Mean effective pressure explained

Mean effective pressure
Unit:	Pascal (Pa)
Baseunits:	1 kg⋅m⋅s
Dimension:	wikidata

The mean effective pressure (MEP) is a quantity relating to the operation of a reciprocating engine and is a measure of an engine's capacity to do work that is independent of engine displacement.^[1] Despite having the dimension of pressure, MEP cannot be measured. When quoted as an indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP), it may be thought of as the average pressure acting on a piston during the different portions of its cycle. When friction losses are subtracted from the IMEP, the result is the brake mean effective pressure (BMEP).

Derivation

Let:

P = power output in watt;p _{me} = mean effective pressure in megapascal;V _{d} = displacement volume in cubic centimetre;i = number of cycles per revolution (for a 4-stroke engine, i =0 . 5 , for a 2-stroke engine, i =1 );^[2] n = number of revolutions per second;\omega = angular velocity, i.e. \omega = 2 \pi n ;M = torque in newton-metre.

Then, BMEP may be used to dertermine an engine's power output as follows:

P = i ⋅ n ⋅ V _{d} ⋅ p _{me}

Since we know that power is:

P = \omega ⋅ M = 2 \pi ⋅ n ⋅ M

We now see that, BMEP is a measure of expressing torque per displacement:

P = i ⋅ n ⋅ V _{d} ⋅ p _{me} = p _{me} = 2 \pi ⋅ n ⋅ M

And thus, the equation for BMEP in terms of torque is:

p _{me} = {{M ⋅ 2 \pi} \over {V _{d} ⋅ i}}.

Speed has dropped out of the equation, and the only variables are the torque and displacement volume. Since the range of maximum brake mean effective pressures for good engine designs is well established, we now have a displacement-independent measure of the torque-producing capacity of an engine design a specific torque of sorts. This is useful for comparing engines of different displacements. Mean effective pressure is also useful for initial design calculations; that is, given a torque, standard MEP values can be used to estimate the required engine displacement. However, mean effective pressure does not reflect the actual pressures inside an individual combustion chamber although the two are certainly related and serves only as a convenient measure of performance.^[3]

Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP) is calculated from measured dynamometer torque. Net indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP) is calculated using the indicated power; i.e., the pressure volume integral in the work per cycle equation. Sometimes the term FMEP (friction mean effective pressure) is used as an indicator of the mean effective pressure lost to friction (or friction torque) and is just the difference between IMEP and BMEP.

Examples

MEP from torque and displacement

A four-stroke engine produces 159 N·m of torque, and displaces 2000 cm³

i =0 . 5 M =159 N { ⋅ } m V _{d=2000} cm ^{3} p _{me} = { 2 \pi} ⋅ { 0 . 5 ^{-1} } = \cdot \approx 100 \, N \cdot cm^ = 1 \, \text

Power from MEP and crankshaft speedIf we know the crankshaft speed, we can also determine the engine's power output from the MEP figure:

P = i ⋅ n ⋅ V _{d} ⋅ p _{me}
In our example, the engine puts out 159 N·m of torque at 3600 min^-1 (=60 s^-1):i =0 . 5 n = 60 s ^{-1} V _{d=2000} cm ^{3} p _{me=} 1 MPa Thus:P = { 2000 cm ^{3} ⋅ 1 N ⋅ cm ^{-2} ⋅ 60 s ^{-1} ⋅ 0 . 5 } = 60 , 000 N ⋅ m ⋅ s ^{-1} = 60 , 000 W = 60 kW

As piston engines usually have their maximum torque at a lower rotating speed than the maximum power output, the BMEP is lower at full power (at higher rotating speed). If the same engine is rated 72 kW at 5400 min^-1 = 90 s^-1, and its BMEP is 0.80 MPa, we get the following equation:

i =0 . 5 n = 90 s ^{-1} V _{d=2000} cm ^{3} p _{me=} 0 . 80 MPa Then:P = { 2000 cm ^{3} ⋅ 0 . 80 N ⋅ cm ^{-2} ⋅ 90 s ^{-1} ⋅ 0 . 5 } = 72 , 000 N ⋅ m ⋅ s ^{-1} = 72 kW

Types of mean effective pressures

Mean effective pressure (MEP) is defined by the location measurement and method of calculation, some commonly used MEPs are given here:

• Brake mean effective pressure (BMEP,

p _{me} ) - Mean effective pressure calculated from measured brake torque.

• Indicated mean effective pressure (IMEP,

p _{mi} ) - Mean effective pressure calculated from in-cylinder pressure over the complete engine cycle (720° in a four-stroke, 360° in a two-stroke). IMEP may be determined by planimetering the area in an engine's pV-diagram. Since naturally aspirated four-stroke engines must perform pumping work to suck the charge into the cylinder, and to remove the exhaust from the cylinder, IMEP may be split into the high-pressure, gross mean effective pressure (GMEP, p _{mg} ) and the pumping mean effective pressure (PMEP, p _{miGW} ). In naturally aspirated engines, PMEP is negative, and in super- or turbocharged engines, it is usually positive. IMEP may be derived from PMEP and GMEP: p _{mi} = p _{mg} - p _{miGW} .^[4]

• Friction mean effective pressure (FMEP,

p _{mr} ) - Theoretical mean effective pressure required to overcome engine friction, can be thought of as mean effective pressure lost due to friction: p _{mr} = p _{mi} - p _{me} . FMEP rises with an increase in engine speed.^[5]

BMEP typical values

BMEP typical values^[6]

Engine type	Typical max. BMEP
Motorbike engine
Race car engine (NA Formula 1)
Passenger car engine (naturally aspirated Otto)
Passenger car engine (turbocharged Otto)
Passenger car engine (turbocharged Diesel)
Lorry engine (turbocharged Diesel)
High-speed industrial Diesel engine
Medium-speed industrial Diesel engine
Low-speed two-stroke Diesel engine

See also

• Compression ratio

Notes and references

Notes

1. Heywood, J. B., "Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals", McGraw-Hill Inc., 1988, p. 50
2. Wankel engines are four-stroke engines, so i =0 . 5 ; the displacement V _{d} is derived from the chamber volume V _{c} by multiplying it with the number of rotary pistons i and 2: V _{d} = 2 V _{c} i (see Wolf-Dieter Bensinger: Rotationskolben-Verbrennungsmotoren, Springer, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1973,, p. 66)
3. Book: Schreiner, Klaus . Basiswissen Verbrennungsmotor . Vieweg+Teubner Verlag . Wiesbaden . 2011-05-25 . 978-3-8348-1279-7 . de . 41.
4. Ulrich Spicher: Kapitel 3 · Kenngrößen – table 3.16: Effektiver Mitteldruck heutiger Motoren, in Richard van Basshuysen, Fred Schäfer (eds.): Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor – Grundlagen · Komponenten · Systeme · Perspektiven, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-10901-1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-10902-8_3, p. 24
5. Ulrich Spicher: Kapitel 3 · Kenngrößen – table 3.16: Effektiver Mitteldruck heutiger Motoren, in Richard van Basshuysen, Fred Schäfer (eds.): Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor – Grundlagen · Komponenten · Systeme · Perspektiven, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-10901-1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-10902-8_3, p. 26, formula 3.48
6. Ulrich Spicher: Kapitel 3 · Kenngrößen – table 3.16: Effektiver Mitteldruck heutiger Motoren, in Richard van Basshuysen, Fred Schäfer (eds.): Handbuch Verbrennungsmotor – Grundlagen · Komponenten · Systeme · Perspektiven, 8th edition, Springer, Wiesbaden 2017, ISBN 978-3-658-10901-1, DOI 10.1007/978-3-658-10902-8_3, p. 27

References

External links

• Brake Mean Effective Pressure (bmep), Power and Torque, Factory Pipe
• All About Mean Effective Pressure, Harleyc.com

• Tiddler steam engine