Bradley Nelson Explained

Bradley James Nelson
Birth Date:16 May 1962
Birth Place:Murphysboro, Illinois
Citizenship:Switzerland, United States of America
Nationality:American
Fields:Robotics
Workplaces:ETH Zurich
Alma Mater:Carnegie Mellon University
Awards:2019 IEEE RAS Pioneer Award, IEEE Robotics and Automation Society

Bradley James Nelson (born 16 May 1962) is an American roboticist and entrepreneur. He has been the Professor of Robotics and Intelligent Systems at ETH Zurich since 2002 and is known for his research in microrobotics, nanorobotics, and medical robotics.[1]

In 2005, Nelson was chosen as one of Scientific Americans top 50 leaders in science and technology for his work on practical applications of nanotubes.[2] In 2019 he received the IEEE RAS Pioneer Award from the IEEE Robotics and Automation Society, "In recognition of outstanding contributions in micro and nano robotics". He is a co-founder of Aeon Scientific AG,[3] Femtotools AG, OphthoRobotics AG,[4] Magnes AG, Oxyle AG, and MagnebotiX AG.[5]

Education

Career

Nelson held positions at Motorola and at Honeywell, and served with the United States Peace Corps in Botswana, Southern Africa.[6] After earning his Ph.D. from Carnegie Mellon University in 1995, Nelson became an Assistant Professor at the University of Illinois at Chicago, He moved to the University of Minnesota as an Associate Professor in 1998. In 2002 Nelson became a Full Professor of Robotics and Intelligent Systems at ETH Zürich, Switzerland.[7]

Research

Nelson has over thirty years of experience in the field of robotics. He specializes in nanotechnology and the development of microscopic robots for use in medicine and other applications. He is particularly known for his work in developing soft, biologically-inspired flexible architectures.[8]

In early research at ETH Zurich, researchers from the Institute of Robotics and Intelligent Systems (IRIS), led by Nelson, developed a robot to play nanosoccer on a field of play the size of a grain of rice. The international RoboCup Nanogram demonstration events were supported by the U.S. National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) in 2007, 2008, and 2009. The goal was to develop microrobots that could perform soccer related tasks, as a demonstration of the feasibility of fabricating Microelectromechanical systems (MEMS) on semiconductor chips.Zurich's resonant magnetic robot, or "Magmite", was 300μm long and could be driven forward, put into reverse, and turn left and right. Magnetic fields were used to move the robot on a flat surface.[9] [10] ETH Zurich placed first in the 2007 RoboCup Nanogram Competition[11] and was one of two teams to perform successfully in the 2009 competition.[12]

In 2009, Nelson and his research team were recognized by Guinness World Records for creating the “most advanced mini robot for medical use”, a robot about 20μm long with swirling flagella, constructed of semiconductor materials and controlled by a magnetic field.[13] Like a number of Nelson's robots, the rod-shaped microrobot was inspired by a biological form, in this case Escherichia coli bacteria. Magnetic fields are used to affect the orientation of the robot's "flagella", causing it to move. External magnetic fields are generated using eight electromagnets which allow the operator of the microrobot to move it along the x, y and z-axes in any desired direction. Development of nanoelectromechanical systems (NEMS) can require novel materials and may involve unique effects which occur at a nanoscale,[2] Nelson's rod-shaped robots required the development of a material that would be highly sensitive to magnetic fields, made by combining the elements cobalt and samarium.[14]

Such robots have been tested within the vitreous humor of the eye to deliver drugs to the retina. Microrobots have also been specialized to report oxygen levels in the retina by releasing a fluorescent dye that fades at a rate that indicates the presence of oxygen.[15] Other possible areas that have been suggested for medical applications include the heart, urinary tract, small intestine and the brain, which are difficult to reach. Water treatment and environmental cleanup are also possible application areas where nanobots could be used.[16]

The use of specialized 3-D printers makes it possible to develop new types of materials for use in microrobots such as polymers. As of 2015, Nelson and Christofer Hierold collaborated to develop a robot made from a biocompatible biopolymer that can dissolve in the body once the robot's task is completed.[17]

In collaboration with a team led by Selman Sakar of the Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne (EPFL), Nelson's team has developed soft-architecture microswimmer robots whose design incorporates folding techniques similar to Japanese origami. The design mimics the ability of micro-organisms to change shape in response to changing environmental conditions.[18] The robot is made up of a multilayered structure of various hydrogels, which respond differentially to environmental conditions such as pH, temperature, or light. In response to such changes, the biopolymers expand or contract, causing the robot to change shape. The design was inspired by Trypanosoma brucei bacterium, the cause of sleeping sickness. The bacterium has a long narrow shape for moving through bodily fluids and a stubby, compact shape which it reaches its target area.[17]

In collaboration with Daniel Ahmed of ETH Zurich, Nelson has developed magnetic beads whose movement can be guided against a fluid current. The beads are made of a hydrogel nanocomposite containing particles of iron oxide and a polymer. Each bead has a diameter of 3μm. A "swarm" or cluster of beads between 15μm and 40μm micrometres wide can be guided with a magnetic controller. Bead swarms have been studied using liquid-filled glass tubes to similulate the types of conditions that might be found in blood vessels 150μm to 300μm micrometres thick. In the same way that someone travelling up a river might hug the banks where the current is slower, the scientists operating the microbeads keep them near the sides of the glass tubes. They use ultrasound to move the microbead cluster toward the wall of the tube, and a rotating magnetic field to move the swarm against the current.[19]

Nelson's microrobotic systems have also been used by Hannes Vogler, Ueli Grossniklaus and other researchers in the Department of Plant and Microbial Biology at Zurich to study the trapping mechanism of Venus flytrap (Dionaea muscipula). Researchers discovered a previously unknown mechanism by which the plant traps prey, with a single slow touch triggering the fly trap to close. They were able to mathematically model the angular deflection and velocity thresholds involved in the snapping mechanism.[20] [21]

Honors and awards

Nelson has received a number of awards for his work in robotics, nanotechnology and biomedicine.

Bibliography

Books

Papers

Nelson's research group has won more than a dozen best paper awards at various international conferences and in international journals. Paper awards given are indicated after the citation information.

See also

External links

Oral History

Talks & media

Notes and References

  1. Levin . David . Making microbots smart . Knowable Magazine Annual Reviews . 27 June 2022 . 10.1146/knowable-062322-1. free . 11 August 2022 . en.
  2. Industry/Research news . IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine . September 2007 . 14 . 3 . 122 . 10.1109/mra.2007.906719 . 40455102 .
  3. Web site: Aeon Scientific wins 2014 Swiss Technology Award . November 26, 2014 . Robohub . 17 May 2021.
  4. News: Liu . Xinyu. Sun . Wenji . China's robotics industry forges ahead to brighter future . https://web.archive.org/web/20190825174856/http://www.xinhuanet.com/english/2019-08/25/c_138337432.htm . dead . August 25, 2019 . Xinhua Headlines . 2019-08-25 . 17 May 2021.
  5. Web site: Innovations to bring the MFG-100 Magnetic Field Generator to the Mechanobiology market . May 1, 2018 . Research Features . 17 May 2021.
  6. Book: Hsu . Tai-Ran . MEMS Packaging . 2004 . IET . xvi . 9780863413353 . 13 May 2021.
  7. Web site: Prof. Dr. Bradley J. Nelson. Multi-Scale Robotics Lab.
  8. Yang . Lidong . Zhang . Li . Motion Control in Magnetic Microrobotics: From Individual and Multiple Robots to Swarms . Annual Review of Control, Robotics, and Autonomous Systems . 3 May 2021 . 4 . 1 . 509–534 . 10.1146/annurev-control-032720-104318 . 228892228 . 15 May 2021 . en . 2573-5144.
  9. 2009 RoboCup Nanosoccer Demonstration Competition, July 2-4, 2009 Graz, Austria . NIST. 2009 . 15 May 2021.
  10. Book: Papi . Vladan . Firebaugh . S. L. . Piepmeier . J. A. . McGray . C. D. . Soccer at the Microscale: Small Robots with Big Impact. Robot Soccer . 2010 . INTECH . 285–310 . 978-953-307-036-0 . https://books.google.com/books?id=ufugDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA285 . 15 May 2021.
  11. 2007 RoboCup Nanogram Demonstration Competition Results . NIST . 4 May 2011 . 15 May 2021.
  12. News: Allen . R. . McGray . C. . MEMS in Action: RoboCup Nanogram 2009 . 15 May 2021 . MEMS Alliance Newsletter . 2009.
  13. Zhang . Cici . Swarms of microrobots show there is power in numbers . Chemical & Engineering News . October 20, 2019 . 97 . 41 . 17 May 2021.
  14. News: Schmidt . Chris . Making Stuff: Smaller: Host David Pogue . 14 May 2021 . NOVA (transcript) . 2011.
  15. News: Maxey . Kyle . Micro Robots Could Prevent Blindness . 17 May 2021 . Engineering.com . May 9, 2013.
  16. News: Prisco . Jacopo . Will nanotechnology soon allow you to 'swallow the doctor'? . 14 May 2021 . CNN Business . January 30, 2015.
  17. News: Schlaefli . Samuel . The microdoctors in our bodies . 17 May 2021 . Physics.org . September 21, 2016.
  18. News: Swiss team develop 'microswimmer' robot to deliver drugs through the body . 17 May 2021 . Reuters . January 21, 2019.
  19. News: Bergamin . Fabio . Swimming upstream on sound waves . 17 May 2021 . Science Daily . February 19, 2021.
  20. Web site: Slow touches make Venus flytraps snap shut . July 13, 2020 . Futurity . 17 May 2021.
  21. News: How Venus flytraps snap . 17 May 2021 . ScienceDaily . 10 July 2020 .
  22. News: Eleventh Grand Hamdan International Award for Medical Sciences is Presented to American AI Frontrunner . 12 May 2021 . PRUnderground . December 10, 2020.
  23. Web site: IEEE RAS Pioneer Award . IEEE . 17 May 2021.
  24. Web site: Microrobots for improved eye surgery . 12 May 2021 . European Research Council . 10 July 2018.
  25. Xi . Ning . Hamel . Bill . Tan . Jindong . Tsoi . Tracy . ICRA 2014 Hong Kong Was a Super Technical Event in a Wonderful Location. IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine . 19 December 2014 . 21 . December . 112–115 . 10.1109/MRA.2014.2360621 . 17 May 2021.
  26. Web site: ERC Funded Projects . 12 May 2021 . European Research Council .
  27. Honors, Elections, and OtherMember Activities . IEEE Robotics & Automation Magazine . 2011 . 18 . March . 100–101 . 10.1109/MRA.2010.940157 . 17 May 2021.
  28. Web site: American Society of Mechanical Engineers . The 2009-2010 ASME fellows . 2010 . The Free Library . 17 May 2021.
  29. News: Scientific American 50: Trends in Research, Business and Policy . 13 May 2021 . Scientific American . November 21, 2005.
  30. Web site: Honorary professorships . University of Minnesota . 13 May 2021.
  31. Web site: IEEE Transactions on Automation Science and Engineering Best New Application Paper Award (Sponsored by Googol Technology Ltd) About the Award . IEEE . 17 May 2021.
  32. Po . Dan O. . News from the Robot Challenge at ICRA 2014 . IEEE Robotics and Automation Magazine. DECEMBER . 2014 . 21 . 10–11. 10.1109/MRA.2014.2360618 . free .
  33. Ho . Dean . Introducing the 2013 JALA Ten . Journal of Laboratory Automation . February 2013 . 18 . 1 . 105–110 . 10.1177/2211068212470545 . 28071210 . 17 May 2021. free .

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