Bone State Explained

Native Name:Buginese: ᨕᨀᨑᨘᨂᨛ ᨑᨗ ᨅᨚᨊᨛ
Conventional Long Name:Sultanate of Bone
Common Name:Bone
Status:Dissolved
Status Text:Part of Indonesia
Life Span:14th century–1905; 1931–1950
Year Start:14th century
Event End:Loss of independence to the Dutch
Year End:1905[1]
S1:Dutch East Indies
Flag S1:Flag of the Netherlands.svg
S2:Republic of Indonesia
Flag S2:Flag of Indonesia.svg
Capital:Watampone
Common Languages:Bugis
Religion:Sunni Islam
Government Type:Monarchy
Title Leader:Sultan, Arung Mangkaue' ri Bone
Leader1:Manurunge ri Matajang
Year Leader1:1300s
Leader2:Petta Panre Bessie
Year Leader2:1358-1424
Leader3:Sultan Saaduddin Arung Palakka
Year Leader3:1672-1696
Leader4:Andi Mappanyukki
Year Leader4:1931-1946
Today:Indonesia
(as Bone Regency)

Bone (also Boni, or Bone Saoraja) was a sultanate in the south-west peninsula of what is now Sulawesi (formerly Celebes), a province of modern-day Indonesia. It came under Dutch rule in 1905, and was succeeded by the Bone Regency.[2]

Covering an area of, Bone's chief town Boni, lay northeast of the city of Makassar, home to the Bugis people.

History

Bone was an adat-based Bugis kingdom whose origins can be traced back to the early 15th century. Its chronicle (as yet unpublished) provides detailed information on its rulers, starting from La Umasa, who ruled in the early 15th century, through to La Tenrtatta, who died in 1699. Under La Umasa and his nephew La Saliu (Kerrépelua) who succeeded him, Bone expanded from a handful of settlements around the modern capital Watampone to a small kingdom roughly one-third the size of Kabupaten Bone (the present regency).

In the early 16th century the kingdom expanded northwards, fighting with Luwu for control of the mouth of the River Cenrana, a major east coast trade exit. In 1582 Bone entered an alliance with the Wajo and Soppeng kingdoms for mutual defence against the rising power of Gowa-Tallo. This alliance became known as Tellumpocco'e (the Three Summits) or LaMumpatue Ri Timurung (The burying of the stones at Timurung).[3]

In 1611, during the reign of the tenth king of Bone We Tenrituppu MatinroE ri Sidenreng, Bone was invaded by the Sultanate of Gowa and pressured to convert to Islam.[4] Bone State later enjoyed a period of prosperity in the middle of the 17th century.[3]

Bone became the most powerful state of South Sulawesi under Arung (ruler of) Palakka, La Tenritatta (1634 or 1635 – 1696) who sided with the Dutch admiral Cornelis Speelman against the Makasar kingdom of Gowa-Tallo, which led to the defeat and capture of Makassar in 1669. From this year until 1814 when the British temporarily gained power of the region, Bone was by treaty and in practice the overlord of South Sulawesi, with the exception of Dutch-controlled areas on the west and south coast, including the important port-city of Makassar. When the Dutch returned to Makassar in 1816 they attempted to reduce Bone's status from equal to vassal, a move strongly resisted by Bone's rulers.

Over the course of the 19th century, the power of Bone was reduced as a result of several wars waged against it in 1824, 1859, and 1905.[5] Following a military defeat during the South Sulawesi expeditions of 1905, the Bone State lost its independence to the Dutch.[6] Bone, along with Gowa, became under direct administration.[7]

In the late 1920s, the Dutch restored many royal rulers as a way to suppress the tide of nationalist sentiment. Bone was no exception; in 1931, Mappanyuki, a scion of both the houses of Gowa and Bone, was restored to his family's ancestral position in Watampone.

In May 1950, the people held demonstrations in Watampone against the royalty and Bone's membership in the State of East Indonesia. This caused the sultan to join Indonesia.

List of rulers

Rulers of Bone used the title Arung Mangkaue' ri Bone (the king who resides in Bone), shortened to Arumpone, MangkauE, or ArungE' ri Bone.

List of Arumpone[8] ! No! Monarch! Gender! Reign
1Manurung ri Matajang (Mata Silompoé)Male1350 – 1366
2La Ummasa To'Mulaiyé PanraMale1366 – 1398
3La Saliwu (Kerampelua)Male1398 – 1470
4Wé Benrigau' Daéng Marawa, Mallajang' ri CinaFemale1470 – 1490
5Tenrisukki, MappajungngéMale1490 – 1517
6La Uliyo Botoé, Matinroé ri ItterungMale1517 – 1542
7La Tenrirawe Bongkange, Matinroe ri Guccina Male1542 – 1584
8La Ica, Matinroé ri AdénennaMale1584 – 1595
9La Patawe, Matinroé ri BettungMale1595 – 1602
10I Dangka Wé Tenrituppu, Matinroé ri SidénréngFemale1602 – 1611
11La Tenriruwa Arung Palakka (Sultan Adam Matinroé ri BantaéngMale3 months in 1611
12Tenripallé To'Akkeppeyang Arung Timurung, Paduka Sri Sultan 'Alauddin Matinroé ri TalloqMale1611 – 1626
13La Maqdaremmeng, Paduka Sultan Muhammad Saleh Matinroé ri BukakaMale1626 – 1643
14La Tenriaji To'Senrima, Arung Awamponé Pawélaié ri SiangMale1643 – 1645
13La Maqdaremmeng, Paduka Sultan Muhammad Saleh Matinroé ri Bukaka (restored)Male1667 – 1672[9]
15La Tenritatta To'Unru Malampéq-é Gemineqna Daéng Serang Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Sa'aduddin Matinroé ri BontoalaqMale1672 – 1696
16La Patau Matanna Tikka Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Idris Azimuddin Matinroé ri NagaulengMale1696 – 1714
17Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri TippuluéFemale1714 – 1715
18La Paddasajati To'Appawareq Arung Palakka, Paduka Sri Sultan Sulaiman Matinroé ri BéulaMale1715 – 1718
19La Pareppa To'Soppéwali, Paduka Sri Sultan Shahabuddin Ismail Matinroé ri Somba OpuMale1718 – 1721
20La Panaongi To'Pawawoi Arung Mampu Karaéng Bisei, Paduka Sri Sultan Abdullah Mansor Matinroé ri BiseiMale1721 – 1724
21Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué (restored, 2nd reign)Female1724 – 1738
21Batari Toja Daéng Talaga Arung Timurung, Datu Chitta Sultanah Zainab Zulkiyahtuddin Matinroé ri Tippulué (3rd reign)Female1741 – 1749
22La Temmassongeq, Paduka Sri Sultan Abdul Razak Jalaluddin Matinroé ri MallimongengMale1749 – 5 June 1775
23La Tenritappu, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad as-Saleh Syamsuddin Matinroé ri RompegadingMale5 June 1775 – 1812
24La Mappatunruq, Paduka Sri Sultan Ismail Mokhtajuddin Matinroé ri LalebbataMale1812 – 1823
25I Maniratu Arung Data, Paduka Sri Sultanah Salehah Mahdi Rajiatuddin Matinroé ri KessiFemale1823 – 1835 (12 years)
26La Mappaseling Arung Panynyiliq, Sultan Adam Najamuddin Matinroé ri SalassanaMale1835 – 1845
27La Parénrengi Arung Punyi, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Salleh Muhiyuddin Matinroé ri Adiyang BénténgMale1845 – 1857
28Pancaitana Bessé Kajuara Tenriawaru Matinroé ri MajennangFemale1857 – 1860
29Singkerru Rukka, Paduka Sri Sultan Ahmad Idris Matinroé ri To'PaccingMale1860 – 1871 (11 years)
30I Banrigau' Arung Timurung and Datu Chitta Paduka Sri Sultanah Fatimah Matinroé ri Bolampare'naFemale1871 – 1895
31La Pawawoi Arung Sijelling, Karaéng Sigeri Matinroé ri BandungMale1895 – 1905
32Andi La Mappanyukki Karaéng Selayar, Paduka Sri Sultan Ibrahim Matinroé ri GowaMale1931 – 1946
33Andi La Paqbénteng Daéng Palawa Arung Pitu and Arung Macégé Matinroé ri MatujuMale1946 – 1950

See also

References

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Web site: South Sulawesi . English . 16 December 2022.
  2. Web site: South Sulawesi . English . 16 December 2022.
  3. Web site: Sejarah Kabupaten Bone . Website Resmi Pemerintah Kabupaten Bone . 2019-12-05 . id . 2022-04-18.
  4. Makasar and the Islamization of Bima . Noorduyn . J. . Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde . 1987 . 143 . 2/3 . 312–342 . 10.1163/22134379-90003330 . 27863842 . "The Makasarese king understood the meaning of this and began what is known as the Islamic war, in Makasarese bunduq kasallannganga, by which he succeeded in the next four years in forcing the major Buginese kingdoms to accept Islam one by one, Bone as the last in 1611.".
  5. Book: Gibson, Thomas . And the Sun Pursued the Moon: Symbolic Knowledge and Traditional Authority among the Makassar . 2005-03-31 . University of Hawaii Press . 978-0-8248-7457-5 . 191 . en.
  6. Encyclopedia: Hari . Budiarti . Taking and Returning Objects in a Colonial Context: Tracing the Collections Acquired during the Bone-Gowa Military Expeditions . Colonial Collections Revisited . Pieter J. ter Keurs . Leiden . CNWS Publications . 2007 . 128.
  7. Book: Gibson, Thomas . And the Sun Pursued the Moon: Symbolic Knowledge and Traditional Authority among the Makassar . 2005-03-31 . University of Hawaii Press . 978-0-8248-7457-5 . 182–3 . en.
  8. Omar . Rahilah . 2003-11-01 . The history of Boné A.D. 1775-1795: the diary of Sultan Ahmad as-Salleh Syamsuddin . 52, 319. en.
  9. Web site: The heritage of Arung Palakka : a history of South Sulawesi (Celebes) in the seventeenth century . 2024-04-05 . Library of Congress, Washington, D.C. 20540 USA.