Boomslang Explained

The boomslang (or ; Dispholidus typus) is a highly venomous snake in the family Colubridae.[1] The species is native to Sub-Saharan Africa.

Taxonomy and etymology

Its common name means "tree snake" in Dutch[2] and Afrikaansboom meaning "tree", and slang meaning "snake". In Afrikaans, the name is pronounced in Afrikaans pronounced as /ˈbuəmslaŋ/. The boomslang is thought to be closely related to members of the genera Thelotornis, Thrasops, Rhamnophis, and Xyelodontophis, with which it forms the taxonomic tribe Dispholidini.[3]

Subspecies

Two subspecies are recognised, including the nominotypical subspecies.[4]

The trinomial authority in parentheses for D. t. typus indicates that the subspecies was originally described in a genus other than Dispholidus.

Description

The average adult boomslang is 100cm–160cmcm (00inches–60inchescm) in total length (including tail). Some exceed 183cm (72inches). The eyes are exceptionally large, and the head has a characteristic egg-like shape. Colouration is highly variable. Males are light green with black or blue scale edges, but adult females may be brown demonstrating sexual dimorphism.[5]

Weight varies from 175to, with an average weight of 299.4g.[6]

In this species, the head is distinct from the neck and the canthus rostralis is distinct. The pupil of the very large eye is round. The boomslang has excellent eyesight and often moves its head from side to side to get a better view of objects directly in front. The maxillary teeth are small anteriorly, seven or eight in number, followed by three very large, grooved fangs situated below each eye. The mandibular teeth are subequal. The body is slightly compressed. The dorsal scales, which are arranged in 19 or 21 rows, are very narrow, oblique, strongly keeled, with apical pits. The tail is long, and the subcaudal scales are paired. Ventral scales are 164–201; the anal plate is divided; and the subcaudals are 91–131.

Geographic range

The boomslang is endemic to Sub-Saharan Africa, from The Gambia, Guinea, Senegal and most of Western Africa (including Benin, Cameroon, Ghana, Nigeria, Togo) through Central and Eastern Africa (Democratic Republic of the Congo, western Ethiopia, Kenya, South Sudan, Tanzania, Uganda). It is found across much of Southern Africa, in a wide array of habitats, with some of the species' densest populations being in Angola, Botswana, Eswatini, Malawi, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa, Zambia and Zimbabwe.[7]

Habitat

The boomslang is an excellent climber and is highly arboreal, living mainly in forested areas. D. typus lives in karoo shrubs, savannahs, lowland forests, and in grasslands. The boomslang is not restricted to trees and can often be found on the ground hunting, feeding, or taking shelter. It will occasionally hide underground when the weather is harsh.[8]

Reproduction

The boomslang is oviparous, and an adult female can produce up to 30 eggs, which are deposited in a hollow tree trunk or rotting log. The eggs have a relatively long (3 months on average) incubation period. Male hatchlings are grey with blue speckles, and female hatchlings are pale brown. They attain their adult colouration after several years. Hatchlings are about 20cm (10inches) in length and pose no threat to humans, but are dangerously venomous by the time they reach a length around 45cm (18inches) and a girth as thick as an adult's smallest finger.

Behaviour and diet

D. typus is diurnal and almost exclusively arboreal. It is reclusive, and moves from branch to branch when pursued by anything too large to eat. Its diet includes chameleons and other arboreal lizards,[1] frogs, and occasionally small mammals, birds, and eggs from nesting birds and reptiles,[1] [9] all of which it swallows whole. The boomslang will also feed on other snakes, including cannibalising members of its own species.[9] During cool weather, the boomslang brumates for short periods, often curling up inside the enclosed nest of a weaverbird.

Venom

Many venomous species of the Colubridae are harmless to humans—unless one has a known rare allergy—largely because of small venom glands and inefficient teeth that are situated at the back of the mouth. These species, including the boomslang, are collectively known as "rear-fanged" (or opisthoglyphous) snakes, as their venom-injecting teeth are situated farther back in the mouth than elapids or vipers, and thus require the snake to bite, hold-on, and "chew" the venom into its victim.

However, many opisthoglyphous snakes, including the boomslang, actually possess a highly potent and deadly venom, regardless of their teeth being placed further back in the mouth; the boomslang is able to open its jaws up to 170° when biting, enabling sufficient envenomation.[10] The venom of the boomslang is primarily a hemotoxin; it works via a process in which many small clots form in the blood, causing the victim’s circulatory system to improperly coagulate, resulting in excessive bleeding and death. The venom has been observed to cause haemorrhaging in tissues such as muscle and the brain (among other organs), while, at the same time, clogging capillaries with tiny blood clots.[11] Other signs and symptoms include headache, nausea, sleepiness, and confusion, leading to cardiac arrest and unconsciousness.

Because boomslang venom is slow-acting, symptoms may not become apparent until many hours after a bite. Although the absence of symptoms provides sufficient time for procuring antivenom, it can also provide victims with false reassurances, leading to underestimation of the seriousness of the bite. Snakes of any species may sometimes fail to inject venom when they bite (a so-called "dry bite" or "bluff strike", enacted in-defense), wherein, after a few hours without any noticeable effects, victims of boomslang bites may falsely believe that their attack was simply a dry or bluff strike. The pathophysiological mechanisms of the venom are different with every snake, resulting in different clinical manifestations with every patient.

An adult boomslang has 1.6 to 8 mg of venom.[12] Its median lethal dose (LD50) in mice is 0.1 mg/kg (intravenously).[13] 0.071 mg/kg (IV) has also been reported.[14] 12.5 mg/kg (subcutaneously) and 1.3–1.8 mg/kg (intraperitoneal).[15] Based on the very low venom quantities produced by D. typus, and the very serious effects found in a good part of the reported cases in humans, it has been suggested that the venom's LD50 is lower in humans than in mice, with only 2 to 3 mg being enough to potentially kill a healthy adult.[16]

In 1957, herpetologist Karl Schmidt died after being bitten by a juvenile boomslang, which he had doubted could produce a fatal dose.[17] [18] He made notes on the symptoms he experienced almost to the end.[19] [20] D. S. Chapman reported eight serious envenomations by boomslangs between 1919 and 1962, two of which were lethal.[21]

Boomslang monovalent antivenom was developed during the 1940s. The South African Vaccine Producers manufactures a monovalent antivenom for use in boomslang envenomations.[22] Treatment of bites may also require complete blood transfusions, especially if over 24-48 hours have passed without antivenom.

The boomslang is a timid snake, and bites generally occur only when people attempt to handle, catch, or pursue or kill the animal. When confronted and cornered, it inflates its neck and assumes an S-shaped striking pose, a key indicator of any snake species feeling threatened.

Further reading

External links

Notes and References

  1. Book: 2007 . Encyclopædia Britannica . registration . Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc. . 9781593392925.
  2. Book: 1989 . Oxford English Dictionary . Oxford University Press . Oxford, England.
  3. Broadley . D.G. . Donald George Broadley . Wallach . V. . Van Wallach . Review of the Dispholidini, with the description of a new genus and species from Tanzania (Serpentes, Colubridae) . Bulletin of the Natural History Museum, Zoology Series . 2002 . 68 . 2 . 10.1017/S0968047002000079 .
  4. . www.reptile-database.org.
  5. Web site: Boomslang . African Snakebite Institute . 22 October 2017 . 4 May 2021.
  6. Grassy E MD (June 22, 1940). "Studies on the Venom of the Boomslang". South African Medical Journal.
  7. Web site: Observations • iNaturalist . 12 May 2024.
  8. Web site: 2011-11-19 . Boomslang Snake Facts [Ultimate Guide] ]. 2022-04-11 . en-GB . 2022-03-31 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220331024602/https://capesnakeconservation.com/boomslang/ . dead .
  9. Web site: ADW: Dispholidus typus: INFORMATION. .
  10. [species:Johan Marais|Marais, Johan]
  11. Kamiguti AS, Theakston RD, Sherman N, Fox JW. November 2000. Mass spectrophotometric evidence for P-III/P-IV metalloproteinases in the venom of the boomslang (Dispholidus typus). Toxicon. 38. 11. 1613–1620. 10775761. 10.1016/S0041-0101(00)00089-1. 2000Txcn...38.1613K .
  12. Web site: LD50 for various snakes.. seanthomas.net. 2017-11-14.
  13. Mackessy, Stephen P. (2002). "Biochemistry and Pharmacology of Colubrid Snake Venoms". Journal of Toxicology – Toxin Reviews 21 (1&2): 52. online PDF
  14. Young . R. A. . IN VITRO ACTIVITY OF DUVERNOY'S GLAND SECRETIONS FROM THE AFRICAN BOOMSLANG, Dispholidus typus, ON NERVE-MUSCLE PREPARATIONS . Journal of Venomous Animals and Toxins . 1996 . 2 . 1 . 52–58 . 10.1590/S0104-79301996000100007 . free .
  15. Pla . Davinia . Sanz . Libia . Whiteley . Gareth . Wagstaff . Simon C. . Harrison . Robert A. . Casewell . Nicholas R. . Calvete . Juan J. . April 2017 . What killed Karl Patterson Schmidt? Combined venom gland transcriptomic, venomic and antivenomic analysis of the South African green tree snake (the boomslang), Dispholidus typus . Biochimica et Biophysica Acta (BBA) - General Subjects . 1861 . 4 . 814–823 . 10.1016/j.bbagen.2017.01.020 . 0006-3002 . 5335903 . 28130154.
  16. Web site: Mazza . Giuseppe . species:Giuseppe Mazda . 2011-04-27 . Dispholidus typus . 2022-07-09 . Monaco Nature Encyclopedia . en-US.
  17. Web site: Diary of A Snakebite Death. YouTube. 27 October 2015 .
  18. Web site: The Boomslang Snake Of Africa. www.reptilesmagazine.com. 21 February 2012. en. 2017-11-14.
  19. Fatal Bite of Captive African Rear-Fanged Snake (Dispholidus) . Copeia . 1958 . Pope . Clifford H . Clifford H. Pope . 1958 . 4 . 280–282 . 10.2307/1439959 . 1439959 .
  20. Web site: Chrono-Biographical Sketch: Karl P. Schmidt. Smith. Charles H.. Charles H. Smith (historian of science). Some Biogeographers, Evolutionists and Ecologists. 9 September 2014.
  21. Bücherl W, Buckley E, Deulofeu V (editors) (1968). Venomous Animals and Their Venoms, Volume I: Venomous Vertebrates. Academic Press. p. 484.
  22. Web site: About Us – South African Vaccine Producers (SAVP). 3 November 2015. 11 April 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210411121732/http://savp.co.za/?page=about_us&id=16. dead.