ||
|---|---|---|
| NA-NI: | Gangwayed Brake vans | |
| NF: | Brake van (non-gangwayed) | |
| NG: | Car-carrying flat wagon | |
| NJ-NK: | General Utility van | |
| NL-NM: | Newspaper van | |
| NN: | Courier vehicle | |
| NO-NQ: | Parcels van | |
| NR: | Container van | |
| NS: | Post Office Sorting van | |
| NT: | Post Office Stowage van | |
| NU: | Post Office Stowage Brake van | |
| NV: | Car-carrying van | |
| NW: | Bullion van | |
| NX: | Motorail van | |
| NY: | Exhibition van | |
| NZ: | Driving Van Trailer |
| Q, Y and Z Series | ||
|---|---|---|
| xA-xC: | Ballast and sleeper wagons | |
| xD: | General materials wagon | |
| xE: | Runner wagon | |
| xF: | Ballast hopper wagon | |
| xG: | General materials wagon | |
| xH: | Spoil wagon | |
| xI: | Crane | |
| xJ: | Tracklayer | |
| xK-xM: | Ballast wagon | |
| xN: | Steel wagon | |
| xO: | Crane (travelling) | |
| xP: | Staff or dormitory vehicle | |
| xQ: | Tool vehicle | |
| xR: | Stores or materials vehicle | |
| xS: | Operating vehicle (e.g. barrier, generator) | |
| xT: | Brake van | |
| xU: | Brake van plough | |
| xV: | General equipment vehicle (e.g. flat wagon) | |
| xW: | On-track plant, saloon or self-propelled vehicle | |
| xX: | Specialist equipment vehicle | |
| xY: | Electrification equipment vehicle | |
| xZ: | Miscellaneous vehicle (e.g. snowplough, unpowered former locomotive) |
Apart from hauled passenger carriages ('A' series), the final letter indicated the braking arrangements. Nowadays almost all stock is air-braked, but when TOPS was introduced there was much greater variety, which made marshalling trains more complicated and this information essential. The letters were:
| A: | Air brake only | |
| B: | Air brake plus through vacuum pipe | |
| D: | Electronic control | |
| E: | Electro-pneumatic brake | |
| F: | Vacuum brake (AFI equipment) [AFI: Accelerator Freight Inshot - a rapid-acting vacuum brake<ref name=Hendry2003>{{cite book |title=British Railway Goods Wagons in Colour 1960-2003 |last=Hendry |first=Robert |year=2003 |publisher=Midland Publishing |location=Hinckley |page=94 |isbn=1-85780-170-9}}</ref>] | |
| G: | Vacuum brake plus through air pipe (AFI equipment) | |
| H: | Dual brake (AFI equipment) | |
| O: | Unfitted (handbrake only) | |
| P: | Unfitted with through vacuum pipe | |
| Q: | Unfitted with through air pipe | |
| R: | Unfitted with through air and vacuum pipes | |
| V: | Vacuum brake only | |
| W: | Vacuum brake plus through air pipe | |
| X: | Dual brake (air and vacuum) | |
| Y: | Unfitted (Civil Engineer's self-propelled stock) | |
| Z: | Automatic brake of unknown working order |
For hauled passenger carriages ('A' series), the suffix denoting the braking arrangements was replaced by two characters as follows:[1]
| 1: | First | |
| 2: | Second (later standard) | |
| 3: | Composite | |
| 4: | Unclassified | |
| 5: | None |
| 0: | Pre-Nationalisation design | |
| 1: | Mark 1 | |
| Z: | Mark 2 | |
| A: | Mark 2a | |
| B: | Mark 2b | |
| C: | Mark 2c | |
| D: | Mark 2d | |
| E: | Mark 2e | |
| F: | Mark 2f | |
| G: | Mark 3 or 3a | |
| H: | Mark 3b | |
| J: | Mark 4 |
This resulted in a 4 character alphanumeric TOPS classification, such as AB21 representing a Mark 1 Brake Corridor Second (BSK).