Brillouin's theorem explained

In quantum chemistry, Brillouin's theorem, proposed by the French physicist Léon Brillouin in 1934, relates to Hartree–Fock wavefunctions. Hartree–Fock, or the self-consistent field method, is a non-relativistic method of generating approximate wavefunctions for a many-bodied quantum system, based on the assumption that each electron is exposed to an average of the positions of all other electrons, and that the solution is a linear combination of pre-specified basis functions.

The theorem states that given a self-consistent optimized Hartree–Fock wavefunction

|\psi _{0\rangle} , the matrix element of the Hamiltonian between the ground state and a single excited determinant (i.e. one where an occupied orbital a is replaced by a virtual orbital r) must be zero.$$\backslash langle\; \backslash psi\_0|\backslash hat\; |\backslash psi\_a^r\; \backslash rangle\; =0$$This theorem is important in constructing a configuration interaction method, among other applications.

Another interpretation of the theorem is that the ground electronic states solved by one-particle methods (such as HF or DFT) already imply configuration interaction of the ground-state configuration with the singly excited ones. That renders their further inclusion into the CI expansion redundant.

Proof

The electronic Hamiltonian of the system can be divided into two parts. One consists of one-electron operators, describing the kinetic energy of the electron and the Coulomb interaction (that is, electrostatic attraction) with the nucleus. The other is the two-electron operators, describing the Coulomb interaction (electrostatic repulsion) between electrons.

One-electron operator

h( 1 ) =- (1)/(2) \nabla ^{2} _{1} - \sum _{\alpha} (Z _{\alpha})/(r _{1\alpha})

Two-electron operator

\sum _{j} |r _{1-r} ^{-1} ^{j|}

In methods of wavefunction-based quantum chemistry which include the electron correlation into the model, the wavefunction is expressed as a sum of series consisting of different Slater determinants (i.e., a linear combination of such determinants). In the simplest case of configuration interaction (as well as in other single-reference multielectron-basis set methods, like MPn, etc.), all the determinants contain the same one-electron functions, or orbitals, and differ just by occupation of these orbitals by electrons. The source of these orbitals is the converged Hartree–Fock calculation, which gives the so-called reference determinant

\left |\psi _{0} \right \rangle with all the electrons occupying energetically lowest states among the available.

All other determinants are then made by formally "exciting" the reference determinant (one or more electrons are removed from one-electron states occupied in

\left |\psi _{0} \right \rangle and put into states unoccupied in \left |\psi _{0} \right \rangle ). As the orbitals remain the same, we can simply transition from the many-electron state basis (\left |\psi _{0} \right \rangle , \left |\psi ^{r} _{a} \right \rangle , \left |\psi ^{rs} _{ab} \right \rangle , ...) to the one-electron state basis (which was used for Hartree–Fock: \left |a \right \rangle , \left |b \right \rangle , \left |r \right \rangle , \left |s \right \rangle , ...), greatly improving the efficiency of calculations. For this transition, we apply the Slater–Condon rules and evaluate $$\backslash langle\; \backslash psi\_0|\backslash hat\; |\backslash psi\_a^r\; \backslash rangle\; =\; \backslash langle\; a|h|r\; \backslash rangle\; +\; \backslash sum\_b\; \backslash langle\; ab\; ||\; rb\; \backslash rangle\; =\; \backslash langle\; a|h|r\; \backslash rangle\; +\; \backslash sum\_b\; \backslash left\; (\backslash langle\; ab\; |\; rb\; \backslash rangle\; -\; \backslash langle\; ab\; |\; br\; \backslash rangle\; \backslash right)\; =\; \backslash langle\; a|h|r\backslash rangle\; +\; \backslash sum\_b\; \backslash left\; (\backslash langle\; a\; |\; 2\; \backslash hat\_b\; -\; \backslash hat\_b\; |\; r\; \backslash rangle\; \backslash right)$$which we recognize is simply an off-diagonal element of the Fock matrix \langle \chi _{a|\hat{F}|\chi} _{r} \rangle . But the reference wave function was obtained by the Hartree–Fock calculation, or the SCF procedure, the whole point of which was to diagonalize the Fock matrix. Hence for an optimized wavefunction this off-diagonal element must be zero.

This can be made evident also if we multiply both sides of a Hartree–Fock equation$$\backslash hat\; \backslash chi\_r\; =\; \backslash varepsilon\_r\; \backslash chi\_r$$by

\chi ^{\ast} _{a} (\vec{r}) and integrate over the electronic coordinate:$$\backslash int\_^\; \backslash chi\_a^(\backslash vec)\; \backslash hat\; \backslash chi\_r(\backslash vec)\; d^3\; \backslash vec\; =\; \backslash varepsilon\_r\; \backslash int\_^\; \backslash chi\_a^(\backslash vec)\; \backslash chi\_r(\backslash vec)\; d^3\; \backslash vec.$$As the Fock matrix has already been diagonalized, the states \chi ^{\ast} _{r} (\vec{r}) and \chi _{a(\vec{r})} are the eigenstates of the Fock operator, and as such are orthogonal; thus their overlap is zero. It makes all the right-hand side of the equation zero:^[1] $$\backslash int\_^\; \backslash chi\_a^(\backslash vec)\; \backslash hat\; \backslash chi\_r(\backslash vec)\; d^3\; \backslash vec\; =\; \backslash langle\; \backslash psi\_0|\backslash hat\; |\backslash psi\_a^r\; \backslash rangle\; =\; 0,$$which proves the Brillouin's theorem.

The theorem have also been proven directly from the variational principle (by Mayer) and is essentially equivalent to the Hartree–Fock equations in general.^[2]

Further reading

• Book: Cramer, Christopher J. . Essentials of Computational Chemistry . John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. . 2002 . Chichester . 207–211 . 978-0-471-48552-0.
• Book: Szabo, Attila . Neil S. Ostlund . Modern Quantum Chemistry . Dover Publications, Inc . 1996 . Mineola, New York . 350–353 . 978-0-486-69186-2 .

Notes and References

1. Book: Tsuneda . Takao . Density Functional Theory in Quantum Chemistry . 2014 . Springer . Tokyo . 978-4-431-54825-6 . 73–75 . Ch. 3: Electron Correlation. 10.1007/978-4-431-54825-6 . 102406760 .
2. Book: Surján . Péter R. . Second Quantized Approach to Quantum Chemistry . 1989 . Springer . Berlin, Heidelberg . 978-3-642-74755-7 . 87–92 . Ch. 11: The Brillouin Theorem. 10.1007/978-3-642-74755-7_11 .