Brassicales Explained

The Brassicales (or Cruciales) are an order of flowering plants, belonging to the eurosids II group of dicotyledons under the APG II system.^[1] One character common to many members of the order is the production of glucosinolate (mustard oil) compounds. Most systems of classification have included this order, although sometimes under the name Capparales (the name chosen depending on which is thought to have priority).^[2]

The order typically contains the following families:^[3]

• Akaniaceae – two species of turnipwood trees, native to Asia and eastern Australia
• Bataceae – salt-tolerant shrubs from America and Australasia
• Brassicaceae – mustard and cabbage family; may include the Cleomaceae
• Capparaceae – caper family, sometimes included in Brassicaceae
• Caricaceae – papaya family
• Cleomaceae
• Gyrostemonaceae – several genera of small shrubs and trees endemic to temperate parts of Australia
• Koeberliniaceae – one species of thorn bush native to Mexico and the US Southwest
• Limnanthaceae – meadowfoam family
• Moringaceae – thirteen species of trees from Africa and India including the drumstick
• Pentadiplandraceae – African species whose berries have two highly sweet tasting proteins
• Resedaceae – mignonette family
• Salvadoraceae – three genera found from Africa to Java
• Setchellanthaceae
• Tiganophytaceae
• Tovariaceae
• Tropaeolaceae – nasturtium family

Classification

The following diagram shows the phylogeny of the Brassicales families along with their estimated ages, based on a 2018 study of plastid DNA:^[4]

On 20 April 2020, a newly described monotypic species from Namibia, namely, Tiganophyton karasense is placed under this order as a monotypic member of new family Tiganophytaceae, which is closely related to Bataceae, Salvadoraceae and Koeberliniaceae.^[5]

Historic classifications

Under the Cronquist system, the Brassicales were called the Capparales, and included among the "Dilleniidae". The only families included were the Brassicaceae and Capparaceae (treated as separate families), the Tovariaceae, Resedaceae, and Moringaceae. Other taxa now included here were placed in various other orders.

The families Capparaceae and Brassicaceae are closely related. One group, consisting of Cleome and related genera, was traditionally included in the Capparaceae but doing so results in a paraphyletic Capparaceae. Therefore, this group is generally now either included in the Brassicaceae or as its own family, Cleomaceae.^[6]

Gallery of type genera

Setchellanthaceae is sometimes known as the azulita family.^[7]

Notes and References

1. Angiosperm Phylogeny Group . 2003 . An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II . . 141 . 4 . 399–436 . 10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x. https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221009/https://academic.oup.com/botlinnean/article-pdf/141/4/399/17028996/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x.pdf . 2022-10-09 . live . Angiosperm Phylogeny Group . free .
2. Jocelyn C. Hall, Kenneth J. Sytsma & Hugh H. Iltis . 2002 . Phylogeny of Capparaceae and Brassicaceae based on chloroplast sequence data . . 89 . 11 . 1826–1842 . 21665611 . 10.3732/ajb.89.11.1826. free .
3. Elspeth Haston . James E. Richardson . Peter F. Stevens . Mark W. Chase . David J. Harris . 2007 . A linear sequence of Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II families . . 56 . 1 . 7–12 . 10.2307/25065731 . 25065731 . free .
4. Edger. Patrick P.. Hall. Jocelyn C.. Harkess. Alex. Tang. Michelle. Coombs. Jill. Mohammadin. Setareh. Schranz. M. Eric. Xiong. Zhiyong. Leebens-Mack. James. Meyers. Blake C.. Sytsma. Kenneth J.. Koch. Marcus A.. Al-Shehbaz. Ihsan A.. Pires. J. Chris. 2018. Brassicales phylogeny inferred from 72 plastid genes: A reanalysis of the phylogenetic localization of two paleopolyploid events and origin of novel chemical defenses. American Journal of Botany. 105. 3. 463–69. 10.1002/ajb2.1040. 29574686. free.
5. Swanepoel. Wessel. Chase. Mark W.. Mark Wayne Chase. Christenhusz. Maarten J.M.. Maarten J. M. Christenhusz. Maurin. Olivier. Forest. Félix. van Wyk. Abraham E.. Abraham Erasmus van Wyk. 2020. From the frying pan: an unusual dwarf shrub from Namibia turns out to be a new brassicalean family. Phytotaxa. 439. 3. 171–185. 10.11646/phytotaxa.439.3.1. free.
6. Jocelyn C. Hall, Hugh H. Iltis & Kenneth J. Sytsma . 2004 . Molecular phylogenetics of core Brassicales, placement of orphan genera Emblingia, Forchhammeria, Tirania, and character evolution . . 29 . 3 . 654–669 . 10.1600/0363644041744491 . 86218316 . https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20110401041157/http://www.botany.wisc.edu/sytsma/pdf/Hall2004.pdf . dead . 2011-04-01 . 2016-08-26 .
7. Book: Christenhusz . Maarten . Fay . Michael Francis. Chase . Mark Wayne . Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants . Kew Publishing and The University of Chicago Press . Chicago, Illinois . 2017 . 978-0-226-52292-0 . 401–419 .