| Boran | |
| Region: | northwestern Amazon |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Glotto: | bora1262 |
| Glottorefname: | Boran |
| Map: | Linguas bora.png |
Boran (also known as Bora–Muinane, Bora–Muiname, Bóran, Miranyan, Miranya, Bórano) is a small language family, consisting of just two languages.
The two Boran languages are:
Loukotka (1968) also lists Nonuya, spoken at the sources of the Cahuinari River, as a Boran language. Only a few words were documented.[1]
Synonymy note:
Aschmann (1993) proposed that the Boran and Witotoan language families were related, in a Bora–Witoto stock. Echeverri & Seifart (2016) refute the connection.
Jolkesky (2016) notes that there are lexical similarities with the Choko, Guahibo, Tukano, Witoto-Okaina, Yaruro, Arawak, and Tupi language families due to contact in the Caquetá River basin region.[2]
An automated computational analysis (ASJP 4) by Müller et al. (2013)[3] found lexical similarities with Arawakan (especially the Resigaro language in particular) due to contact.
Loukotka (1968) lists the following basic vocabulary items.[1]
| gloss | Imihitä | Muinane | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| one | dzonére | tenétogüné | sánótro | |
| two | miniékeʔe | mibákö | minóke | |
| head | mée-níguoe | mé-eníkoae | nígai | |
| eye | ma-ádzik | ma-átxe | adíge | |
| tooth | mée-goaxé | me-kuáxe | ígaino | |
| man | guáxpi | koaxpí | gáife | |
| water | néspakio | nögʔbögʔkó | negfuáyu | |
| fire | köxögua | kixúgua | köxögai | |
| sun | nöʔögbwa | nöxbá | neʔegbua | |
| maize | öxeʔe | öxehu | bédya | |
| jaguar | oíbe | ouíbe | höku |
| Proto-Bora–Muinane | |
| Familycolor: | American |
| Target: | Boran languages |
Proto-Bora–Muinane reconstructions by Seifart and Echeverri (2015):[4]
| no. | gloss | Proto-Bora-Muinane | |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | tongue |
| |
| 2 | mouth |
| |
| 3 | lip |
| |
| 4 | tooth |
| |
| 5 | nose |
| |
| 6 | eye |
| |
| 7 | ear |
| |
| 8 | head |
| |
| 9 | forehead |
| |
| 10 | hair |
| |
| 12 | beard |
| |
| 14 | chest |
| |
| 15 | woman's breast |
| |
| 16 | abdomen |
| |
| 18 | shoulder |
| |
| 19 | arm |
| |
| 21 | elbow |
| |
| 22 | hand |
| |
| 23 | finger |
| |
| 24 | fingernail |
| |
| 27 | knee |
| |
| 29 | foot |
| |
| 30 | toe |
| |
| 31 | skin |
| |
| 32 | bone |
| |
| 33 | blood |
| |
| 34 | heart |
| |
| 35 | lungs |
| |
| 38 | man |
| |
| 39 | man |
| |
| 40 | woman |
| |
| 41 | people |
| |
| 42 | husband |
| |
| 43 | wife |
| |
| 44 | father |
| |
| 45 | mother |
| |
| 46 | baby, infant |
| |
| 47 | old man |
| |
| 48 | water |
| |
| 49 | river |
| |
| 52 | swamp |
| |
| 56 | fire |
| |
| 57 | ash |
| |
| 58 | charcoal |
| |
| 60 | firewood |
| |
| 61 | sky |
| |
| 62 | rain |
| |
| 64 | sun |
| |
| 65 | moon |
| |
| 66 | star |
| |
| 67 | day |
| |
| 68 | night |
| |
| 69 | thunder |
| |
| 71 | rainbow |
| |
| 72 | earth |
| |
| 74 | sand |
| |
| 75 | house |
| |
| 77 | doorway |
| |
| 78 | seat, stool |
| |
| 79 | mat |
| |
| 80 | hammock |
| |
| 81 | bed |
| |
| 82 | cooking pot |
| |
| 83 | cultivated clearing |
| |
| 84 | village |
| |
| 85 | path, trail |
| |
| 86 | fish net |
| |
| 87 | fish hook |
| |
| 88 | steel axe |
| |
| 89 | knife |
| |
| 90 | canoe |
| |
| 91 | paddle |
| |
| 92 | club |
| |
| 93 | spear |
| |
| 94 | bow |
| |
| 95 | arrow |
| |
| 96 | blowgun |
| |
| 99 |
| ||
| 100 |
| ||
| 101 | dog |
| |
| 102 |
| ||
| 103 | bat |
| |
| 104 | otter |
| |
| 105 | cebus, monkey |
| |
| 107 |
| ||
| 109 |
| ||
| 110 |
| ||
| 111 | crocodile |
| |
| 112 | iguana |
| |
| 115 |
| ||
| 116 |
| ||
| 117 |
| ||
| 118 | rat |
| |
| 119 | cat |
| |
| 120 | mouse |
| |
| 121 | tail |
| |
| 122 | snake |
| |
| 123 |
| ||
| 124 |
| ||
| 125 |
| ||
| 126 | toad |
| |
| 128 | hummingbird |
| |
| 129 |
| ||
| 130 |
| ||
| 133 |
| ||
| 134 |
| ||
| 136 |
| ||
| 137 | hen |
| |
| 139 |
| ||
| 142 | flea |
| |
| 143 | louse |
| |
| 144 | mosquito |
| |
| 145 | termite |
| |
| 146 | ant |
| |
| 147 | spider |
| |
| 148 | jigger (Tunga penetrans) |
| |
| 149 | bush |
| |
| 150 | open grassland |
| |
| 151 | hill |
| |
| 152 | tree |
| |
| 153 | leaf |
| |
| 154 | tree leaf |
| |
| 158 | root |
| |
| 159 | seed |
| |
| 160 | stick | ɨmoo-ʔi | |
| 161 | grass |
| |
| 163 | cassava (bread) |
| |
| 165 | tobacco |
| |
| 166 | cotton |
| |
| 167 | gourd |
| |
| 168 | yam |
| |
| 170 |
| ||
| 171 | chili pepper |
| |
| 172 | coca |
| |
| 173 | banisterium[5] |
| |
| 174 | plantain |
| |
| 175 |
| ||
| 179 | salt |
| |
| 180 | chicha (of peach palm fruits) |
| |
| 181 | one |
| |
| 182 | two |
| |
| 185 | five |
| |
| 191 | first |
| |
| 192 | last |
| |
| 194 | drum |
| |
| 196 | ear ornament |
| |
| 197 | mask |
| |
| 198 | medicine man |
| |
| 199 | chief |
| |
| 200 | I |
| |
| 201 | thou |
| |
| 202 | he |
| |
| 203 | she |
| |
| 204 | it |
| |
| 205 | we |
| |
| 206 | ye |
| |
| 207 | they |
| |
| 208 | my hand |
| |
| 209 | thy hand |
| |
| 210 | his hand |
| |
| 211 | our hands |
| |
| 212 | your hands |
| |
| 213 | their hands |
| |
| 214 | my bow |
| |
| 215 | thy bow |
| |
| 216 | his bow |
| |
| 217 | our bow |
| |
| 218 | your bow |
| |
| 219 | their bow |
| |
| 220 | big |
| |
| 221 | small |
| |
| 222 | cold |
| |
| 223 | hot |
| |
| 224 | good |
| |
| 225 | bad |
| |
| 226 | white |
| |
| 227 | black |
| |
| 228 | go! |
| |
| 229 | come! |
| |
| 230 | eat! |
| |
| 231 | drink! |
| |
| 232 | sleep! |
| |
| 234 | front teeth, incisors |
| |
| 235 | tip of tongue |
| |
| 236 | long hair |
| |
| 240 | lower arm |
| |
| 241 | wrist |
| |
| 242 | lower leg |
| |
| 243 | body hair |
| |
| 244 | stomach |
| |
| 245 | intestines |
| |
| 246 | old woman |
| |
| 249 | corn field |
| |
| 250 | stream |
| |
| 251 | pebbles |
| |
| 253 | path |
| |
| 255 | shelter |
| |
| 256 | this |
| |
| 257 | that |
| |
| 258 | who |
| |
| 260 | not |
| |
| 261 | all |
| |
| 262 | many |
| |
| 263 | long |
| |
| 264 | bark |
| |
| 265 | flesh |
| |
| 266 | blood |
| |
| 267 | grease |
| |
| 268 | egg |
| |
| 269 | horn |
| |
| 270 | feather |
| |
| 271 | claw |
| |
| 272 | belly |
| |
| 273 | liver |
| |
| 274 | drink |
| |
| 275 | eat (non meat) |
| |
| 276 | bite |
| |
| 277 | see |
| |
| 278 | hear |
| |
| 279 | know |
| |
| 280 | sleep |
| |
| 281 | die |
| |
| 282 | kill |
| |
| 283 | swim |
| |
| 284 | fly |
| |
| 285 | walk |
| |
| 286 | come |
| |
| 290 | give |
| |
| 291 | say |
| |
| 293 | mountain |
| |
| 294 | red |
| |
| 295 | green |
| |
| 296 | yellow |
| |
| 297 | full |
| |
| 298 | new |
| |
| 301 | name |
| |
| 302 | how |
| |
| 305 | here |
| |
| 306 | there |
| |
| 307 | other |
| |
| 309 | fog |
| |
| 310 | flow |
| |
| 311 | sea |
| |
| 312 | wet |
| |
| 313 | wash |
| |
| 314 | worm |
| |
| 316 | fur |
| |
| 318 | saliva |
| |
| 319 | milk |
| |
| 320 | with |
| |
| 321 | in |
| |
| 322 | at |
| |
| 323 | if |
| |
| 327 | child |
| |
| 328 | dark |
| |
| 330 | wide |
| |
| 331 | narrow |
| |
| 334 | thick |
| |
| 335 | thin |
| |
| 336 | short |
| |
| 338 | dull |
| |
| 339 | sharp |
| |
| 340 | dirty |
| |
| 341 | rotten |
| |
| 342 | smooth |
| |
| 343 | straight |
| |
| 344 | correct |
| |
| 345 | left |
| |
| 346 | right |
| |
| 347 | old |
| |
| 349 | pull |
| |
| 351 | throw |
| |
| 352 | hit |
| |
| 353 | split |
| |
| 354 | pierce |
| |
| 355 | dig |
| |
| 356 | tie |
| |
| 358 | fall |
| |
| 359 | swell |
| |
| 360 | think |
| |
| 361 | sing |
| |
| 362 | smell |
| |
| 365 | blow |
| |
| 366 | fear |
| |
| 367 | squeeze |
| |
| 368 | hold |
| |
| 369 | down |
| |
| 370 | up |
| |
| 371 | ripe |
| |
| 372 | dust |
| |
| 373 | alive |
| |
| 374 | rope |
| |
| 375 | year |
| |
| 378 | diminutive |
| |
| 379 | big river |
| |
| 380 | longhouse |
| |
| 382 | stone axe |
| |
| 383 | machete |
| |
| 384 | deer |
| |
| 385 |
| ||
| 386 |
| ||
| 387 | bitter manioc (plant) |
| |
| 388 | push | ?*káʔaaku | |
| 389 | find |
| |
| 390 | get ill |
| |
| 391 | squeeze manioc dough |
| |
| 392 | germinate |
| |
| 394 | scream |
| |
| 395 | keep |
| |
| 398 | make |
| |
| 401 | cry |
| |
| 402 | order, command |
| |
| 403 | get wet |
| |
| 406 |
| ||
| 407 | be born |
| |
| 408 | urinate |
| |
| 410 | fart |
| |
| 412 | ask |
| |
| 413 | taste |
| |
| 414 | stay |
| |
| 417 | want |
| |
| 418 | grate |
| |
| 426 | alone |
| |
| 427 | dream |
| |
| 429 | sweat |
| |
| 431 | be hungry | áihba | |
| 434 | itch |
| |
| 435 | roast |
| |
| 437 | bring |
| |
| 440 | pay a visit |
| |
| 441 | grassland |
| |
| 442 | yesterday |
| |
| 444 | inside |
| |
| 445 | soft, tender |
| |
| 446 | happy |
| |
| 447 | bitter |
| |
| 448 | fast |
| |
| 450 | blind |
| |
| 451 | dock, port |
| |
| 454 | face |
| |
| 456 | basket |
| |
| 458 | foam | ?*hɨaʔʦ | |
| 461 | middle |
| |
| 462 | thorn |
| |
| 463 | tall |
| |
| 464 | palm, Oenocarpus bataua |
| |
| 465 | medicine |
| |
| 467 | later on |
| |
| 468 | a lot |
| |
| 469 | behind |
| |
| 471 | full |
| |
| 474 | peanuts |
| |
| 475 | yard, court (of maloca) |
| |
| 476 |
| ||
| 477 | manioc starch drink |
| |
| 478 | arrive |
| |
| 479 | oil |
| |
| 482 | sifter |
| |
| 484 | spicy |
| |
| 489 | dancing festival |
| |
| 491 | manioc squeezer |
| |
| 492 | mirror |
| |
| 494 | son |
| |
| 495 | we two |
| |
| 496 | you two |
| |
| 497 | they two (m.) |
| |
| 498 | they two (f.) |
| |
| 499 | her |
| |
| 500 | eat meat |
| |
| 501 | weave |
| |
| 502 | lick |
| |
| 503 | healing blow |
| |
| 504 | downriver |
| |
| 506 | wake up |
| |
| 507 | fireplace |
| |
| 508 | sieve |
| |
| 509 | dancing beam |
| |
| 510 | caimito fruit (Pouteria caimito) |
| |
| 511 | palm, Socratea exorrhiza |
| |
| 512 | leaves that produce black color |
| |
| 513 | peach palm (Bactris gasipaes) |
| |
| 514 | Cecropia sp. |
| |
| 515 | macambo fruit (Theobroma bicolor) |
| |
| 518 | Inga edulis |
| |
| 519 | ceramic saucepan |
| |
| 520 | uvilla fruit (Pourouma cecropiaefolia) |
| |
| 521 | rifle |
| |
| 522 | palm, Astrocaryum chambira |
| |
| 523 | umarí fruit (Poraqueiba sericea) |
| |
| 525 | edible ant |
| |
| 526 | avocado (Persea americana) |
| |
| 527 | edible larvae |
| |
| 529 | grater |
| |
| 530 | miriti palm (Mauritia flexuosa) |
| |
| 532 | pillars (of roundhouse) |
| |
| 533 | Lepidocaryum tenue palm (for thatching roofs) |
| |
| 534 | eat fruit |
| |
| 535 | chew coca |
| |
| 536 | feces |
| |
| 539 | drown |
| |
| 541 | pull out |
| |
| 542 | get scared |
| |
| 543 | shame |
| |
| 544 | dance |
| |
| 547 | hunt |
| |
| 549 | cook |
| |
| 550 | catch |
| |
| 551 | tell, narrate |
| |
| 553 | cut |
| |
| 554 | shoot |
| |
| 556 | get drunk |
| |
| 557 | woolly monkey (Lagothrix lagotricha) |
| |
| 558 | sweet |
| |
| 560 | masculine (suffix) |
| |
| 562 | conjure |
|