Brisingida Explained

The Brisingids are deep-sea-dwelling starfish in the order Brisingida.^{[1] [2]}

Description

These starfish have between 6 and 16 long, attenuated arms which they use for suspension feeding.^[3] Other characteristics include a single series of marginals, a fused ring of disc plates, the lack of actinal plates, a spool-like ambulacral column, reduced abactinal plates, and crossed pedicellariae.^[4] They are 40 times the size of disk radius and have 7–20 flexible spiny arms.^[5]

Distribution

Brisingida occur in a number of deep-sea locations, particularly in the Caribbean and New Zealand.^[6] This type of species are found of varying size especially in the eastern Pacific Ocean at a depth of 1,820–2,418 m.

Taxonomy

The Brisingida contain two families, with 18 genera:^[2]

• Family Brisingidae, G.O. Sars, 1875^[7]
  • Genus Astrolirus, Fisher, 1917 — (two species)
  • Genus Astrostephane, Fisher, 1917 — (two species)
  • Genus Brisinga Asbjørnsen, 1856 (synonym: Craterobrisinga, Fisher, 1916) — (20 species)
  • Genus Brisingaster Loriol, 1883 — (monotypic)
  • Genus Brisingella Fisher, 1917 — (monotypic)
  • Genus Brisingenes Fisher, 1917 — (four species)
  • Genus Hymenodiscus Perrier, 1884 — (16 species)
  • Genus Midgardia Downey, 1972 — (monotypic)
  • Genus Novodinia Dartnall, Pawson, Pope & B.J. Smith, 1969 (synonym: Odinia, Perrier, 1885) — (13 species)
  • Genus Odinella Fisher, 1940 — (monotypic)
  • Genus Stegnobrisinga Fisher, 1916 — (three species)
• Family Freyellidae, Downey, 1986^{[8] [9]}
  • Genus Astrocles Fisher, 1917 — (three species)
  • Genus Belgicella Ludwig, 1903 — (monotypic)
  • Genus Colpaster Sladen, 1889 — (two species)
  • Genus Freyastera Downey, 1986 — (six species)
  • Genus Freyella Perrier, 1885 (synonym: Freyellidea, Fisher, 1917) — (31 species)
  • Genus Freyellaster Fisher 1918 — (five species)

Further reading

• Hansson, H.G. (2001). Echinodermata, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 336–351 (look up in IMIS) [details]
• Clark, A.M. and M.E. Downey. (1992). Starfishes of the Atlantic. Chapman & Hall Identification Guides, 3. Chapman & Hall: London, UK. . xxvi, 794 pp. (look up in IMIS) [details]
• Downey. M.E. (1986). Revision of the Atlantic Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with description of a new genus and family. Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology No.435. 57pp. [details]
• Fisher, W.K. (1917). New genera and species of Brisingidae. Annals and Magazine of Natural History 20(8): 418–431. [details]
• Sladen, W.P. (1889). Report on the Asteroidea. Report on the Scientific Results of the Voyage of H.M.S. Challenger during the years 1873–1876, Zoology 30(51): xlii + 893 pages 118 plates. [details]
• Clark, A.M.and Mah, C. (2001). An index of names of recent Asteroidea, part 4. Forcipulatida and Brisingida, in: Jangoux, M.; Lawrence, J.M. (Ed.) (2001). Echinoderm Studies, 6: pp. 229–347 (look up in IMIS) [details]

Notes and References

1. Web site: Asteroidea . Tolweb.org . 2004-10-07 . 2010-07-30.
2. Mah, C. . 2014 . Brisingida . 123085 . 2014-05-23 . Asteroidea .
3. Web site: Asterozoa: Fossil groups: SciComms 05-06: Earth Sciences . Palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk . 2005-11-22 . 2010-07-30 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070714073619/http://palaeo.gly.bris.ac.uk/Palaeofiles/Fossilgroups/asteroz2/index_f/mod_fm.html#anchor776058 . 2007-07-14 . dead .
4. Web site: Revision of the Atlantic Brisingida (Echinodermata: Asteroidea), with Description of a New Genus and Family . 2010-05-31 . 2012-02-27 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120227010606/http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/bitstream/10088/5505/2/SCtZ-0435-Lo_res.pdf . dead .
5. Web site: Zhang. etal. May 27, 2020. A new sponge-associated starfish, Astrolirus patricki sp. nov. (Asteroidea: Brisingida: Brisingidae), from the northwestern Pacific seamounts. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200603221824/https://peerj.com/articles/9071.pdf . 2020-06-03 .
6. Web site: Data Use Agreement – GBIF Portal . Gbif.net . 2007-02-22 . 2010-07-30 .
7. Mah, C. . 2014 . Brisingidae G.O. Sars, 1875 . 123119 . 2014-05-23 . asteroidea .
8. Web site: Antarctic Invertebrates: Brisingida . https://web.archive.org/web/20110716234414/http://invertebrates.si.edu/antiz/taxon_view.cfm?ScreenWidth=1440&ScreenHeight=803&MODE=taxon&TAXON=1090 . dead . 2011-07-16 . Invertebrates.si.edu . 1970-01-01 . 2010-07-30 .
9. Mah, C. . 2014 . Freyellidae Downey, 1986 . 123120 . 2014-05-23 . asteroidea .