Brahmic scripts explained

The Brahmic scripts, also known as Indic scripts, are a family of abugida writing systems. They are used throughout the Indian subcontinent, Southeast Asia and parts of East Asia. They are descended from the Brahmi script of ancient India and are used by various languages in several language families in South, East and Southeast Asia: Indo-Aryan, Dravidian, Tibeto-Burman, Mongolic, Austroasiatic, Austronesian, and Tai. They were also the source of the dictionary order (gojūon) of Japanese kana.^[1]

History

Brahmic scripts descended from the Brahmi script. Brahmi is clearly attested from the 7th century BCE from the potsherds found all over Tamizhagam (Tamil Nadu) . Northern Brahmi gave rise to the Gupta script during the Gupta period, which in turn diversified into a number of cursives during the medieval period. Notable examples of such medieval scripts, developed by the 7th or 8th century, include Nagari, Siddham and Sharada.

There are many theories where Brahmi came from, but the most accepted theory is that it descends from Aramaic alphabet, with similarities with several of the glyphs.^[2]

The Siddhaṃ script was especially important in Buddhism, as many sutras were written in it. The art of Siddham calligraphy survives today in Japan. The tabular presentation and dictionary order of the modern kana system of Japanese writing is believed to be descended from the Indic scripts, most likely through the spread of Buddhism.^[1]

Southern Brahmi evolved into the Kadamba, Pallava and Vatteluttu scripts, which in turn diversified into other scripts of South India and Southeast Asia. Brahmic scripts spread in a peaceful manner, Indianization, or the spread of Indian learning. The scripts spread naturally to Southeast Asia, at ports on trading routes.^[3] At these trading posts, ancient inscriptions have been found in Sanskrit, using scripts that originated in India. At first, inscriptions were made in Indian languages, but later the scripts were used to write the local Southeast Asian languages. Hereafter, local varieties of the scripts were developed. By the 8th century, the scripts had diverged and separated into regional scripts.^[4]

Characteristics

Some characteristics, which are present in most but not all the scripts, are:

Each consonant has an inherent vowel which is usually a short 'ə' (in Bengali, Assamese and Odia, the phoneme is /ɔ/ due to sound shifts). Other vowels are written by adding to the character. A mark, known in Sanskrit as a virama/halanta/hasanta, can be used to indicate the absence of an inherent vowel, although it is rarely used.
Each vowel has two forms, an independent form when not attached to a consonant, and a dependent form, when attached to a consonant. Depending on the script, the dependent forms can be either placed to the left of, to the right of, above, below, or on both the left and the right sides of the base consonant.
Consonants (up to 4 in Devanagari) can be combined in ligatures. Special marks are added to denote the combination of 'r' with another consonant.
Nasalization and aspiration of a consonant's dependent vowel is also noted by separate signs.
The alphabetical order is: vowels, velar consonants, palatal consonants, retroflex consonants, dental consonants, bilabial consonants, approximants, sibilants, and other consonants. Each consonant grouping had four stops (with all four possible values of voicing and aspiration), and a nasal consonant.

Comparison

Below are comparison charts of several of the major Indic scripts, organised on the principle that glyphs in the same column all derive from the same Brahmi glyph. Accordingly:

The charts are not comprehensive. Glyphs may be unrepresented if they are later inventions not derived from any Brahmi character.
The pronunciations of glyphs in the same column may not be identical. The pronunciation row is only representative; the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) pronunciation is given for Sanskrit where possible, or another language if necessary.

The transliteration is indicated in ISO 15919.

Consonants

																					ṉa							ẏa												ṯa
Brahmi
Devanagari	क	ख	ग	घ	ङ	च	छ	ज	झ	ञ	ट	ठ	ड	ढ	ण	त	थ	द	ध	न		प	फ	ब	भ	म	य		र		ल	ळ		व	श	ष	स	ह	क्ष
Bengali- Assamese	ক	খ	গ	ঘ	ঙ	চ	ছ	জ	ঝ	ঞ	ট	ঠ	ড	ঢ	ণ	ত	থ	দ	ধ	ন		প	ফ	ব	ভ	ম	য	য়	র,ৰ		ল			ৱ	শ	ষ	স	হ	ক্ষ
Sharada
Gurmukhi	ਕ	ਖ	ਗ	ਘ	ਙ	ਚ	ਛ	ਜ	ਝ	ਞ	ਟ	ਠ	ਡ	ਢ	ਣ	ਤ	ਥ	ਦ	ਧ	ਨ		ਪ	ਫ	ਬ	ਭ	ਮ	ਯ		ਰ		ਲ	ਲ਼		ਵ	ਸ਼		ਸ	ਹ	ਕ੍ਸ਼਼
Gujarati	ક	ખ	ગ	ઘ	ઙ	ચ	છ	જ	ઝ	ઞ	ટ	ઠ	ડ	ઢ	ણ	ત	થ	દ	ધ	ન		પ	ફ	બ	ભ	મ	ય		ર		લ	ળ		વ	શ	ષ	સ	હ	ક્ષ
Odia	କ	ଖ	ଗ	ଘ	ଙ	ଚ	ଛ	ଜ	ଝ	ଞ	ଟ	ଠ	ଡ	ଢ	ଣ	ତ	ଥ	ଦ	ଧ	ନ		ପ	ଫ	ବ	ଭ	ମ	ଯ	ୟ	ର		ଲ	ଳ		ୱ	ଶ	ଷ	ସ	ହ	କ୍ଷ
Grantha
Tamil	க				ங	ச		ஜ		ஞ	ட				ண	த				ந	ன	ப				ம	ய		ர	ற	ல	ள	ழ	வ	ஶ	ஷ	ஸ	ஹ	க்ஷ
Telugu	క	ఖ	గ	ఘ	ఙ	చ	ఛ	జ	ఝ	ఞ	ట	ఠ	డ	ఢ	ణ	త	థ	ద	ధ	న		ప	ఫ	బ	భ	మ	య		ర	ఱ	ల	ళ	ఴ	వ	శ	ష	స	హ	క్ష
Kannada	ಕ	ಖ	ಗ	ಘ	ಙ	ಚ	ಛ	ಜ	ಝ	ಞ	ಟ	ಠ	ಡ	ಢ	ಣ	ತ	ಥ	ದ	ಧ	ನ		ಪ	ಫ	ಬ	ಭ	ಮ	ಯ		ರ	ಱ	ಲ	ಳ	ೞ	ವ	ಶ	ಷ	ಸ	ಹ	ಕ್ಷ
Malayalam	ക	ഖ	ഗ	ഘ	ങ	ച	ഛ	ജ	ഝ	ഞ	ട	ഠ	ഡ	ഢ	ണ	ത	ഥ	ദ	ധ	ന	ഩ	പ	ഫ	ബ	ഭ	മ	യ		ര	റ	ല	ള	ഴ	വ	ശ	ഷ	സ	ഹ	ക്ഷ	ഺ
Sinhala	ක	ඛ	ග	ඝ	ඞ	ච	ඡ	ජ	ඣ	ඤ	ට	ඨ	ඩ	ඪ	ණ	ත	ථ	ද	ධ	න		ප	ඵ	බ	භ	ම	ය		ර		ල	ළ		ව	ශ	ෂ	ස	හ	ක්‍ෂ
Tibetan	ཀ	ཁ	ག	གྷ	ང	ཅ	ཆ	ཇ	ཛྷ	ཉ	ཊ	ཋ	ཌ	ཌྷ	ཎ	ཏ	ཐ	ད	དྷ	ན		པ	ཕ	བ	བྷ	མ	ཡ		ར	ཬ	ལ			ཝ	ཤ	ཥ	ས	ཧ	ཀྵ
ʼPhags-pa
Manipuri																													ꯔ		ꯂ
Lepcha	ᰀ	ᰂ	ᰃ		ᰅ	ᰆ	ᰇ	ᰈ		ᰉ	ᱍ	ᱎ	ᱏ			ᰊ	ᰋ	ᰌ		ᰍ		ᰎ	ᰐ	ᰓ		ᰕ	ᰚ		ᰛ		ᰜ			ᰟ	ᰡ	ᰡ᰷	ᰠ	ᰝ
Limbu	ᤁ	ᤂ	ᤃ	ᤄ	ᤅ	ᤆ	ᤇ	ᤈ	ᤉ	ᤊ						ᤋ	ᤌ	ᤍ	ᤎ	ᤏ		ᤐ	ᤑ	ᤒ	ᤓ	ᤔ	ᤕ		ᤖ		ᤗ			ᤘ	ᤙ	ᤚ	ᤛ	ᤜ
Zanabazar																														ཬ
Tirhuta
Kaithi
Sylheti Nagari																																							ꠇ꠆ꠡ
Chakma
Burmese
Ahom
Tai Tham	ᨠ	ᨡ,ᨢ	ᨣ,ᨤ	ᨥ	ᨦ	ᨧ	ᨨ	ᨩ,ᨪ	ᨫ	ᨬ	ᨭ	ᨮ	ᨯ	ᨰ	ᨱ	ᨲ	ᨳ	ᨴ	ᨵ	ᨶ		ᨷ,ᨸ	ᨹ,ᨺ	ᨻ,ᨼ	ᨽ	ᨾ	ᨿ,ᩀ		ᩁ		ᩃ	ᩊ		ᩅ	ᩆ	ᩇ	ᩈ	ᩉ,ᩌ
New Tai Lue	ᦂ	ᦃ	ᦅ,ᦆ		ᦇ	ᦈ		ᦋ,ᦌ					ᦡ,ᦤ			ᦎ	ᦏ	ᦑ	ᦒ	ᦓ		ᦢ,ᦥ,ᦔ	ᦕ,ᦚ	ᦗ,ᦝ	ᦘ	ᦙ	ᦍ,ᦊ		ᦣ		ᦟ			ᦞ			ᦉ	ᦠ
Khmer
Thai	ก	ข,ฃ	ค,ฅ	ฆ	ง	จ	ฉ	ช,ซ	ฌ	ญ	ฎ,ฏ	ฐ	ฑ	ฒ	ณ	ด,ต	ถ	ท	ธ	น		บ,ป	ผ,ฝ	พ,ฟ	ภ	ม	ย		ร		ล	ฬ		ว	ศ	ษ	ส	ห,ฮ
Lao	ກ	ຂ	ຄ	ຆ	ງ	ຈ	ຉ	ຊ	ຌ	ຎ	ຏ	ຐ	ຑ	ຒ	ຓ	ດ,ຕ	ຖ	ທ	ຘ	ນ		ບ,ປ	ຜ,ຝ	ພ,ຟ	ຠ	ມ	ຍ		ຣ		ລ	ຬ		ວ	ຨ	ຩ	ສ	ຫ
Cham	ꨆ	ꨇ	ꨈ	ꨉ	ꨋ	ꨌ	ꨍ	ꨎ	ꨏ	ꨑ						ꨓ	ꨔ	ꨕ	ꨖ	ꨘ		ꨚ	ꨜ	ꨝ	ꨞ	ꨠ	ꨢ		ꨣ		ꨤ			ꨥ		ꨦ	ꨧ	ꨨ
Kawi
Aksara Bali
Aksara Java
Aksara Sunda
Lontara
Makasar
Rejang
Batak (Toba)										/
Tagalog																													/
Buhid	ᝃ		ᝄ		ᝅ											ᝆ		ᝇ		ᝈ		ᝉ		ᝊ		ᝋ	ᝌ		ᝍ		ᝎ			ᝏ			ᝐ	ᝑ
Hanunuo	ᜣ		ᜤ		ᜥ											ᜦ		ᜧ		ᜨ		ᜩ		ᜪ		ᜫ	ᜬ		ᜭ		ᜮ			ᜯ			ᜰ	ᜱ
Tagbanwa
ISO	ka	kha	ga	gha	ṅa	ca	cha	ja	jha	ña	ṭa	ṭha	ḍa	ḍha	ṇa	ta	tha	da	dha	na	ṉa	pa	pha	ba	bha	ma	ya	ẏa	ra	ṟa	la	ḷa	ḻa	va	śa	ṣa	sa	ha	kṣa	ṯa

Notes

Vowels

Vowels are presented in their independent form on the left of each column, and in their corresponding dependent form (vowel sign) combined with the consonant k on the right. A glyph for ka is an independent consonant letter itself without any vowel sign, where the vowel a is inherent.

ISO					ê		ô																				au		ə
ISO	a	ka	ā	kā	ê	kê	ô	kô	i	ki	ī	kī	u	ku	ū	kū	e	ke	ē	kē	ai	kai	o	ko	ō	kō	au	kau	ə	kə	r̥	kr̥	r̥̄	kr̥̄	l̥	kl̥	l̥̄	kl̥̄	aṁ	kaṁ	aḥ	kaḥ	k
Ashoka Brahmi
Devanagari	अ	क	आ	का	ॲ	कॅ	ऑ	कॉ	इ	कि	ई	की	उ	कु	ऊ	कू	ऎ	कॆ	ए	के	ऐ	कै	ऒ	कॊ	ओ	को	औ	कौ			ऋ	कृ	ॠ	कॄ	ऌ	कॢ	ॡ	कॣ	अं	कं	अः	कः	क्
Bengali- Assamese	অ	ক	আ	কা	অ্যা	ক্যা			ই	কি	ঈ	কী	উ	কু	ঊ	কূ			এ	কে	ঐ	কৈ			ও	কো	ঔ	কৌ			ঋ	কৃ	ৠ	কৄ	ঌ	কৢ	ৡ	কৣ	অং	কং	অঃ	কঃ	ক্
Sharada
Gurmukhi	ਅ	ਕ	ਆ	ਕਾ					ਇ	ਕਿ	ਈ	ਕੀ	ਉ	ਕੁ	ਊ	ਕੂ			ਏ	ਕੇ	ਐ	ਕੈ			ਓ	ਕੋ	ਔ	ਕੌ											ਅਂ	ਕਂ	ਅਃ	ਕਃ	ਕ੍
Gujarati	અ	ક	આ	કા	ઍ	કૅ	ઑ	કૉ	ઇ	કિ	ઈ	કી	ઉ	કુ	ઊ	કૂ			એ	કે	ઐ	કૈ			ઓ	કો	ઔ	કૌ			ઋ	કૃ	ૠ	કૄ	ઌ	કૢ	ૡ	કૣ	અં	કં	અઃ	કઃ	ક્,ક્‍
Odia	ଅ	କ	ଆ	କା					ଇ	କି	ଈ	କୀ	ଉ	କୁ	ଊ	କୂ			ଏ	କେ	ଐ	କୈ			ଓ	କୋ	ଔ	କୌ			ଋ	କୃ	ୠ	କୄ	ଌ	କୢ	ୡ	କୣ	ଂ	କଂ	ଃ	କଃ	କ୍
Tamil	அ	க	ஆ	கா					இ	கி	ஈ	கீ	உ	கு	ஊ	கூ	எ	கெ	ஏ	கே	ஐ	கை	ஒ	கொ	ஓ	கோ	ஔ	கௌ											அஂ	கஂ	அஃ	கஃ	க்
Telugu	అ	క	ఆ	కా					ఇ	కి	ఈ	కీ	ఉ	కు	ఊ	కూ	ఎ	కె	ఏ	కే	ఐ	కై	ఒ	కొ	ఓ	కో	ఔ	కౌ			ఋ	కృ	ౠ	కౄ	ఌ	కౢ	ౡ	కౣ	అం	కం	అః	కః	క్
Kannada	ಅ	ಕ	ಆ	ಕಾ					ಇ	ಕಿ	ಈ	ಕೀ	ಉ	ಕು	ಊ	ಕೂ	ಎ	ಕೆ	ಏ	ಕೇ	ಐ	ಕೈ	ಒ	ಕೊ	ಓ	ಕೋ	ಔ	ಕೌ			ಋ	ಕೃ	ೠ	ಕೄ	ಌ	ಕೢ	ೡ	ಕೣ	అం	ಕಂ	అః	ಕಃ	ಕ್
Malayalam	അ	ക	ആ	കാ					ഇ	കി	ഈ	കീ	ഉ	കു	ഊ	കൂ	എ	കെ	ഏ	കേ	ഐ	കൈ	ഒ	കൊ	ഓ	കോ	ഔ	കൗ			ഋ	കൃ	ൠ	കൄ	ഌ	കൢ	ൡ	കൣ	അം	കം	അഃ	കഃ	ക്,ക്‍
Meitei Mayek	ꯑ	ꯀ	ꯑꯥ	ꯀꯥ					ꯏ	ꯀꯤ			ꯎ	ꯀꯨ					ꯑꯦ	ꯀꯦ	ꯑꯩ	ꯀꯩ			ꯑꯣ	ꯀꯣ	ꯑꯧ	ꯀꯧ											ꯑꯪ	ꯀꯪ			ꯛ
Tibetan	ཨ	ཀ	ཨཱ	ཀཱ					ཨི	ཀི	ཨཱི	ཀཱི	ཨུ	ཀུ	ཨཱུ	ཀཱུ			ཨེ	ཀེ	ཨཻ	ཀཻ			ཨོ	ཀོ	ཨཽ	ཀཽ			རྀ	ཀྲྀ	རཱྀ	ཀཷ	ལྀ	ཀླྀ	ལཱྀ	ཀླཱྀ	ཨཾ	ཀཾ	ཨཿ	ཀཿ	ཀ྄
Dogra
Modi
Lepcha	ᰣ	ᰀ	ᰣᰦ	ᰀᰦ					ᰣᰧ	ᰀᰧ	ᰣᰧᰶ	ᰀᰧᰶ	ᰣᰪ	ᰀᰪ	ᰣᰫ	ᰀᰫ			ᰣᰬ	ᰀᰬ					ᰣᰨ	ᰀᰨ	ᰣᰩ	ᰀᰩ											ᰣᰴ	ᰀᰴ
Limbu	ᤀ	ᤁ	ᤀᤠ	ᤁᤠ					ᤀᤡ	ᤁᤡ	ᤀᤡ᤺	ᤁᤡ᤺	ᤀᤢ	ᤁᤢ	ᤀᤢ᤺	ᤁᤢ᤺	ᤀᤧ	ᤁᤧ	ᤀᤣ	ᤁᤣ	ᤀᤤ	ᤁᤤ	ᤀᤨ	ᤁᤨ	ᤀᤥ	ᤁᤥ	ᤀᤦ	ᤁᤦ											ᤀᤲ	ᤁᤲ			ᤁ᤻
Tirhuta
Kaithi
Sylheti Nagari
Sinhala	අ	ක	ආ	කා	ඇ	කැ	ඈ	කෑ	ඉ	කි	ඊ	කී	උ	කු	ඌ	කූ	එ	කෙ	ඒ	කේ	ඓ	කෛ	ඔ	කො	ඕ	කෝ	ඖ	කෞ			ඍ	කෘ	ඎ	කෲ	ඏ	කෟ	ඐ	කෳ	අං	කං	අඃ	කඃ	ක්
Chakma									,				,						,
Burmese																					အဲ	ကဲ
Tai Tham	ᩋ	ᨠ	ᩋᩣ	ᨠᩣ/ᨠᩤ	ᩋᩯ	ᨠᩯ	(ᩋᩬᩴ,ᩋᩳ)	(ᨠᩬᩴ,ᨠᩳ)	ᩍ	ᨠᩥ	ᩎ	ᨠᩦ	ᩏ	ᨠᩩ	ᩐ	ᨠᩪ	(ᩋᩮᩡ)	(ᨠᩮᩡ)	ᩑ	ᨠᩮ	ᩋᩱ	ᨠᩱ	(ᩋᩰᩡ)	(ᨠᩰᩡ)	ᩒ,ᩋᩰ	ᨠᩰ,ᨠᩮᩣ	ᩋᩮᩢᩣ,ᩋᩯᩣ,ᩐᩣ	ᨠᩮᩢᩣ,ᨠᩮᩫᩣ,ᨠᩯᩣ			ᩁᩂ	ᨠᩂ							ᩋᩴ	ᨠᩴ	ᩋᩡ	ᨠᩡ	ᨠ᩺,ᨠ᩼
New Tai Lue	ᦀ	ᦂ	ᦀᦱ	ᦂᦱ	ᦶᦀ	ᦶᦂ	(ᦀᦸ)	(ᦂᦸ)	ᦀᦲᦰ	ᦂᦲᦰ	ᦀᦲ	ᦂᦲ	ᦀᦳ	ᦂᦳ	ᦀᦴ	ᦂᦴ	(ᦵᦀᦰ)	(ᦵᦂᦰ)	ᦵᦀ	ᦵᦂ	ᦺᦀ	ᦺᦂ	(ᦷᦀᦰ)	(ᦷᦂᦰ)	ᦷᦀ	ᦷᦂ	ᦀᧁ	ᦂᧁ													ᦀᦰ	ᦂᦰ	ᧅ
Khmer	អ	ក	អា	កា					ឥ	កិ	ឦ	កី	ឧ	កុ	ឩ	កូ			ឯ	កេ	ឰ	កៃ			ឱ	កោ	ឳ	កៅ			ឫ	ក្ឫ	ឬ	ក្ឬ	ឭ	ក្ឭ	ឮ	ក្ឮ	អំ	កំ	អះ	កះ	ក៑
Thai	อ (อะ)	ก (กะ)	อา	กา	แอ	แก	(ออ)	(กอ)	อิ	กิ	อี	กี	อุ	กุ	อู	กู	(เอะ)	(เกะ)	เอ	เก	ไอ,ใอ	ไก,ใก	(โอะ)	(โกะ)	โอ	โก	เอา	เกา	เออ	เกอ	ฤ	กฺฤ	ฤๅ	กฺฤๅ	ฦ	กฺฦ	ฦๅ	กฺฦๅ	อํ	กํ	อะ (อะฮฺ)	กะ (กะฮฺ)	กฺ (ก/ก์)
Lao	ອະ	ກະ	ອາ	ກາ	ແອ	ແກ	(ອອ)	(ກອ)	ອິ	ກິ	ອີ	ກີ	ອຸ	ກຸ	ອູ	ກູ	(ແອະ)	(ແກະ)	ເອ	ເກ	ໄອ,ໃອ	ໄກ,ໃກ	(ໂອະ)	(ໂກະ)	ໂອ	ໂກ	ເອົາ,ອາວ	ເກົາ,ກາວ											ອํ	ກํ	ອະ	ກະ	ກ
Cham	ꨀ	ꨆ	ꨀꨩ	ꨆꨩ					ꨁ	ꨆꨪ	ꨁꨩ	ꨆꨫ	ꨂ	ꨆꨭ	ꨂꨩ	ꨆꨭꨩ			ꨃ	ꨆꨯꨮ	ꨄ	ꨆꨰ			ꨅ	ꨆꨯ	ꨀꨯꨱ	ꨆꨯꨱ			ꨣꨮ	ꨆꨴꨮ	ꨣꨮꨩ	ꨆꨴꨮꨩ	ꨤꨮ	ꨆꨵꨮ	ꨤꨮꨩ	ꨆꨵꨮꨩ	ꨀꩌ	ꨆꩌ	ꨀꩍ	ꨆꩍ	ꩀ
Kawi
Balinese
Javanese
Sundanese
Lontara
Makasar
Rejang
Batak (Toba)
Baybayin
Buhid	ᝀ	ᝃ							ᝁ	ᝃᝒ			ᝂ	ᝃᝓ
Hanunuo	ᜠ	ᜣ							ᜡ	ᜣᜲ			ᜢ	ᜣᜳ																													ᜣ᜴
Tagbanwa
ISO	a	ka	ā	kā	ê	kê	ô	kô	i	ki	ī	kī	u	ku	ū	kū	e	ke	ē	kē	ai	kai	o	ko	ō	kō	au	kau	ə	kə	r̥	kr̥	r̥̄	kr̥̄	l̥	kl̥	l̥̄	kl̥̄	aṁ	kaṁ	aḥ	kaḥ	k
ISO	a		ā		ê		ô		i		ī		u		ū		e		ē		ai		o		ō		au		ə		r̥		r̥̄		l̥		l̥̄		ṁ		ḥ

Notes

Numerals

		0 !		1 !		2 !		3 !		4 !		5 !	6 !	7 !	8 !	9
Brahmi numbers
Brahmi digits
Devanagari	०	१	२	३	४	५	६	७	८	९
Bengali–Assamese	০	১	২	৩	৪	৫	৬	৭	৮	৯
Tirhuta
Sharada
Gurmukhi	੦	੧	੨	੩	੪	੫	੬	੭	੮	੯
Odia	୦	୧	୨	୩	୪	୫	୬	୭	୮	୯
Gujarati	૦	૧	૨	૩	૪	૫	૬	૭	૮	૯
Tamil	೦	௧	௨	௩	௪	௫	௬	௭	௮	௯
Telugu	౦	౧	౨	౩	౪	౫	౬	౭	౮	౯
Kannada	೦	೧	೨	೩	೪	೫	೬	೭	೮	೯
Malayalam	൦	൧	൨	൩	൪	൫	൬	൭	൮	൯
Sinhala astrological numbers	෦	෧	෨	෩	෪	෫	෬	෭	෮	෯
Sinhala archaic numbers
Gunjala Gondi
Masaram Gondi
Tibetan	༠	༡	༢	༣	༤	༥	༦	༧	༨	༩
Modi
Takri
Khudabadi
Meitei (Manipuri)	꯰	꯱	꯲	꯳	꯴	꯵	꯶	꯷	꯸	꯹
Pracalit
Mongolian	᠐	᠑	᠒	᠓	᠔	᠕	᠖	᠗	᠘	᠙
Lepcha	᱀	᱁	᱂	᱃	᱄	᱅	᱆	᱇	᱈	᱉
Limbu	᥆	᥇	᥈	᥉	᥊	᥋	᥌	᥍	᥎	᥏
Saurashtra	꣐	꣑	꣒	꣓	꣔	꣕	꣖	꣗	꣘	꣙
Ahom
Chakma
Burmese	၀	၁	၂	၃	၄	၅	၆	၇	၈	၉
New Tai Lue	᧐	᧑	᧒	᧓	᧔	᧕	᧖	᧗	᧘	᧙
Tai Tham Astrological Numbers	᪀	᪁	᪂	᪃	᪄	᪅	᪆	᪇	᪈	᪉
Dhives Akuru
Tai Tham	᪐	᪑	᪒	᪓	᪔	᪕	᪖	᪗	᪘	᪙
Shan	႐	႑	႒	႓	႔	႕	႖	႗	႘	႙
Khmer	០	១	២	៣	៤	៥	៦	៧	៨	៩
Thai	๐	๑	๒	๓	๔	๕	๖	๗	๘	๙
Lao	໐	໑	໒	໓	໔	໕	໖	໗	໘	໙
Cham	꩐	꩑	꩒	꩓	꩔	꩕	꩖	꩗	꩘	꩙
Bali	᭐	᭑	᭒	᭓	᭔	᭕	᭖	᭗	᭘	᭙
Java	꧐	꧑	꧒	꧓	꧔	꧕	꧖	꧗	꧘	꧙
Sunda	᮰	᮱	᮲	᮳	᮴	᮵	᮶	᮷	᮸	᮹<	-- No Baybayin numerals -->
Indic		0 !		1 !		2 !		3 !		4 !		5 !	6 !	7 !	8 !	9

Notes

List of Brahmic scripts

Historical

The Brahmi script was already divided into regional variants at the time of the earliest surviving epigraphy around the 3rd century BC. Cursives of the Brahmi script began to diversify further from around the 5th century AD and continued to give rise to new scripts throughout the Middle Ages. The main division in antiquity was between northern and southern Brahmi. In the northern group, the Gupta script was very influential, and in the southern group the Vatteluttu and Kadamba/Pallava scripts with the spread of Buddhism sent Brahmic scripts throughout Southeast Asia.

Northern Brahmic

Gupta, 4th century
- Sharada
  - Landa
    - Gurmukhi
    - Khojki
    - Khudabadi
    - Mahajani
    - Multani
  - Takri
    - Chamba
    - Dogri
    - Sirmauri
- Siddhaṃ
- Tibetan
  - Meetei Mayek
  - Lepcha
    - Limbu
  - Khema
  - ʼPhags-pa
    - Zanabazar square
  - Marchen
    - Marchung
    - Pungs-chen
    - Pungs-chung
    - Drusha
- Dives Akuru
- Kalinga
- Bhaiksuki
Tocharian (Slanting Brahmi)

Southern Brahmic

Sinhala
Bhattiprolu
- Kadamba
  - Telugu-Kannada
    - Telugu
    - Kannada
      - Goykanadi
Tamil-Brahmi, 2nd century BC
- Pallava
  - Tamil
  - Grantha
  - Khmer
    - Khom Thai
    - Proto-Tai script?
      - Sukhothai
        Thai
        
        Fakkham
        Thai Noi
        Lao
      - Tai Viet
      - Dai Don
      - Lai Tay
      - Lai Pao
  - Cham
  - Kawi
    - Balinese
    - Batak
    - Buda
    - Javanese
    - Old Sundanese
      - Sundanese
    - Lontara
    - Makasar
    - Ulu scripts
      - Incung
      - Lampung
      - Lembak
      - Ogan
      - Pasemah
      - Rejang
      - Serawai
    - Baybayin
      - Buhid
      - Hanunó'o
      - Tagbanwa
      - Kulitan
      - Basahan
  - Mon–Burmese
    - Modern Mon
    - Burmese
      - Chakma
      - S'gaw Karen
      - Shan
      - Tanchangya
      - Lik-Tai scripts
        Ahom
        
        Khamti
        
        Tai Le
    - Tai Tham
      - New Tai Lue
  - Pyu
- Vatteluttu
  - Kolezhuthu
  - Malayanma

Unicode of Brahmic scripts

As of Unicode version version=15.1, the following Brahmic scripts have been encoded:

script	derivation	Period of derivation	usage notes	ISO 15924	data-sort-type="number"	Unicode range(s)	sample
Ahom	Burmese^[6]	data-sort-value="1200"	13th century	Extinct Ahom language	Ahom	data-sort-value="71424"	U+11700–U+1174F
Balinese	Kawi	data-sort-value="1000"	11th century	Balinese language	Bali	data-sort-value="6912"	U+1B00–U+1B7F	Balinese: ᬅᬓ᭄ᬲᬭᬩᬮᬶ
Batak	Pallava	data-sort-value="1300"	14th century	Batak languages	Batk	data-sort-value="7104"	U+1BC0–U+1BFF
Baybayin	Kawi	data-sort-value="1300"	14th century	Tagalog, other Philippine languages	Tglg	data-sort-value="5888"	U+1700–U+171F
Bengali-Assamese (Eastern Nagari)	Siddhaṃ	data-sort-value="1000"	11th century	Angika, Assamese language (Assamese script variant), Bengali language (Bengali script variant), Bishnupriya, Maithili, Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri")^[7]	Beng	data-sort-value="2432"	U+0980–U+09FF
Bhaiksuki	Gupta	data-sort-value="-9999"	11th century	Was used around the turn of the first millennium for writing Sanskrit	Bhks	data-sort-value="72704"	U+11C00–U+11C6F
Buhid	Kawi	data-sort-value="1300"	14th century	Buhid language	Buhd	data-sort-value="5952"	U+1740–U+175F
Mon-Burmese	Pallava	data-sort-value="1000"	11th century	Burmese language, Mon language, numerous modifications for other languages including Chakma, Eastern and Western Pwo Karen, Geba Karen, Kayah, Rumai Palaung, S'gaw Karen, Shan	Mymr	data-sort-value="4096"	U+1000–U+109F, U+A9E0–U+A9FF, U+AA60–U+AA7F
Chakma	Burmese	data-sort-value="700"	8th century	Chakma language	Cakm	data-sort-value="69888"	U+11100–U+1114F
Cham	Pallava	data-sort-value="700"	8th century	Cham language	Cham	data-sort-value="43520"	U+AA00–U+AA5F
Devanagari	Nagari	data-sort-value="1200"	13th century	Several Indo-Aryan languages (Konkani, Marathi, Hindi, Sanskrit, Nepali, Bhili, Sindhi, Gujarati etc.), Sino-Tibetan languages (Bodo, Nepal Bhasa, Sherpa etc.), Mundari (Austroasiatic language) and others.	Deva	data-sort-value="2304"	U+0900–U+097F, U+A8E0–U+A8FF, U+11B00–U+11B5F
Dhives Akuru	Gupta	data-sort-value="-9999"	Before 6th-8th century	Was used to write the Maldivian language up until the 20th century.^[8]	Diak	data-sort-value="71936"	U+11900–U+1195F
Dogra	Takri	data-sort-value="-9999"		Was used to write Dogri. Dogra script is closely related to Takri.^[9]	Dogr	data-sort-value="71680"	U+11800–U+1184F
Grantha	Pallava	data-sort-value="500"	6th century	Restricted use in traditional Vedic schools to write Sanskrit. Was widely used by Tamil speakers for Sanskrit and the classical language Manipravalam.	Gran	data-sort-value="70400"	U+11300–U+1137F
Gujarati	Nagari	data-sort-value="1600"	17th century	Gujarati language, Kutchi language	Gujr	data-sort-value="2688"	U+0A80–U+0AFF
Gunjala Gondi	uncertain	data-sort-value="-9999"	16th century	Used for writing the Adilabad dialect of the Gondi language.^[10]	Gong	data-sort-value="73056"	U+11D60–U+11DAF
Gurmukhi	Sharada	data-sort-value="1500"	16th century	Punjabi language	Guru	data-sort-value="2560"	U+0A00–U+0A7F
Hanunó'o	Kawi	data-sort-value="1300"	14th century	Hanuno'o language	Hano	data-sort-value="5920"	U+1720–U+173F
Javanese	Kawi	data-sort-value="1500"	16th century	Javanese language, Sundanese language, Madurese language	Java	data-sort-value="43392"	U+A980–U+A9DF
Kaithi	Nagari	data-sort-value="1500"	16th century	Historically used for writing legal, administrative, and private records.	Kthi	data-sort-value="69760"	U+11080–U+110CF
Kannada	Telugu-Kannada	data-sort-value="800"	Around 4th-6th century	Sanskrit, Kannada, Konkani, Tulu, Badaga, Kodava, Beary, others	Knda	data-sort-value="3200"	U+0C80–U+0CFF
Kawi	Pallava	data-sort-value="700"	8th century	Kawi was found primarily in Java and used across much of Maritime Southeast Asia between the 8th century and the 16th century.^[11]	Kawi	data-sort-value="73472"	U+11F00–U+11F5F
Khmer	Pallava	data-sort-value="1000"	11th century	Khmer language	Khmr	data-sort-value="6016"	U+1780–U+17FF, U+19E0–U+19FF
Khojki	Landa	data-sort-value="1500"	16th century	Some use by Ismaili communities. Was used by the Khoja community for Muslim religious literature.	Khoj	data-sort-value="70144"	U+11200–U+1124F
Khudawadi	Landa	data-sort-value="1550"	16th century	Was used by Sindhi communities for correspondence and business records.	Sind	data-sort-value="70320"	U+112B0–U+112FF
Lao	Khmer	data-sort-value="1300"	14th century	Lao language, others	Laoo	data-sort-value="3712"	U+0E80–U+0EFF
Lepcha	Tibetan	data-sort-value="1700"	8th century	Lepcha language	Lepc	data-sort-value="7168"	U+1C00–U+1C4F
Limbu	Lepcha	data-sort-value="1700"	9th century	Limbu language	Limb	data-sort-value="6400"	U+1900–U+194F
Lontara	Kawi	data-sort-value="1600"	17th century	Buginese language, others	Bugi	data-sort-value="6656"	U+1A00–U+1A1F
Mahajani	Landa	data-sort-value="-9999"	16th century	Historically used in northern India for writing accounts and financial records.	Mahj	data-sort-value="69968"	U+11150–U+1117F
Makasar	Kawi	data-sort-value="-9999"	17th century	Was used in South Sulawesi, Indonesia for writing the Makassarese language.^[12] Makasar script is also known as "Old Makassarese" or "Makassarese bird script" in English-language scholarly works.^[13]	Maka	data-sort-value="73440"	U+11EE0–U+11EFF
Malayalam	Grantha	data-sort-value="1100"	12th century	Malayalam	Mlym	data-sort-value="3328"	U+0D00–U+0D7F
Marchen	Tibetan	data-sort-value="-9999"	7th century	Was used in the Tibetan Bön tradition to write the extinct Zhang-Zhung language	Marc	data-sort-value="72816"	U+11C70–U+11CBF
Meetei Mayek	Tibetan^[14]	data-sort-value="-9999"	6th century^[15]	officially used for Meitei language (constitutionally termed as "Manipuri") in accordance to "The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021"^[16]	Mtei	data-sort-value="43744"	U+AAE0–U+AAFF, U+ABC0–U+ABFF
Modi	Nāgarī	data-sort-value="1600"	17th century	Was used to write the Marathi language	Modi	data-sort-value="71168"	U+11600–U+1165F
Multani	Landa	data-sort-value="-9999"		Was used to write the Multani language	Mult	data-sort-value="70272"	U+11280–U+112AF
Nandinagari	Nāgarī	data-sort-value="600"	7th century	Historically used to write Sanskrit in southern India	Nand	data-sort-value="72096"	U+119A0–U+119FF
New Tai Lue	Tai Tham	data-sort-value="1950"	1950s	Tai Lü language	Talu	data-sort-value="6528"	U+1980–U+19DF
Odia	Siddhaṃ	data-sort-value="900"	13th century	Odia language	Orya	data-sort-value="2816"	U+0B00–U+0B7F
data-sort-value="Phags-Pa"	ʼPhags-pa	Tibetan	data-sort-value="1200"	13th century	Historically used during the Mongol Yuan dynasty.	Phag	data-sort-value="43072"	U+A840–U+A87F
Prachalit (Newa)	Nepal	data-sort-value="-9999"		Has been used for writing the Sanskrit, Nepali, Hindi, Bengali, and Maithili languages	Newa	data-sort-value="70656"	U+11400–U+1147F
Rejang	Kawi	data-sort-value="1700"	18th century	Rejang language, mostly obsolete	Rjng	data-sort-value="43312"	U+A930–U+A95F
Saurashtra	Grantha	data-sort-value="1900"	20th century	Saurashtra language, mostly obsolete	Saur	data-sort-value="43136"	U+A880–U+A8DF
Sharada	Gupta	data-sort-value="700"	8th century	Was used for writing Sanskrit and Kashmiri	Shrd	data-sort-value="70016"	U+11180–U+111DF
Siddham	Gupta	data-sort-value="600"	7th century	Was used for writing Sanskrit	Sidd	data-sort-value="71040"	U+11580–U+115FF
Sinhala	Brahmi^[17]	data-sort-value="300"	4th century^[18]	Sinhala language	Sinh	data-sort-value="3456"	U+0D80–U+0DFF, U+111E0–U+111FF
Sundanese	Kawi	data-sort-value="1300"	14th century	Sundanese language	Sund	data-sort-value="7040"	U+1B80–U+1BBF, U+1CC0–U+1CCF
Sylheti Nagari	Nagari	data-sort-value="1500"	16th century	Historically used for writing the Sylheti language	Sylo	data-sort-value="43008"	U+A800–U+A82F
Tagbanwa	Kawi	data-sort-value="1300"	14th century	Various languages of Palawan, nearly extinct	Tagb	data-sort-value="5984"	U+1760–U+177F
Tai Le	Mon	data-sort-value="-9999"	13th century	Tai Nüa language	Tale	data-sort-value="6480"	U+1950–U+197F
Tai Tham	Mon	data-sort-value="1200"	13th century	Northern Thai language, Tai Lü language, Khün language	Lana	data-sort-value="6688"	U+1A20–U+1AAF
Tai Viet	Thai	data-sort-value="1500"	16th century	Tai Dam language	Tavt	data-sort-value="43648"	U+AA80–U+AADF
Takri	Sharada	data-sort-value="-9999"	16th century	Was used for writing Chambeali, and other languages	Takr	data-sort-value="71296"	U+11680–U+116CF
Tamil	Pallava	data-sort-value="-400"	2nd century	Tamil language	Taml	data-sort-value="2944"	U+0B80–U+0BFF, U+11FC0–U+11FFF
Telugu	Telugu-Kannada	data-sort-value="400"	5th century	Telugu language	Telu	data-sort-value="3072"	U+0C00–U+0C7F
Thai	Old Khmer	data-sort-value="1200"	13th century	Thai language	Thai	data-sort-value="3584"	U+0E00–U+0E7F
Tibetan	Gupta	data-sort-value="700"	8th century	Classical Tibetan, Dzongkha, Ladakhi language	Tibt	data-sort-value="3840"	U+0F00–U+0FFF
Tirhuta	Siddham	data-sort-value="-9999"	13th century	Historically used for the Maithili language	Tirh	data-sort-value="70784"	U+11480–U+114DF

External links

Online Tool which supports Conversion between various Brahmic Scripts
Windows Indic Script Support
An Introduction to Indic Scripts
South Asian Writing Systems
Enhanced Indic Transliterator Transliterate from romanised script to Indian Languages.
Indian Transliterator A means to transliterate from romanised to Unicode Indian scripts.
Imperial Brahmi Font and Text-Editor
Brahmi Script
Xlit: Tool for Transliteration between English and Indian Languages
Padma: Transformer for Indic Scripts – a Firefox add-on

Notes and References

Book: Frellesvig . Bjarke . A History of the Japanese Language . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge . 2010 . 978-0-521-65320-6 . 177–178.
Hand . Felicity . 2015-04-23 . Editorial . Indialogs . 2 . 1 . 10.5565/rev/indialogs.36 . 2339-8523.
Book: Court, Christopher . Daniels . Peter T. . Bright . William . Southeast Asian Writing Systems . The World's Writing Systems . 1996 . Oxford University Press . 443.
Book: Court, Christopher . Daniels . Peter T. . Bright . William . The spread of Brahmi Script into Southeast Asia . The World's Writing Systems . 1996 . Oxford University Press . 445–449.
Sproat . Richard . 2006-07-20 . Brahmi-derived scripts, script layout, and segmental awareness . Written Language and Literacy . 9 . 1 . 45–66 . 10.1075/wll.9.1.05spr . 1387-6732.
Book: Shan Manuscripts, Part 1 . Terwiel . Khamdaengyodtai . 2003 . 13.
Web site: GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 . manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
Web site: L2/18-016R: Proposal to encode Dives Akuru in Unicode. 2018-01-23. Anshuman. Pandey.
Web site: L2/15-234R: Proposal to encode the Dogra script. 2015-11-04. Anshuman. Pandey.
Book: The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 . Chapter 13: South and Central Asia-II . Unicode, Inc. . June 2018 . Mountain View, California . https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch13.pdf . 978-1-936213-19-1 .
Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020. Proposal to encode Kawi
Book: The Unicode Standard, Version 11.0 . Chapter 17: Indonesia and Oceania . Unicode, Inc. . June 2018 . Mountain View, California . https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode11.0.0/ch17.pdf . 978-1-936213-19-1 .
Web site: L2/15-233: Proposal to encode the Makasar script in Unicode . Anshuman . Pandey . 2015-11-02 .
Book: Chelliah . Shobhana Lakshmi . A Grammar of Meithei . 2011 . De Gruyter . 355 . 978-3-11-080111-8 . "Meithei Mayek is part of the Tibetan group of scripts, which originated from the Gupta Brahmi script".
Book: Datta, Amaresh . Encyclopaedia of Indian Literature . 1987 . . 978-81-260-1803-1 . 142 . en . The coins of Urakonthauba (568-653) and Ayangba (821-910) in the Mutua Museum, Imphal bear evidence of early existence of old Manipuri alphabet..
Web site: GAZETTE TITLE: The Manipur Official Language (Amendment) Act, 2021 . manipurgovtpress.nic.in.
Daniels (1996), p. 379.
Book: Diringer . David . Alphabet a key to the history of mankind . 1948 . 389.