Brigham Young University LGBT history explained

See also: Homosexuality and the LDS Church and Gender minorities and the LDS Church.

Students identifying as LGBTQIA+ have a long, documented history at Brigham Young University (BYU), and have experienced a range of treatment by other students and school administrators over the decades. Large surveys of over 7,000 BYU students in 2020 and 2017 found that over 13% had marked their sexual orientation as something other than "strictly heterosexual", while the other survey showed that .2% had reported their gender identity as transgender or something other than cisgender male or female. BYU is the largest religious university in North America and is the flagship institution of the educational system of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints (LDS Church)—Mormonism's largest denomination.

Historically, experiences for BYU students identifying as LGBTQIA+ have included being banned from enrolling due to their romantic attractions in the 60s; being required by school administration to undergo therapy in the 1970s, including electroshock and vomit aversion therapies in "special cases"; having nearly 80% of BYU students refusing to live with an openly homosexual person in a poll in the 1990s; and a ban on coming out until 2007. Until 2021 there were not any LGBTQIA+-specific resources on campus, though there is now the Office of Student Success and Inclusion.[1] [2] BYU students are at risk of discipline and expulsion by the Honor Code Office for expressions of same-sex romantic feelings that go against the school's code of conduct such as same-sex dating, hugging, and kissing, for gender non-conforming dress, and students and faculty are still banned from meeting together in a queer-straight alliance group on campus.

Several LGBT rights organizations have criticized BYU's policies around queer students and The Princeton Review has regularly ranked BYU as one of the most LGBT-unfriendly schools in the United States.[3] [4] [5] Although BYU policies specific to same-sex romantic expressions have existed since the 50s, these were only available to administrators, and the first publicly available explicit mention of homosexuality in the language of the school's code of conduct was not publicly published until the fall of 2009.[6] [7] The first LGBT-specific campus-wide event was held in April 2017.[8] Though faced with this historical and current environment, LGBT individuals have continued to enroll in and attend BYU with many participating in unofficial LGBT BYU communities.

Ban on gay students

Before 1959 there was little explicit mention of homosexuality by BYU administration,[9] but by 1962 a ban on homosexual students was enacted, though not mentioned in the media or in literature provided to students. On September 12, 1962, apostles Spencer W. Kimball and Mark E. Peterson and BYU President Ernest L. Wilkinson agreed on a university policy that "no one will be admitted as a student ... whom we have convincing evidence is a homosexual." They agreed to share information about individuals cases of homosexual members between general church administration and BYU administration.[10] [11] This policy was broadcast in Wilkinson's address to BYU in September 1965 when he stated "we [do not] intend to admit to this campus any homosexuals. ... [I]f any of you have this tendency, ... may I suggest you leave the University immediately .... We do not want others on this campus to be contaminated by your presence."[12] [13] [14] The next month general authorities again privately decided that the "University does not permit any known homosexual to enter or remain at BYU", though they decided "for the purposes of admission or retention at BYU" that masturbation (or "self abuse") was "not considered homosexuality."[15] The decision by top leaders forbidding the enrollment of homosexuals at BYU was again repeated in meetings on January 27, 1966, and January 25, 1968, and was codified in the 1967 administrators version of the Honor code. The approved version read "homosexuality will not be tolerated", while the proposed sentence banning "masturbation" was removed in committee.[10] [16]

The complete ban on any students with a homosexual orientation was softened a decade later by Wilkinson's successor, Dallin H. Oaks, in an April 19, 1973, Board of Trustees meeting. There it was decided BYU administrators would allow for students who had repented of homosexual acts and forsaken them for a lengthy period of time. Additionally, students guilty of infrequent sexual behavior (not including fornication or adultery equivalents) who were repentant and showed evidence that the act(s) would not be repeated would be admitted while those still suspected of current same-sex sexual behavior would still be barred from remaining and enrollment.[10] [17] [18]

Surveillance

Under Oaks, a system of surveillance and searches of dorms of problem students, including suspected homosexuals, was implemented. This included electronic recording devices which BYU Security Chief Robert Kelshaw confirmed in 1975 had been planted on students to gather information. In reference to the widespread campaign to find homosexuals among BYU students, Oaks stated, "Two influences we wish to exclude from the BYU community are active homosexuals and drug users, and these subjects are therefore among those with which our security force is concerned."[19]

Four years later BYU's newspaper reported Oaks asking BYU security to be "especially watchful" for any student homosexual infractions.[20] [21] BYU's security force conducted stake outs looking for license plates of BYU students at gay bars in Salt Lake City.[22] [23] They also placed fake contact advertisements in a gay Salt Lake City newspaper to entrap gay students.[24] [19] This resulted in the arrest of David Chipman who was no longer a BYU student at that time.[25] [26] However, the director of public relations for the university stated that by 1979 Oaks ordered BYU security to stop surveilling gay bars and to cease posting entrapment advertisements.[22]

Values Institute

In September 1976 top church leaders on the BYU Board of Trustees approved BYU president Dallin H. Oaks's Institute for Studies in Values and Human Behavior dedicated most heavily to search for evidence supporting church views on homosexuality. The primary assignment was writing a church-funded book on homosexuality to be published by a non-church source (in order to boost the book's scientific credibility). BYU psychologist Allen Bergin acted as the director[27] [28] and book author. Institute member and church Social Services director Victor Brown Jr.[29] wrote, "Our basic theme is that truth lies with the scriptures and prophets, not with secular data or debate."[30] Several dissertations were produced by the Values Institute[31] [32] before it closed in 1985.[33]

Payne Papers

In 1977, gay BYU student Cloy Jenkins and gay BYU instructor Lee Williams[34] coauthored an open letter to refute the anti-gay teachings of BYU professor Reed Payne. The anonymous letter was later published with the help of Lee's gay brother Jeff and Ricks College faculty member Howard Salisbury as the "Payne Papers" pamphlet (later titled "Prologue").[35] This was anonymously mailed to all high-ranking LDS leaders and most BYU and Ricks College faculty causing a controversy. This elicited a response from apostle Boyd K. Packer in the form of his "To the One" 1978 BYU address on homosexuality and an article from the recently formed BYU Values Institute.

Policies and punishments in the 1990s and early 2000s

In the late 1990s a reference to "homosexual conduct" was added to the BYU Honor Code.[36] In 1997 Honor Code Office director Rush Sumpter stated that BYU forbids actions of verifiable, overt displays of homosexual affection, but does not punish attractions. One student stated she tried to pray her feelings away, and another said her parents sent her to BYU to straighten out her homosexual feelings.

In 2000 a reported 13 students were kicked off campus when caught watching the TV series Queer As Folk.[36] [37] The next year two gay students (Matthew Grierson and Ricky Escoto) were expelled under accusations deemed "more probable than not" of hand-holding or kissing. The Associate Dean of Students Lane Fischer over the BYU Honor Code Office stated in a letter to those two students that it was "inappropriate" for a BYU student to "advocate for the [homosexual] lifestyle" by publishing material or participating in public demonstrations as well as advertising one's "same-sex preference in any public way" reinforcing the existing honor code ban on coming out for lesbian, gay, or bisexual students.[38] [39] He also required homosexual students facing discipline to refrain from same-sex "dating, holding hands, kissing, romantic touching, showering, clubbing, ets., as well as regular association with homosexual men."[40]

Current policies

BYU continues to ban same-sex romantic behavior such as dating, holding hands, and kissing as of August 2023.[41] [42] In 2007, BYU changed the honor code to read that stating one's sexual orientation was not an honor code issue while removing the phrase that "any behaviors that indicate homosexual conduct, including those not sexual in nature, are inappropriate and violate the Honor Code." The change also clarified the policy on advocacy of LGBTQ rights or romantic relationships.[43] [44] [45] Several students, including those identifying as LGBTQIA+, thought that the previous wording was confusing and unclear.

While both homosexuals and heterosexuals must abide by the church's law of chastity (i.e. no sexual relations outside of marriage, no crude language, and no pornography),[46] the Honor Code additionally prohibits all forms of physical intimacy that give expression to homosexual feelings (e.g. dating, hugging, hand holding, or kissing) . There is no similar restriction against expressing heterosexual feelings.[7] The policy on homosexuality was not noted in the online version of the honor code available to students until the fall of 2009.[6] [7] Both this version and the 2010 versions contained a clause banning homosexual advocacy defined as "seeking to influence others to engage in homosexual behavior or promoting homosexual relations as being morally acceptable."[7] [47]

In early 2011, BYU quietly removed the clause prohibiting advocacy.[48] [47] [45] However, in 2021 BYU fired Sue Bergin and the next year BYU's sister school BYU-Idaho (also run by the Church Educational System) fired two employees Lindsay Call and Ben Buswell all for allegedly expressing concerns over church teachings around LGBTQ people.[49] BYU continues to ban LGBTQ student groups from meeting on campus . During an off-campus September 2022 BYU LGBTQ student "Back to School Pride Night", 100 protesters (many also BYU students) gathered and yelled slurs at the 300 LGBTQ BYU students and friends in attendance.[50] [51]

A 2021 BYU-conducted survey of its students found that 74% of the 13,000 respondents experienced or witnessed "derogatory remarks about LGBTQ+ people" within the past year, and one in four LGBTQ students surveyed said they did not feel safe on campus.[50] [52] Carolyn Gassert, president of the LGBTQ BYU student group USGA, said most of the queer students at BYU are used to the vitriol and "hear these comments in the classroom."

Policies around gender expression

See also: Gender minorities and the LDS Church.

As for gender diverse students, policies remain unclear, and a BYU spokesperson has only stated that "transgender students are handled on a case-by-case basis." One openly transgender student has tried discussing policies with the Honor Code office, but they ignored his emails. No publicly available BYU policy seems to be in place for students transitioning with hormone therapy, or for an assigned-male-at-birth student expressing a gender identity as a woman through clothing, makeup, or long hair.[53] However, faculty are instructed that a female with a shaved head, or a male with long nails, brightly dyed hair, or makeup would be violating the Honor Code and should be reported to the Honor Code Office.[54]

BYU LGBTQ student groups

See main article: BYU USGA.

In 2010, a group called USGA (Understanding Sexuality, Gender, and Allyship), consisting of BYU students and other members of the Provo community, began meeting on campus to discuss issues relating to homosexuality and the LDS Church.[55] However, by December 2012, USGA was told it could no longer hold meetings on BYU's campus and BYU continues to ban USGA from meeting on campus .[56]

In 2021, groups named Raynbow Collective and Cougar Pride Center were started to address the increasing needs of queer students. These groups began supplementing the work by USGA through additional resources and events.

Research at BYU around LGBT topics

In 1950, 1961, and 1972 BYU Sociology professor Wilford E. Smith conducted a survey of thousands of Mormon students at several universities including many from the BYU sociology department as part of a larger survey.[57] His data spanning over 20 years found that 10% of BYU men and 2% of BYU women indicated having had a "homosexual experience." He also found that "the response of Mormons [at BYU] did not differ significantly from the response of Mormons in state universities."[58]

An informal poll of students in 1991 by an independent BYU newspaper found that 5% of students identified their sexual orientation as gay (similar to the 4% estimate by a BYU counselor in 1979), and 22% of all students knew of a BYU student who was gay or lesbian.[59]

In 1997 a poll of over 400 BYU students found that 42% of students believed that even if a same-sex attracted person keeps the honor code they should not be allowed to attend BYU and nearly 80% said they would not live with a roommate attracted to people of the same sex.[60]

In 2003 BYU's newspaper cited two LDS therapists who stated that "somewhere around 4 to 5 percent" of BYU students are gay.

A BYU Spring 2017 survey taken by 42% of students found that .2% of the 12,602 who completed the survey (or 25 responders) reported their gender identity being transgender or something other than cisgender male or female. For comparison, a 2017 meta-analysis of 20 separate large surveys (with sample sizes ranging from over 30,000 US adults to over 165,000 each) found a conservative estimate of .39% for the portion of US adults who self-identify as transgender.[61] A 2020 survey of 7,625 BYU students found that over 13% (996) of those surveyed indicated that their sexual orientation was something other than "strictly heterosexual.

Aversion therapy at BYU

See also: Sexual orientation change efforts and the LDS Church.

An intervention-style approach to "curing" homosexuality by therapists and unlicensed individuals gradually emerged in the LDS community as it became clear that the church leaders' self-help recommendations were not working. One of the main efforts was BYU's aversion therapy program from 1959 to the mid-90s which used mostly electrical shocks to the arm or genitals, or sometimes induced-vomiting while showing the participants erotic imagery. Shortly after the May 21, 1959, meeting of BYU president Ernest Wilkinson and apostles on the executive committee of the Church Board of Education discussing the "growing problem in our society of homosexuality" BYU began administering "aversion therapy" to "cure", "repair", or "reorient" homosexual feelings among Mormon males. The on-campus aversion therapy program lasted through the 1960s, 70s, 80s, and into the mid-1990s.[62] BYU mental health counselors, LDS bishops, stake presidents, mission presidents, general authorities, and the BYU Standards Office (equivalent to today's Honor Code Office) all referred young men to the BYU program. Because of religious considerations, on September 22, 1969, BYU administration decided to reduce the amount of the on-campus "electrical aversive therapy" used to treat (among other things) what was deemed "sexual deviancy", though, the program continued.[63]

From 1971 to 1980 BYU's president Dallin H. Oaks had Gerald J. Dye over the University Standards Office[64] (renamed the Honor Code Office in 1991). Dye stated that during that decade part of the "set process" for homosexual BYU students referred to his office for "less serious" offenses was to require that they undergo some form of therapy to remain at BYU, and that in special cases this included "electroshock and vomiting aversion therapies."

In an independent BYU newspaper article two men describe their experience with the BYU Aversion therapy program during the early 1970s.[65] After confessing to homosexual feelings they were referred to the BYU Counseling Center where the electroshock aversion therapy took place using pornographic pictures of males and females. Jon, one of the individuals, implied that the treatment was completely ineffective.[34] The experiences match most reports which state that shock therapy was ineffective in changing sexual orientation.[66]

From 1975 to 1976 Max Ford McBride, a student at BYU, conducted electroshock aversion therapy on 17 men (with 14 completing the treatment) using a male arousal measuring device placed around the penis and electrodes on the bicep. He published a dissertation on the use of electrical aversive techniques to treat ego-dystonic homosexuality. The thesis documents the use of "Electrical Aversion Therapy" on 14 homosexual men using a "phallometric" apparatus, "barely tolerable" shocks, and "nude male visual-cue stimuli."[67] Although it is not publicly published whether all top LDS Church leaders were aware of the electroshock aversion therapy program, it is known that apostles Spencer W Kimball, Mark E. Peterson, and now apostle Dallin H. Oaks were, and leaders involved in LDS Social Services thought the therapy was effective.[68] At the time, homosexuality was considered by the medical community as a psychiatric condition,[69] [70] and aversion therapy was one of the more common methods used to try to change it.[71] In 1966, Martin Seligman had conducted a study at the University of Pennsylvania that demonstrated positive results, which led to "a great burst of enthusiasm about changing homosexuality [that] swept over the therapeutic community."[72] After flaws were demonstrated in Seligman's experiments, aversion therapy fell out of popularity, and in 1994 the American Medical Association issued a report that stated "aversion therapy is no longer recommended for gay men and lesbians."[73]

Participant in the 1975–76 BYU study Don Harryman wrote that he experienced "burns on [his] arms and ... emotional trauma."[66] [74] Another participant, John Clarence Cameron, who wrote a play called "14" about his experiences, said "it didn't change anything except increase my self-loathing. I didn't know the ramifications of the experiment until years later."[75] Cameron stated that he "would like everyone to tell the truth, admit the mistakes that took place, and stop trying to act like it didn't happen"[76] Another one of the test subjects described his experiences, stating "No one wanted to change more than I did. I did everything within my power to change, and it didn't alter my homosexuality one whit. All I had learned to do was suppress much of my personality ... I was shutting down, turning off.... I was making my life miserable by a pervasive denial of who I am."[77]

Connell O'Donovan,[78] Val Mansfield and Drew Staffanson described undergoing aversion therapy and Raymond King describes his involvement as an intern with the BYU psychology department's electroshock aversion therapy program in the 1996 short documentary Legacies.[79] [80] The documentary also contains an interview wherein Bruce Barton states that BYU coerced him into vomit aversion therapy, as well as electroshock therapy, which later precipitated his suicide attempt.[81] Jayce Cox also reported his experience with BYU shock therapy[82] and suicidal ideation in articles and an MTV documentary. Scott Burton discusses the burn marks on his wrists he developed when undergoing electroshock therapy from ages 13 to 15 at the hands of a Mormon therapist by request from his Mormon parents.[83]

In 2011 BYU admitted to the past use of electroshock therapy but denies that it had ever used vomit-inducing therapy "in the BYU Counseling Center"[84] (which has been in the Wilkinson Student Center since 1964). However, the students that underwent the treatment have stated that the vomit therapy took place in the basement of the Psychology department's Joseph F. Smith Family Living Center (built in 1957, demolished in 2002).[79] [85] In 2021 Dallin Oaks falsely stated that electroshock aversion therapy "never went on under my administration" at BYU while he was the university's president from 1971 to 1980, while a BYU student produced a master's thesis on the electroshock program at BYU in 1976).[86] [87]

Conversion therapy at BYU

See also: Sexual orientation change efforts and the LDS Church.

In 2016, the church's official website declared that conversion therapy or sexual orientation change efforts (SOCE) are "unethical."[88] [89] This statement is echoed by studies on the harmful effects of SOCE.[90] Prior to this change in stance BYU ecclesiastical leaders and Honor Code office administrators have encouraged or required students with homosexual feelings to undergo conversion therapy (also known as sexual orientation change efforts), sometimes under threat of expulsion. This therapy focused on diminishing same-sex romantic attraction sometimes happened on campus by church-employed therapists.

For example, National Geographic journalist Andrew Evans[91] has discussed the compulsory year of conversion therapy and "traumatic moments" BYU made him undergo in the late 90s as a student after he was caught kissing a man by his roommate. BYU told him he could be expelled or visit weekly with his bishop, turn in fellow gay students, cut off contact with any gay friends, and have frequent visits with a BYU therapist until he was heterosexual and "safe" for other students to be around. Included in the therapy was weekly dates with women as an additional attempt to change his attractions.[92]

Similarly, LGBT activist Michael Ferguson also discussed the many years and different modalities of expensive conversion therapy he underwent (including with a BYU psychologist) starting with a 2004 recommendation from his BYU bishop. He was told by local church leaders that many had "overcome" and diminished their same-sex romantic feelings and their "addiction" to those of the same sex. Ferguson believed that through this he could follow church teachings and marry a woman and enter the highest degree of glory in the afterlife. Much of the therapy focused on repairing alleged emotional damage from things deemed to cause homosexuality like an overbearing mother, distant father, and rejection from same-sex peers.[93]

Timeline of BYU LGBT History

See also: Timeline of LGBT Mormon history.

Below is a brief timeline of major events at the intersection of LGBT topics and BYU. Before 1959, there was little explicit mention of homosexuality by BYU administration.

1940s

1950s

1960s

1970s

1980s

1990s

2000s

2010s

2010

2011

2012

2013

2015

2016

2017

2018

2019

2020s

2020

2021

2022

2023

2024

Notes and References

  1. News: Gleeson. Scott. Could BYU's LGBT Policies Really Deter Big 12 Move?. USA Today. August 10, 2016.
  2. News: Levesque . Brody . BYU announces Office of Belonging; LDS Elder attacks LGBTQ+ people . . . August 27, 2021.
  3. Web site: Ranking Categories: Demographics . Princeton Review College Ranking . The Princeton Review.
  4. News: Knox. Annie. BYU, other Christian schools ranked among the least LGBT-friendly campuses. Washington Post. Washington D.C.. August 11, 2015.
  5. News: Lee. Ashley. BYU added to LGBT organization's 'Shame List'. Daily Universe. September 14, 2016. BYU.
  6. Web site: 2008 Church Educational System Honor Code. . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140608222002/http://saas.byu.edu/catalog/2008-2009ucat/GeneralInfo/HonorCode.php. June 8, 2014. Internet Archive.
  7. Web site: 2009 Church Educational System Honor Code. . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20110903210257/http://saas.byu.edu/catalog/2009-2010ucat/GeneralInfo/HonorCode.php. September 3, 2011. Internet Archive.
  8. News: Dobner. Jennifer. LGBTQ students discuss challenges faced at Mormon-owned BYU in first-ever forum. The Salt Lake Tribune. April 28, 2017.
  9. Book: Quinn. D. Michael. D. Michael Quinn . Same-Sex Dynamics among Nineteenth-Century Americans: A Mormon Example. 1996. . 978-0252022050 . Google Books. limited.
  10. Web site: Prince Notes on Gay Rights & the Mormon Church–'06–BYU' . University of Virginia. Charlottesville, Virginia.
  11. Wilkinson. Ernest. Ernest L. Wilkinson Papers. Ernest L. Wilkinson. BYU Diary. September 12, 1962. BYU. L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library. Folder 1 UA 1000 . 101. http://files.lib.byu.edu/ead/XML/UA1000.xml. Textual record.
  12. News: Blackley . Jared . Nothing to Hide? What it means to be gay at BYU . . Copperfield Publishing . June 11, 2007 . In 1965, for instance, university President Ernest L. Wilkinson said in a speech to the student body that BYU does 'not intend to admit to campus any homosexuals. If any of you have this tendency and have not completely abandoned it, may I suggest that you leave the university immediately after this assembly; and if you will be honest enough to let us know the reason, we will voluntarily refund your tuition. We do not want others on this campus to be contaminated by your presence.'.
  13. News: Wood . Benjamin . LGBT at Mormon universities tell of isolation — often from the people teaching them . . November 7, 2016.
  14. News: Wilkinson. Ernest . Ernest L. Wilkinson. Make Honor Your Standard. Deseret News. November 13, 1965. 11–12. Newspapers.com.
  15. Wilkinon. Ernest . Ernest L. Wilkinson . Presidential Files, Executive Committee Minutes. October 28, 1965. Provo, UT . BYU. L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library. UA 1000. 272. 18. http://files.lib.byu.edu/ead/XML/UA1000.xml. Register to the Ernest L. Wilkinson, 1899-1978, papers, 1917-1978. Textual record.
  16. Wilkinson. Ernest. Ernest L. Wilkinson. Presidential Files, Memorandum: Conference Held with First Presidency. August 18, 1967 . . Provo, UT . . UA 1000. 271. 22. 2. http://files.lib.byu.edu/ead/XML/UA1000.xml. Register of the Ernest L. Wilkinson, 1899-1978, Papers, 1917-1978.
  17. BYU Board Meeting Minutes. April 19, 1973. L. Tom Perry Special Collections Library. BYU. Provo, Utah. 6–7. http://files.lib.byu.edu/ead/XML/UA1085.xml. UA 1085. Register of the Dallin H. Oaks Brigham Young University President's Records, 1971-1980. Textual record.
  18. Private pain, public purges: a history of homosexuality at Brigham Young University . Connell. O'Donovan . University of California Santa Cruz. April 28, 1997. limited. Church History Library.
  19. News: Moes. Garry J.. Ex-BYU Security Officer Tells of Intrigue, Spying. . 10A . March 22, 1975. University of Utah.
  20. Book: Bergera. James. Priddis. Ronald. Brigham Young University: A House of Faith. 1985. Signature Books. 978-0941214346 . . registration.
  21. News: Oaks Supports Security's Police Powers. Daily Universe. BYU. 33. 12. September 18, 1979. Internet Archives.
  22. News: Brigham Young U. Admits Stake outs on Homosexuals. . A16. September 27, 1979. [BYU] says its security police staked out homosexual bars in Salt Lake City to investigate homosexual activity at the Latter-day Saint‐owned school, but stopped the practice once administrators learned of it. Paul Richards, director of public relations for the university, confirmed yesterday allegations by the American Civil Liberties Union that security officers ventured off campus and wrote letters to a homosexual‐oriented newspaper soliciting responses as part of a crackdown on homosexuals. The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints has a strict ban on homosexual behavior in line with traditional Christian teachings. "Those things were done," Mr. Richards said. "But, when President [Dallin] Oaks got involved, he said, 'Cut that out right now.' "Mr. Richards said the surveillance had occurred more than a year ago, before the Utah Legislature approved a controversial bill giving peace officer status to campus police..
  23. News: Alberty. Erin. Longtime Utah LGBT advocates recount brutal history. . October 7, 2014. The fears proved well-founded. Designated drivers in the parking lots of gay bars saw men writing down license plate numbers. Some [BYU] students reported being outed by campus security soon thereafter, Aaron says.'Then the families ended up finding out they were excommunicated,' he says.. Internet Archive.
  24. News: Homosexuals Level Charges at Mormon Church. https://web.archive.org/web/20171104173107/https://www.newspapers.com/newspage/2730618/. dead. November 4, 2017. Kokomo, Indiana. Kokomo Tribune. Associated Press. Community Newspaper Holdings. October 27, 1979. 15. The letter sought people interested in forming a "BYU gay underground." [David] Chipman, although not a BYU student, met his contact in the student center, but was arrested by the man in a canyon away from the school. The man revealed he was a BYU police officer posing as a homosexual. ... [Security Chief Robert] Kelshaw admits a BYU detective wrote the unauthorized "gay underground" letter.. Internet Archive.
  25. McQueen . Robert. BYU Inquisition. The Advocate. August 13, 1975.
  26. News: BYU security Personnel Can Operate Off Campus: Gays Protest Power. D2. University of Utah. The Salt Lake Tribune. October 23, 1979. Barker. Ron. Associated Press.
  27. Swedin . Eric . Eric G. Swedin . Integrating the modern psychologies and religion: Allen E. Bergin and the Latter-day Saints of the late twentieth century. Journal of the History of the Behavioral Sciences. Spring 1999. 35. 2. 157 . 10.1002/(SICI)1520-6696(199921)35:2<157::AID-JHBS3>3.0.CO;2-L.
  28. LDS Scene . . LDS Church. December 1979.
  29. Web site: An Overview of Church Welfare Services. LDS Church. Social Services is now part of Personal Welfare Services, with Brother Victor Brown Jr., as director.. October 1975.
  30. Book: Smith. George D.. Bergera. Gary James. Religion, Feminism, and Freedom of Conscience. 1994. Signature Books. 978-1-56085-048-9. 100–102. Internet Archive.
  31. The Effects of Psychotherapy. Journal of the American Medical Association. . 243. 10. 1084 . 10.1001/jama.1980.03300360052033 . March 14, 1980. Bernstein. Norman R..
  32. James . Elizabeth Chloe . Treatment of Homosexuality: A Reanalysis and Synthesis of Outcome Studies . December 1978 . PhD . . limited . Provo, Utah. ProQuest.
  33. Web site: Brigham Young University: Institute for Studies in Values and Human Behavior. BYU.
  34. Huffaker. Dean. Homosexuality at BYU. . March 27, 1982. 1. 15. 1. Internet Archive.
  35. Web site: Jenkins. Cloy. Prologue: An examination of the Mormon attitude towards homosexuality. . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20080701084638/http://www.affirmation.org/memorial/prologue.shtml . July 1, 2008. Internet Archive.
  36. Book: Wilson. John K.. Patriotic Correctness: Academic Freedom and Its Enemies. August 1, 2008. Routledge. 978-1594511943. 146. . limited.
  37. Mardesich . Jodi . Pass or Fail . live. July 7, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190707154750/https://www.questia.com/read/1G1-78682400/pass-or-fail . . September 25, 2001. [BYU student Ricky] Escoto says he knows of 13 other BYU students who were kicked off campus last year after being caught watching the Showtime series Queer as Folk.. . . Also archived here.
  38. News: Mormonism: "Do Ask, Do Tell" at BYU. Newsweek. April 29, 2007.
  39. BYU clarifies code on homosexuality: Homosexual orientation no longer a violation. The Christian Century. May 29, 2007. 124. 11. 15.
  40. News: Stewart. Kirsten. BYU Brass Suspend Two Gays. D1. University of Utah. The Salt Lake Tribune. March 29, 2001 . .
  41. News: Harris . Martha . 2023-08-30 . For queer BYU students, the Honor Code update picks at wounded feelings of belonging . . University of Utah.
  42. News: Iati . Marisa . 2020-03-06 . BYU lifted a ban on 'homosexual behavior.' The Mormon Church says same-sex couples still can't date. . Washington D.C. . . 0190-8286.
  43. News: Lyon. Julia. BYU changes honor code text about gay students. The Salt Lake Tribune. April 17, 2007.
  44. News: Walch. Tad. BYU clarifies Honor Code about gay orientation. Deseret News. LDS Church. April 18, 2007.
  45. Vanderhooft. Joselle. BYU's Changing Honor Code. QSaltLake. February 2, 2011. Issuu.
  46. News: BYU Clarifies Honor Code . Jenna . Morrison . April 17, 2007 . . BYU.
  47. Web site: 2010 Church Educational System Honor Code. . dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20100828063509/http://saas.byu.edu/catalog/2010-2011ucat/GeneralInfo/HonorCode.php . August 28, 2010. Internet Archive.
  48. BYU removes pro-gay advocacy from its honor code . February 2, 2011 . QSaltLake.
  49. News: Kemsley . Tamarra . BYU-I instructors fired for failing 'ecclesiastical clearance.' They can't find out why . . 28 Nov 2022.
  50. News: Chavez . Nicole . People dressed in angel wings shielded LGBTQ students attending BYU from protesters . . 8 Sep 2022.
  51. News: Protesters taunt, yell slurs at BYU students attending LGBTQ event . . . 5 Sep 2022. Pocatello, Idaho.
  52. Web site: Report on the Campus Climate Survey on Sexual Assault. . November 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20220111233018/https://news.byu.edu/https:/brightspotcdn.byu.edu/1e/9f/3cfd38434e508ab9d421bf55f7ed/campus-climate-report-f2017.pdf. 11 January 2022. live. Internet Archive.
  53. News: Dodson. Braley. Transgender at BYU: Current and former students living lives despite unclear policies. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. October 22, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20201121200623/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/education/college/byu/transgender-at-byu-current-and-former-students-living-lives-despite/article_be025058-0741-5de9-9400-b0e9f8a7b932.html. 21 November 2020. dead. Internet Archive.
  54. Web site: Honor Code Faculty Information . . https://web.archive.org/web/20160106171755/http://facultycenter.byu.edu/honor-code-faculty-information. January 6, 2016. Question: One of my female students has shaved her head. Do I have a responsibility here? Answer: Yes, faculty have a responsibility in this situation! A girl shaving her head, a guy dying his hair bright blue, or any other extreme fashion is not appropriate for representatives of the Church and the University. Question: One of my male students wears black clothing and eye shadow to class; and his fingernails are at least half an inch long. What can I do about it? Answer: That sort of appearance is not appropriate for a BYU student, particularly a male.. live. Internet Archive.
  55. Web site: Understanding Same-Gender Attraction. https://web.archive.org/web/20131021195208/http://extras.sltrib.com/PDFs/studentreview.pdf. October 21, 2013. Student Review . The Salt Lake Tribune. September 19, 2011. 16. Internet Archive. dead.
  56. News: Tanner . Courtney . 100 protesters yelled slurs in Provo as LGBTQ students at BYU celebrated coming back to school . . 4 Sep 2022.
  57. Quinn. D. Michael. D. Michael Quinn . Prelude to the National 'Defense of Marriage' Campaign: Civil Discrimination Against Feared or Despised Minorities. Dialogue. University of Illinois Press. Fall 2000. 33 . 3. 45.
  58. Smith. Wilford E.. Mormon Sex Standards on College Campuses, or Deal Us Out of the Sexual Revolution! . Dialogue. . Fall 1976. 10 . 2. 76–77 . 11614391.
  59. News: Everything You Wanted to Know About BYU But Were Afraid to Ask: SR Surveys the Campus. Student Review. March 13, 1991. 6. . Provo, Utah. A copy of the article can be found in the BYU Library's Special Collections Department at UA 1236, Box 4, Folder 8
  60. News: Fletcher Stack. Peggy. Peggy Fletcher Stack. 42 Percent At BYU Want Gays Kept Out; Gays Unwelcome, Say Many at BYU. The Salt Lake Tribune. November 9, 1997. . Newspapers.com. B5. Forty-two percent of [BYU] students think those with a same-sex orientation should not be allowed to attend the LDS Church-owned school, according to a recent survey. ... In the first study, BYU student Samuel Clayton, with the help of several faculty members, gave questionnaires anonymously to 420 students in randomly selected classes..
  61. Meerwijk . Esther L. . Sevelius . Jae M. . Transgender Population Size in the United States: a Meta-Regression of Population-Based Probability Samples . . February 2017 . . Washington D.C. . 107 . 2 . e1–e8 . 10.2105/AJPH.2016.303578 . 28075632 . 5227946 . [O]ur final analysis included 20 samples. Table 1 describes each of these samples in more detail. Among them, 6 samples (30%) were drawn from the general population and 14 (70%) from college and university students and adult inmates. ... The estimated proportion of transgender individuals based on surveys that categorized transgender as gender identity was 0.39% (95% confidence interval [between 0.16% and 0.62%]). ... An estimate extrapolating our meta-regression results ... suggests that the proportion of transgender adults in the United States is 0.39% ... and almost 1 million adults nationally. Our estimate of 0.39% is not quite as high as the 1% that was posited on the basis of a qualitative review of international studies..
  62. Book: Prince . Gregory A. . Gregory Prince. Gay Rights and the Mormon Church: Intended Actions, Unintended Consequences . 2019 . . Salt Lake City . 9781607816638 . Google Books. limited.
  63. 22 September 1969 Minutes. BYU. Vice Presidents' Minutes. UA 1233. https://lib.byu.edu/search/byu/record/cat.3502427.item.3502427-1001 . September 22, 1969. Provo,Utah. .
  64. Web site: University Standards Office. BYU.
  65. Book: Waterman. Bryan. Kagel. Brian. The Lord's University: Freedom and Authority at BYU. 1998. Signature Books. Salt Lake City, Utah. 978-1-56085-117-2. limited. Google Books.
  66. Book: Schow. Ron. Schow. Wayne. Raynes. Marybeth. Peculiar People: Mormons and Same-Sex Orientation. June 1991. Signature Books. Salt Lake City, Utah. 978-1-56085-046-5. Internet Archive. registration.
  67. McBride. Max Ford. Effects of Visual Stimuli in Electric Aversion Therapy. Aug 1976. BYU Department of Psychology . PhD . Provo, Utah. 43. Internet Archive.
  68. Blattner. Robert L.. Counseling the Homosexual In A Church Setting. Issues in Religion and Psychotherapy. . 1975 . 1. 1. 1–3.
  69. Web site: International Day Against Homophobia, Transphobia and Biphobia. American Psychological Association.
  70. Web site: May 17th is the Intl Day Against Homophobia . Stephen . Barris . May 4, 2005 . . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20140704014026/http://ilga.org/ilga/en/article/546 . July 4, 2014 . Internet Archive.
  71. Web site: Social Sciences–Aversion Therapy. Elise. Chenier. Claude J.. Summers. Claude J. Summers. 2004. 2005. GLBTQ.com. August 13, 2007. https://web.archive.org/web/20070813072939/http://www.glbtq.com/social-sciences/aversion_therapy.html. dead. Internet Archive.
  72. Book: Seligman, Martin E.P.. 156. Martin Seligman. What You Can Change and What You Can't: The Complete Guide to Self Improvement. Knopf. 1993. 978-0-679-41024-9. registration. Internet Archive.
  73. Health Care Needs of Gay Men and Lesbians in the United States. Council on Scientific Affairs, American Medical Association. Ronald M. Davis. Ronald Davis (physician). Myron Genel. John P. Howe III. Mitchell S. Karlan. William R. Kennedy. Patricia Joy Numann. Joseph A. Riggs. W. Douglas Skelton. 2. . 1996. 275. 17. 1354–1359 . 10.1001/jama.1996.03530410068036.
  74. Web site: Affirmation. With All Thy Getting, Get Understanding. Don D.. Harryman. 16 March 2006.
  75. News: Can gays be 'cured'? Controversial practice attempts just that . Michelle . Beaver . March 20, 2011 . .
  76. News: Collins. Mark. Theater: '14' examines violent therapy for gay Mormons in the 1970s. . October 16, 2011.
  77. Book: Jenkins. Cloy. Williams . Lee . Williams. Jeff . Salisbury. Howard. Prologue. 1978. Prometheus Enterprises. Salt Lake City, UT. 13. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20070804045053/http://affirmation.org/memorial/prologue.shtml. August 4, 2007. Affirmation.
  78. News: James . Susan . Mormon 'Gay Cure' Study Used Electric Shocks Against Homosexual Feelings . . 28 March 2011.
  79. Web site: Weakland. Sean. Legacies. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20170505150007/http://brbl-dl.library.yale.edu/vufind/Record/4192006. 5 May 2017. Yale University.
  80. Web site: 1996-06-29 . Legacies . IMDb.
  81. Web site: Cowan. Reed. 8: The Mormon Proposition. David v. Goliath Films. 8: The Mormon Proposition Documentary. IMDb.
  82. News: Byrne. John. Gay Mormon relates torture. The Oberlin Review. Oberlin College. April 25, 2003. Oberlin, Ohio.
  83. Book: Ure. James W.. Leaving the Fold: Candid Conversations with Inactive Mormons. 1999. . Salt Lake City. 978-1-56085-134-9 . 79–80 .
  84. News: Mormon 'Gay Cure' Study Used Electric Shocks Against Homosexual Feelings . . . Susan . Donaldson James . March 30, 2011.
  85. Web site: Daines. Gordon. Joseph F. Smith Family Living Center. BYU.
  86. News: Fletcher Stack . Peggy . Peggy Fletcher Stack . 16 Nov 2021 . Dallin Oaks says shock therapy of gays didn't happen at BYU while he was president. Records show otherwise. . . limited.
  87. News: Jarrell . Zachary . 2021-11-17 . Mormon leader denies BYU used electroshock therapy on gay students . .
  88. News: Fletcher Stack . Peggy . Peggy Fletcher Stack. Dobner. Jennifer Dobner . The Salt Lake Tribune. 7 November 2016 . LDS Church's new 'Mormon and Gay' website wins cheers and some jeers for ignoring controversial policy .
  89. Web site: Same-Sex Attraction. LDS Church. While shifts in sexuality can and do occur for some people, it is unethical to focus professional treatment on an assumption that a change in sexual orientation will or must occur..
  90. Fish . Jessica N. . Russell . Stephen T. . Sexual Orientation and Gender Identity Change Efforts are Unethical and Harmful . . Aug 2020 . 110 . 8 . 1113–1114 . 10.2105/AJPH.2020.305765 . 32639919 . 7349462 . With substantial evidence of serious harms associated with exposure to [sexual orientation and gender identity change efforts (SOGICE)] particularly for minors, 21 states (and multiple cities and counties) have passed bipartisan laws or regulations prohibiting SOGICE. ... Furthermore, compared with LGBTQ youths with no exposure, those exposed to SOGICE showed 1.76 times greater odds of seriously considering suicide, 2.23 times greater odds of having attempted suicide, and 2.54 times greater odds of multiple suicide attempts in the previous year..
  91. Andrew Evans: Travel Journalist and TV Host. https://web.archive.org/web/20141220181410/http://events.nationalgeographic.com/speakers-bureau/speaker/andrew-evans/. dead. December 20, 2014. National Geographic.
  92. News: Evans. Andrew E.. Rise and shout, the Cougars are out: Gay former student says BYU forced him into reparative therapy. Out Sports. SB Nation. Vox Media. June 8, 2017.
  93. O'Neil . Lorena. I Spent Seven Years in Gay Conversion Therapy Programs Before Breaking Free. Esquire. Hearst Communications. July 28, 2016.
  94. The birth of Mormon homophobia. Williams. Ben. September 1, 2011. QSaltLake. Salt Lake City, Utah.
  95. Kofoed. Earl. Memories of Being Gay at BYU. Affinity. Affirmation. April 1993. 5, 9. https://web.archive.org/web/20060617213245/http://www.affirmation.org/memorial/memories_of_being_gay.shtml. June 17, 2006. dead. Internet Archive.
  96. Wilkinson. Ernest. Ernest L. Wilkinson. Make Honor Your Standard. September 23, 1965. . 8. Provo, Utah. Campus-wide address. Latter Gay Stories.
  97. Bracken. Seth. Through the Years. QSaltLake. April 14, 2011. ISSUU.
  98. Book: Kimball. Spencer. A Counselling Problem in the Church. July 10, 1964. . Provo, Utah. 1–21. Internet Archive. Also available here.
  99. Book: Winkler. Douglas A.. Lavender Sons of Zion: A History of Gay Men in Salt Lake City, 1950--1979. May 2008. University of Utah. Salt Lake City, Utah. 9780549493075 . Google Books. limited.
  100. Book: Kimball, Spencer W. Love vs. Lust. January 5, 1965. BYU Speeches of the Year. https://speeches.byu.edu/talks/spencer-w-kimball_love-vs-lust/. . Internet Archive. . Transcript reprint with permission by the Mental Health Resource Foundation at mentalhealthlibrary.info. Note: References to homosexuality were removed in the reprinted version of the speech in the 1972 book compilation of Kimball's speeches "Faith Precedes the Miracle."
  101. McQueen . Robert . Outside the Temple Gates-The Gay Mormon . . August 13, 1975 . 14 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20080719220413/http://affirmation.org/suicides/1965.shtml . July 19, 2008 . Affirmation.
  102. Book: O'Donovan, Connell. Corcoran. Brent. Connell O'Donovan. 'The Abominable and Detestable Crime against Nature': A Brief History of Homosexuality and Mormonism, 1840-1980. Multiply and Replenish: Mormon Essays on Sex and Family. 1994. Signature Books. Salt Lake City, Utah. 978-1560850502. http://signaturebookslibrary.org/the-abominable-and-detestable-crime-against-nature/. https://web.archive.org/web/20220327031212/http://signaturebookslibrary.org/the-abominable-and-detestable-crime-against-nature/ . March 27, 2022 . Internet Archive. dead.
  103. New Era. Bergin. Allen. Toward a Theory of Human Agency. LDS Church.
  104. Oaks . Dallin . Dallin H. Oaks . The Popular Myth of the Victimless Crime. . March 27, 1974 . Commissioner's Lecture.
  105. Oaks . Dallin . Dallin H. Oaks. The Popular Myth of the Victimless Crime. The LDS Church Educational System Commissioner's Lecture Series. 1974. 8 . . I believe in retaining criminal penalties on sex crimes such as adultery, fornication, prostitution, homosexuality, and other forms of deviate sexual behavior. I concede the abuses and risks of invasion of privacy that are involved in the enforcement of such crimes and therefore concede the need for extraordinary supervision of the enforcement process. I am even willing to accept a strategy of extremely restrained enforcement of private, noncommercial sexual offenses. I favor retaining these criminal penalties primarily because of the standard-setting and teaching function of these laws on sexual morality and their support of society's exceptional interest in the integrity of the family.. Internet Archive.
  106. News: Snell . Buffy. AF Law May Backfire. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. December 13, 2011.
  107. Be Ye Therefore Perfect . . September 17, 1974 . 24:24. [I]t is hard for me to understand why men wish to resemble women and why women desire to ape the men. ... Then we're appalled to find an ever-increasing number of women who want to be sexually men and many young men who wish to be sexually women. What a travesty! I tell you that, as surely as they live, such people will regret having made overtures toward the changing of their sex. Do they know better than God what is right and best for them?. Internet Archive. Alternative youtube.com and archive.org links.
  108. News: Davis Man Found Dead in Vehicle. Ogden Standard Examiner. March 10, 1976. 10B,11A. Carlyle D. Marsden was found in his car along Nichols Road dead from a pistol wound of the chest.. University of Utah. Ogden, Utah.
  109. News: Weist. Larry. Homosexual Suspects Arrested in Utah County. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. March 16, 1976. University of Utah. Eight men were arraigned in the Pleasant Grove Precinct Justice Court Monday afternoon on charges of lewdness and sodomy stemming from alleged homosexual activity at the two rest stops on I-15 north of Orem. ... Two of the suspects were arrested and charged with an act of sodomy. One of them, a 54-year-old Salt Lake County man, died of a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the chest two days after his arrest, according to Serge Moore, state medical examiner. ... Funeral services for Carlyle D. Marsden, 54, of 1388 Nichols Road, Fruit Heights, who died Monday, March 8, 1976, will be Friday at 10 a.m. in the Kaysville 11th-14th LDS Ward Chapel ... Mr. Marsden was a music teacher at Eisenhower Junior High School and at [BYU].. 1, 4.
  110. Web site: Carlyle D. Marsden (1921–1976) . https://web.archive.org/web/20130408200025/http://www.affirmation.org/suicides/carlyle_marsden.shtml. December 29, 2011. . April 8, 2013. Internet Archive.
  111. Williams. Ben . The Payne Papers. QSaltLake. December 23, 2010.
  112. Book: Packer. Boyd. To The One. 1978. LDS Church. Issuu.
  113. Web site: To The One . LDS Church History Library.
  114. News: Chipman Case Appealed; Insufficient Evidence Cited. Daily Universe. BYU. May 13, 1980. 2.
  115. News: Homosexual Crack Down; A Duty for BYU Security Police. Points West. . University of Utah. December 5, 1979. 10–11. Non-Student Is Set Is Set Up and Arrested Kelshaw (Security Chief) admits a BYU detective wrote an unauthorized letter to a gay newspaper in Salt Lake the Open Door in an effort to obtain the names of students who would be interested in forming a 'BYU gay underground'. David Chipman not a student of BYU responded to the article and was thereby set up for later arrest. David made connection with the detective who was posing as a homosexual. The two then drove into a nearby canyon where David was arrested when he touched the groin of the officer. Chipman has pleaded innocent and his attorney has moved for dismissal on grounds of entrapment... 'The law passed on May 10 is blatantly unconstitutional for allowing police power to be used to enforce views, if not exclusively limited to, at least including in church doctrine,' said Shirley Pedler director of the American Civil Liberties Union in Utah ... Salt Lake Tribune Oct 23, 1979..
  116. News: Chipman Found Guilty of Attempted Abuse. Daily Universe. BYU. April 8, 1980. 1.
  117. News: 12 April 1980 . Y. Decoy Sex Case Leads to $450 Fine . D1 . . . University of Utah. Also available here.
  118. News: Murphy. Barbara. Tate. Alice. Long. David. Welker. Joseph. LDS Views of Homosexuality. . . April 11, 1979. 16.
  119. News: Murphy . Barbara . Tate. Alice . Long. David. Welker. Joseph . Homosexuality: Cause for Concern?. . BYU. April 10, 1979 . 1. According to local psychologists who are working on homosexuality research, anywhere from 1 to 4 percent of the BYU male population have homosexual tendencies. Dr. Ford McBride, a psychologist at Timpanogos Community Mental Health Center, and Dr. Maxine Murdock, licensed psychologist at the BYU Counseling Center who works with homosexual students, estimate the figure at 4 percent. McBride said his estimate is based on extrapolation of the old Kinsey report..
  120. KBYU Cancels Gay Documentary . . September 1982 . 2 . 9 . 8. KBYU viewers who turned on their television sets August 6 to see the last in a three-part series on homosexuality in Utah heard instead an announcement that the segment had been cancelled ... The segment contained interviews with homosexual students at BYU. ...[P]roducer of the series Kevin Mitchell told the Provo Daily Herald 'I didn't want their faces shown because if they were caught, they would be kicked out of the university.'.
  121. Web site: Hafen. Bruce. The Gospel and Romantic Love. .
  122. Web site: Can the gospel of Jesus Christ help people to overcome serious problems of intimacy?. Brown Jr.. Victor . . https://web.archive.org/web/20090104224629/http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/viewQuestion.aspx?view=a4ee6072-4902-405e-8aba-a4decc1b8c83. January 4, 2009. dead. Internet Archive.
  123. Brown Jr.. Victor. Healing Problems of Intimacy by Clients' Use of Gospel-Based Values and Role Definitions. BYU Studies Quarterly. BYU. January 1, 1986. 7, 23–24. 26. 1 . Recognition of inadequate treatment regimens regimes regimens may account for erroneous but widespread beliefs such as that male homosexuality is not changeable. ... Change was embedded in an accepting evaluative and loving non-erotic social milieu that provided expectations ideology and actual interpersonal experiences leading to the extinction of homosexual impulses and behaviors. ... Warren was discovering that he was not the odd man out he had believed all his life and as his gender security increased his homosexual desires decreased..
  124. Web site: What is the Latter-day Saint position on homosexuality?. Brown Jr.. Victor L.. BYU. https://web.archive.org/web/20090104224711/http://ldsfaq.byu.edu/viewQuestion.aspx?view=f06c6c0a-864d-48e4-a6d5-985e548726fb. January 4, 2009. live. Internet Archive.
  125. News: Warchol. Glen. Prevalence of AIDS Cited Among Mormons. Cumberland Evening Times. June 30, 1986. NewspaperArchive.com.
  126. Waterman. Bryan. Student Review and BYU: Over Ten Years of Un-Official Press (And Official Resistance) in Provo. Sunstone. September 1997. 20. 107. 52. In 1990, the [Student Review] staff threw aside the magazine's taboos and published its 'What?!? Homosexuality HERE at BYU!?!' issue, which explored the topic from a variety of religious and social perspectives. Over the next four years gay issues took up much space in the Review—perhaps because the Review had become a semi-safe space for gay students themselves. Such articles—without exception promoting tolerance if not outright social and theological change—always drew critical response from students..
  127. Book: Spring Commencement Exercises . April 21, 1994 . . Provo, UT . 21 . Internet Archive.
  128. Parvaz . Rose Wilson . 1994 . Cross-Cultural Categories of Female Homosexuality . Masters . .
  129. News: Smart. Michael. BYU Student Poll: Ban Gay Students. The Salt Lake Tribune. March 22, 1997. D2 . [They] conducted the school-approved survey to 420 students in randomly selected classes on campus. ... [Clayton] feels the results show a substantial amount of intolerance and prejudice among students towards same-sex oriented people. Clayton, who says he is gay, points to the 42 percent of students who are ignorant of or opposed to the school's policy. He also said that while 91 percent of those surveyed said they were familiar with the church's stance, only a third actually were. ... Almost 80 percent of respondents would not live with a same-sex oriented roommate.. . Utah State University.
  130. News: Ostler. Sarah L.. Tolerance of all people advised. . BYU. November 21, 1997.
  131. News: Stewart . Amy K. . BYU station opts against airing therapist's speech on gay men . Daily Herald. Provo, Utah . January 16, 2003 . October 25, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20161025151212/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/byu-station-opts-against-airing-therapist-s-speech-on-gay/article_7ee6fa7e-e36e-53bb-b5ea-7558e584bacd.html . dead .
  132. News: Haney . Jeffrey P. . TV broadcast on sex orientation is canceled . . . January 15, 2003.
  133. Robinson . Jeffrey . Homosexuality: What Works and What Doesn't Work . Families Under Fire conference . October 6, 2002 . Provo, Utah . . Internet Archive.
  134. Utah school broadcasts 'cure' lecture . . January 15, 2003.
  135. News: Herbst . Casi . Homosexuality broadcast axed . . . . January 16, 2003.
  136. BYU cancels 'cure' broadcast . . January 16, 2003.
  137. Web site: About Us. https://web.archive.org/web/20111021053909/http://www.foundationforattractionresearch.org/about. dead. October 21, 2011. Foundation for Attraction Research. Foundation for Attraction Research was founded by Dennis V. Dahle, JD; A. Dean Byrd, PhD, MBA, MPH; and Shirley E. Cox, DSW, LCSW in 2005 for the purpose of developing resources and conducting research supportive of traditional Judeo-Christian standards of morality. ... The members of the Foundation's board of directors, all of whom served as editors of Understanding Same-Sex Attraction, follow: A. Dean Byrd, PhD, MBA, MPH; Shirley E. Cox, DSW, LCSW; Dennis V. Dahle, JD; Doris R. Dant, MS, MA; William C. Duncan, JD; John P. Livingstone, EdD; M. Gawain Wells, PhD.
  138. Web site: Brigham Young University's School of Social Work Annual Newsletter 2015–2016. BYU. 7. https://web.archive.org/web/20171223042611/http://socialwork.byu.edu/Content/Documents/Documents/Newsletters/Winter%202016%20Newsletter.pdf. December 23, 2017. dead.
  139. News: 'Glory' author to speak at BYU. Deseret News. LDS Church. February 23, 1999. Internet Archive.
  140. 2003-05-15 . BYU law school faculty members defend marriage in new book . . Jensen. Elizabeth B..
  141. News: Dahle . Dennis. Livingstone. John. Wells. Gawain. Religion, science and same-sex attraction. The Salt Lake Tribune. February 25, 2011.
  142. Book: Understanding Same-Sex Attraction: Where to Turn and How to Help . Deseret Book. 9781629731797. 2009.
  143. Reid . Kimberly W. . Review: Understanding Same-Sex Attraction: Where to Turn and How to Help . . 2010 . 49 . 1 . 189–190 . Instead, the authors of this book assert the unpopular opinion, backed by scientific research, that same-sex attraction can be lessened or eradicated in those who desire change and are willing to try. Readers who empathize with the Church's position on homosexuality will likely find hope and useful ideas in this five-hundred-page compilation ... Here essayists recount how they emerged from homosexual lifestyles to find satisfaction in rejoining the Church mainstream, some even finding success in heterosexual marriages ... As some professional and state organizations frown on therapists who believe in reorientation therapy—seeking to ban their practice, in some cases—this book fills a void. . November 9, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20171109061545/https://byustudies.byu.edu/file/9818/download?token=JF9zBOb0 . dead .
  144. Web site: Video for AMCAP/FAR conference addressing same-sex attraction now available online. . March 2013 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180915155120/https://ldslights.org/video-for-amcapfar-conference-addressing-same-sex-attraction-now-available/. 15 September 2018 . dead.
  145. Herrin. Haven. Dying at BYU. . April 18, 2006.
  146. News: Vergakis. Brock. Police arrest gay rights protesters. Casper Star Tribune. April 12, 2006.
  147. News: Nielsen. Jeffrey. Op Ed: LDS authority and gay marriage. The Salt Lake Tribune. June 4, 2006.
  148. News: Hollingshead. Todd. BYU fires teacher over op-ed stance. The Salt Lake Tribune. June 14, 2006.
  149. Dickinson. Tim. Bigotry at BYU. Rolling Stone. June 14, 2006.
  150. Utah School Denies Campus Housing to Transgender Student. . December 17, 2007.
  151. News: Penrod . Sam. Gay Advocacy Group Demonstrates at BYU; Two Arrests Made. . LDS Church. March 22, 2007.
  152. News: Hollingshead. Todd. Gay-rights duo arrested at BYU. The Salt Lake Tribune. March 23, 2007.
  153. Web site: Church Educational System Honor Code. https://web.archive.org/web/20200214105302/https://policy.byu.edu/view/index.php?p=26. 14 February 2020 . dead. Internet Archives. BYU.
  154. News: Baker. Camille. LGBTQ BYU alumni event encourages community. . BYU. September 25, 2017. USGA President J.D. Goates said the mission of USGA is "to improve and save the lives of LGBTQ/SSA (Same Sex Attracted) BYU students." The USGA organization was created in 2010 when BYU authorized LGBTQ students to participate in groups, according to Goates. USGA has a leadership team of 40 students and is specifically geared towards BYU students, although it is open to anyone in the community. During the Fall and Winter semesters, USGA meetings regularly see 70-90 students in attendance, Goates said..
  155. News: Olsen . Jessica. Timeline. . BYU. January 20, 2017.
  156. News: Fletcher Stack . Peggy . Peggy Fletcher Stack. Openly gay BYU producer, filmmaker fired. The Salt Lake Tribune. November 19, 2011.
  157. News: Shire. Emily. Mormon U. Forces Gays to Be Celibate. Daily Beast. May 13, 2014.
  158. News: Winters. Rosemary. Gay BYU students to Mormon youths: 'It gets better'. . April 6, 2012.
  159. News: Gay Mormon Students From Brigham Young University Produce 'It Gets Better' Video. . April 6, 2012.
  160. News: Bolding. Joshua. BYU groups seek to understand students with same-sex attraction. Deseret News. LDS Church. April 6, 2012.
  161. Avery. Dan. Brigham Young University's Gay-Mormon Panel Draws Crowds, Questions. Queerty. Q.Digital Company. April 5, 2012.
  162. News: Kerr. Emma. Inside Gay Students' Fight to Be Heard at BYU. Chronicle of Higher Education. May 22, 2018. There are no institutional means of supporting students or educating professors on LGBTQ issues. ... USGA, is forced to meet in a local library because the university does not support or sanction its existence. Students in the group say they've been told it will never be allowed on campus..
  163. News: Hales. Whitney. Provo LGBTQ support group reacts to Elder Rasband's devotional invitation. Daily Universe. September 18, 2015. BYU.
  164. News: Parker. Ray. Openly gay Mormon taught religion classes this summer at BYU. The Salt Lake Tribune.
  165. News: Dobner . Jennifer . 27 March 2015 . Ex-BYU student settles eviction lawsuit with apartment after gay-attraction dispute. The Salt Lake Tribune.
  166. News: Dobner . Jennifer . 27 March 2015 . Lawsuit: Ex-BYU student says eviction followed disclosure of 'same-sex attraction'. The Salt Lake Tribune.
  167. News: Daily Herald. Provo, Utah . 2015-09-06 . Former BYU student settles lawsuit following eviction . 26 March 2015 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20150906161451/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/crime-and-courts/former-byu-student-settles-lawsuit-following-eviction/article_343c5cf0-0d25-5983-9ad3-1f2fdb73eada.html . dead. Internet Archive.
  168. Web site: Rasband. Ronald. Religious Freedom and Fairness for All. BYU.
  169. Ensign. Rasband. Ronald. Faith, Fairness, and Religious Freedom. LDS Church.
  170. News: Rubio. Kathyrn. Is Homophobia Going To Cost This Law School Its Accreditation?. . Breaking Media. January 28, 2016.
  171. News: Knox . Annie. National bar group looking into discrimination claim at BYU law school. The Salt Lake Tribune. January 26, 2016. FreeBYU this summer added gay and transgender rights to their cause after the U.S. Supreme Court allowed same-sex marriage nationwide. BYU also violates ABA nondiscrimination guidelines, Levin said, by forcing some LGBT members to hide their sexual orientation and gender identity or risk expulsion. ... But breaking away from the LDS religion before graduation is against a conduct code signed by each student. So are homosexual relationships. Sex-reassignment surgery can lead to excommunication from the church, which would get students booted from the school. ... The professional organization of attorneys and law students forbids schools from "taking action" based on race, religion, gender, nationality, sexuality, age or disability..
  172. News: Nuñez . Kirsten. BYU law school under investigation for possible discrimination. KSTU. Tribune Broadcasting. January 25, 2016. An investigation is underway into [BYU's] law school for possible discrimination. The American Bar Association is looking at the school's standards of expelling gay and former Mormon students..
  173. News: Dodson. Braley. American Bar Association closes discrimination complaint against BYU law school. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20210131201119/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/education/college/byu/american-bar-association-closes-discrimation-complaint-against-byu-law-school/article_33189e71-a022-53a7-b3ba-18b6824c0b3a.html . 31 January 2021. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. August 17, 2016. Internet Archive.
  174. News: Jackson . Lauren. Devotion and despair: The lonely struggle of a gay Mormon. CNN. July 19, 2016.
  175. News: Trotter. Jake. LGBT groups: Admitting BYU would be 'inconsistent' with Big 12 values. . August 8, 2016.
  176. News: Trotter. Jake. The latest developments in Big 12 expansion. . September 22, 2016.
  177. News: Drew. Jay. BYU athletics: Big 12 presidents say no to expansion, leaving Cougars outside looking in. The Salt Lake Tribune. October 17, 2016.
  178. News: Alberty . Erin. Students: BYU Honor Code leaves LGBT victims of sexual assault vulnerable and alone. The Salt Lake Tribune. August 16, 2016.
  179. News: Dodson. Braley. LGBT BYU students explain why they chose to attend and stay. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. October 28, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20210315184156/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/education/college/byu/lgbt-byu-students-explain-why-they-chose-to-attend-and/article_8d9d681d-f8ab-5a97-b3f8-269c4473839d.html. 15 March 2021. Internet Archive. dead.
  180. News: Dodson. Braley. Group provides a safety net for BYU's LGBT students. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. November 4, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20180124081103/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/education/college/byu/group-provides-a-safety-net-for-byu-s-lgbt-students/article_b4139416-2981-56b2-9bf9-a7d831717a40.html. 24 January 2018. dead.
  181. News: Dodson. Braley. LGBT BYU students fighting suicide while facing unique mental health challenges. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. November 11, 2016. December 5, 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20161205001458/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/education/college/byu/lgbt-byu-students-fighting-suicide-while-facing-unique-mental-health/article_169af402-666b-5ae3-9d7b-cfab82b6d830.html. dead. Internet Archive.
  182. News: Dodson. Braley. LGBT BYU students want honor code clarification. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. November 18, 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20210721151550/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/education/college/byu/lgbt-byu-students-want-honor-code-clarification/article_5da9be08-d0f1-5558-b16d-a13a1027a1f1.html. 21 July 2021. Internet Archive.
  183. News: Dodson. Braley. LGBT students explain why they chose to leave BYU. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. November 25, 2016. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20190129052044/https://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/education/college/byu/lgbt-students-explain-why-they-chose-to-leave-byu/article_af7db890-1052-5121-813d-0156c98940ce.html. 29 January 2019. Internet Archive.
  184. News: Hale. Isaac. Herald editorial: Listen to BYU's LGBT students. https://web.archive.org/web/20161128044836/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/opinion/herald-editorials/herald-editorial-listen-to-byu-s-lgbt-students/article_732c76f8-50db-5031-b6fd-fd2cef3e1449.html. dead. November 28, 2016. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. November 27, 2016.
  185. News: Homosexuals Hold Dance at U of U . The Utah Independent . 2 . 20 . 1 . November 5, 1971. Salt Lake City. Newspapers.com.
  186. News: Gay Liberation Presents a Stomp . . . May 26, 1971. 14. Newspapers.com.
  187. News: Dodson. Braley. LGBTQ BYU alumni spanning decades host first reunion. https://web.archive.org/web/20170922224037/http://www.heraldextra.com/news/local/education/college/byu/lgbtq-byu-alumni-spanning-decades-host-first-reunion/article_da383a3f-f681-5ea6-b2a0-8653705ae203.html. dead. September 22, 2017. Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. September 22, 2017.
  188. News: LGBT students at BYU speak out about lack of inclusion. Seattle Times. Associated Press. March 19, 2018. Addison Jenkins, who spoke at the first LGBT campus forum last year, said the school took a step forward Thursday by hosting the panel, the Salt Lake Tribune reported ..
  189. Web site: Joint Statement on the 2018 Annual Meeting of the Society for Political Methodology . Cambridge University Press.
  190. Web site: SPM Statement about POLMETH XXXV . Society for Political Methodology.
  191. News: Flaherty . Colleen . Political Science Group Apologizes for Holding Conference at Brigham Young . . April 17, 2018.
  192. News: Jones . Morgan . BYU remains enthusiastic to host the Society for Political Methodology's annual meeting despite controversy . . . April 18, 2018.
  193. News: LGBTQ group struggles for recognition at Mormon-run BYU . . . July 5, 2018.
  194. News: Tanner . Courtney . LGBTQ students wanted to start a club. Three years later, BYU still hasn't decided if the group will be recognized. . The Salt Lake Tribune. July 2, 2018. limited.
  195. Web site: NCAA Common Ground IV at BYU: Asking sincere questions, finding radical hope. Ipson. Natalie. November 8, 2018. BYU.
  196. Web site: Breaking Ground. 22 Jan 2019. Stark-Mason. Rachel. NCAA.
  197. Web site: Common Ground. April 26, 2016. NCAA.
  198. News: Petrey . Taylor . Gays cheered at Brigham Young University – millennial Mormons are increasingly tolerant of same-sex attraction . . May 6, 2019.
  199. Manwaring . Kyle . BYU Instagram . . November 10, 2018.
  200. News: Haller . Sonja . BYU valedictorian comes out in speech, stunning some family. 'Proud to be a gay son of God' . . Gannett Company . April 29, 2019.
  201. News: Bower . Rick . Gay BYU student comes out in valedictorian speech . . . April 29, 2019.
  202. News: Gleeson . Scott . For Emma Gee, being the only out LGBTQ athlete at BYU is complicated . . July 10, 2019.
  203. News: Reeser . Andrew . BYU track athlete comes out as bisexual: 'It was about wanting to progress' . ABC4 . . July 13, 2019 .
  204. News: Weaver . Jennifer . BYU Office of Student Success and Inclusion hosts LGBTQ+ Christmas party on campus . . Sinclair Broadcast Group.
  205. News: LGBT and ally perspectives shared during campus panel on faith and sexuality. Bigelow. Whitney. January 16, 2020. Daily Universe.
  206. Graham . Ruth . February 21, 2020 . 'A Weight Has Been Lifted Off My Shoulders': Students at Brigham Young University welcome the school's removal of 'homosexual behavior' from the honor code . .
  207. March 5, 2020. The Only Consistency in BYU's Treatment of LGBTQ Students Is Cruelty. The Advocate.
  208. March 1, 2021. Sexual minorities, mental health, and religiosity at a religiously conservative university. . 171. 110475. 10.1016/j.paid.2020.110475. 0191-8869. Klundt. Jared S.. Erekson. David M.. Lynn. Austin M.. Brown. Hannah E.. 228862206. subscription.
  209. News: Gadeski . Emma . Students hold 'rainbow day' to support BYU LGBT community . . September 24, 2020.
  210. colorthecampus . CLf3rtgB_2- . Rainbow Day March 4th 2021 . February 19, 2021. registration.
  211. News: Hale . Isaac . LGBTQ students at BYU light up the 'Y' in rainbow colors . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210306191013/https://www.sltrib.com/news/education/2021/03/05/lgbtq-students-byu-light/ . March 6, 2021 . March 5, 2021 . live . Internet Archive. limited.
  212. News: Maciel . Veronica . Wixom . Cassidy . BYU 'Rainbow Day' participants show support for LGBT community while others protest . . March 5, 2021 . BYU.
  213. News: July 6, 2021. Mormon students throw defiant Pride at staunchly anti-LGBT+ university. .
  214. News: 'I thought I was alone, but clearly I am not' — BYU students and Provo residents gather for LGBTQ festival. . limited.
  215. News: Pugmire . Genelle . BYU students back for in-person classes as fall semester begins . Daily Herald. Provo, Utah. The Nutting Company . August 30, 2021.
  216. Cooper . Alex . Mormon Apostle: Take Up 'Muskets' Against LGBTQ+ Equality . . August 24, 2021.
  217. Swenson . Haley . Crushingly Cruel: A shocking new speech has plunged Mormons into another furious battle over gay rights and the church's future. . . September 3, 2021. His words were unmistakably a call to arms: Holland used the word 'fire' 10 times, 'musket' eight times, and made multiple references to 'friendly fire,' 'wounds,' and 'scarring.' In particular, he called for 'more musket fire' from BYU's faculty to defend Mormonism's official position on the inferiority and social dangers of same-sex relationships and marriages.
  218. News: Burns . Keith . Lindsay . John . Guest op-ed: Wounds from Elder Holland's musket fire are still being felt . Ogden Standard Examiner. Ogden, Utah . 9 May 2023.
  219. News: Gadeski . Emma . 2021-08-27 . Rainbow chalk art met with verbal attack . Daily Universe. .
  220. News: Staff . Universe . October 2, 2021 . BYU students mark Rainbow Day after setting Y aglow . .
  221. Web site: Demonstration Policy . .
  222. News: BYU bans protests on Y Mountain year after LGBTQ students lit it up in rainbow colors . Hale . Isaac . 12 January 2022 . . limited.
  223. News: A year after rainbow 'Y' lighting, BYU cracks down on protests. Tanner . Courtney . 4 March 2022 . . limited.
  224. News: Tanner . Courtney . LGBTQ students say hopes dashed after feds drop BYU investigation . limited. The Salt Lake Tribune. February 10, 2022.
  225. News: BYU cancels care for transgender clients receiving voice therapy at its speech clinic . February 10, 2022. Tanner . Courtney . limited. The Salt Lake Tribune.
  226. News: Religion News Service. One BYU to rule them all … for better or for worse. Riess . Jana . Jana Riess . 1 September 2023 .
  227. March 10, 2022 . Ecclesiastical Leader Questions for New CES Hires . LDS Church.
  228. News: Park . McKell . 2022-06-13 . BYU students and faculty gather in first-ever approved LGBTQ demonstration . Daily Universe. BYU.
  229. News: Harris . Martha . BYU students join nationwide walkout against 'queerphobia' at religious schools . . . 11 Oct 2022.
  230. News: Jayswal . Palak . Walkout for LGBTQ students at BYU is the latest part of a 'queer revolution' . limited. . 11 Oct 2022.
  231. News: Ohran . Annika . 2023-03-27 . LGBTQ+ BYU students share their stories at PEN Talks . Daily Universe.
  232. News: BYU's newly updated Honor Code is at odds with LDS Church's LGBTQ rules . Kjolseth. Francisco. 30 August 2023 . The Salt Lake Tribune.
  233. Web site: 2023-08-22 . Cougar Pride Center will start queer choir to be inclusive, welcoming for all participants . FOX 13 . KSTU. Polacheck . Laura.
  234. Web site: Statement on the Erasing of Chalk the Walk . 11 September 2023.
  235. News: Religion News Service. BYU's LGBTQ students spotlighted in new grassroots documentary. Post . Kathryn . 14 March 2024 .

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Brigham Young University LGBT history".

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