Borophagini Explained

Borophagini is a clade or tribe of the subfamily Borophaginae. This is an extinct group of terrestrial canids that were endemic and widespread throughout North America and Central America which lived during the Geringian stage of the Oligocene epoch to the Zanclean age of the Early Pliocene living 30.8—3.6 Mya existing approximately .^[1]

Biology

Borophagini were short-faced, heavy-jawed canids, usually massive in size. They were primarily carnivores but dentition demonstrates omnivore traits.^{[2] [3]}

Taxonomy

Borophagini was named by Simpson (1945)^[4] [credited to Simpson because he named Borophaginae]. It was assigned to Borophaginae by Wang et al. (1999)^[5] and Wang et al. (2004).^[6]

Clade

The clade includes: Cormocyon, Desmocyon, Metatomarctus, Euoplocyon, Psalidocyon, Microtomarctus, Protomarctus, and Tephrocyon.

Subtaxa and sister taxa

The subtaxa or subtribes are: Aelurodontina, Borophagina, and Cynarctina. Phlaocyonini is a sister taxon.

Fossil distribution

With the clade comprising many genus and subtaxa, the distribution of fossil specimens for Borophagini is widespread throughout the entire continent extending from coast to coast as well as Florida to western Oregon to Panama.

Notes and References

1. http://paleodb.org/cgi-bin/bridge.pl?action=checkTaxonInfo&taxon_no=83322&is_real_user=1 PaleoBiology Database: Borophagini, Taxonomy, Subtaxa
2. Nowak, R. M., Walker's Mammals of the World. Maryland, Johns Hopkins University Press (edited volume) II, 1991
3. Web site: Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae . 2009-07-20 . 2007-03-20 . https://web.archive.org/web/20070320023028/http://www.nhm.org/expeditions/rrc/wang/documents/Wangetal1999borophaginemonographpart1.pdf . dead .
4. Simpson. George Gaylord. The Principles of Classification and a Classification of Mammals. Bulletin of the AMNH. 1945. 85. New York. 2246/1104.
5. Book: Wang. Xiaoming. Tedford. Richard H.. Taylor. Beryl E.. Phylogenetic systematics of the Borophaginae (Carnivora, Canidae). 1999. New York. 2246/1588. Bulletin of the AMNH. 243.
6. Wang. Xiaoming. Wideman. Benjamin C.. Nichols. Ralph. Hanneman. Debra L.. A new species of Aleurodon (Carnivora, Canidae) from the Barstovian of Montana. Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 2004. 24. 2. 445–452. 10.1671/2493. 4524730. 2004JVPal..24..445W . 21694500 .