Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip explained

Bombing of the Gaza Strip
Partof:the Israeli invasion of the Gaza Strip
Location:Gaza Strip, Palestine
Coordinates:31.45°N 34.4°W
Date:continuous since
Type:Bombardment, War crimes
Fatalities:15,797+ civilians[1] (estimated 25% men, 25% women, 50% children)
Unknown number of militants
Perp: Israel

The bombing of the Gaza Strip is an ongoing aerial bombardment campaign on the Gaza Strip by the Israeli Air Force during the Israel–Hamas war. During the bombing, Israeli airstrikes damaged or destroyed Palestinian refugee camps, schools, hospitals, mosques, churches, and other civilian infrastructure.[2] [3] By late April 2024 it was estimated that Israel had dropped over 70,000 tons of bombs over Gaza, surpassing the bombing of Dresden, Hamburg, and London combined during World War II.[4] [5] [6]

Israel has faced accusations of war crimes due to the large number of civilian casualties and the large percentage of civilian infrastructure destroyed.[7] Meanwhile, Israel stated that it utilized a wide-scale evacuation notification system, and claimed that its targets were used by Hamas. The United Nations reports that 86% of the Gaza Strip is under Israeli evacuation orders.[8] Satellite data analysis indicates that 80% of the buildings in northern Gaza have been damaged or destroyed.[9] As of January 2024, researchers at Oregon State University and the City University of New York estimated that as much as 50 to 62% of all buildings in the Gaza Strip had been damaged or destroyed.[10] [11] Meanwhile, Israel has claimed only 16% of Gaza buildings were destroyed.[12]

Background

Israel's bombing campaign of the Gaza Strip began the same day as Hamas militants and their allies launched armed incursions into Israel.[13] In prior conflicts — such as the 2014 Gaza War — Israel damaged or destroyed tens of thousands of buildings.[14] Rebuilding costs in prior conflicts have estimated to range in the billions of dollars.[15]

Current military technology

The Iseaeli bombing campaign has used mostly American type bombs. From October until July, the US has transferred at least 14,000 of the MK-84 2,000-pound bombs, 6,500 500-pound bombs, 3,000 Hellfire precision-guided air-to-ground missiles, 1,000 bunker-buster bombs, 2,600 air-dropped small-diameter bombs, and other munitions. Although there was a pause of one shipment of 3,500 MK-84 2,000 pound bombs, no significant change in the supply of the bombs happened since October.[16] [17] Investigative reports by The New York Times and CNN have shown that the MK-84 bombs have been responsible to some of the deadliest attacks against Gaza civilians.[18] [19] Unlike the detailed information released for the shipment of weapons to Ukraine, the US government has revealed few details about the munitions sent to Israel. The bombs are provided from US stockpiles as well as new orders to Boeing and General Dynamics.[20]

Bombing campaigns 2005 to 2023

Bombing of the Gaza Strip in 2014

The war in 2014, which the Israeli military called Operation Protective Edge killed: over 2000 Palestinians in Gaza, most of whom died in bombings,[21] [22] 67 Israeli soldiers, 5 Israeli civilians, and one Thai national in Israel.[23] [24] [25]

8 July 2014

In a joint ISA-IDF operation, an airstrike hit a yard by the home of Hafiz Hamad (30), killing the target and five members of his family, and injuring two children. According to B'tselem, which has collected an eyewitness account by the grandfather,[26] no warning was received.[27] Four children survived unharmed after the mother placed them in the safest room, but the last was injured before it could be relocated and was taken to the ICU.[28] It was the 2nd in 59 incidents in which whole families were bombed.[29]

Attacks before 7 October in 2023

8 May 2023

Airstrikes on the family homes of Palestinian Islamic Jihad members in the Gaza Strip killed 13 people, three alleged militants, and 10 civilian family members. reports on the total number of dead ranged from 12 to 15.[30] [31] The dead included 4 women and four children.[32] Israel described the militant members of the targeted families as "kingpin terrorist".[33] They were in response to fire from Islamic Jihad, that was in turn in response to the death in Israeli custody of a member of their political wing, Khader Adnan.[34] Israel claimed two of the men, Jihad Ghannam and Tareq Izzeldeen were responsible for attacks in the West Bank.[35] There has also been recent rocker fire from Gaza.[36]

22 to 24 September 2023

There were three days of Israeli bombing of the Gaza Strip in late September 2023.[37] Dozens of people were wounded on the first day.[38] Earlier that week Israeli forces shot protestors at the border.[39]

Attacks during the Israel-Hamas war

Medical facilities

On 22 October 2023, Israeli airplanes bombed the areas around the Al Shifa and Al Quds hospitals on a night described as the "bloodiest" of the conflict so far.[40] [41] On 29 October 2023, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) bombed the area around the Al-Quds hospital.[42] On 30 October 2023, Israel bombed the Turkish-Palestinian Friendship Hospital.[43] On 3 November 2023, the Health Ministry stated 136 paramedics had been killed, and 25 ambulance vehicles had been destroyed.[44] On the same day, Israel bombed a medical convoy outside of al-Shifa hospital.[45] The IDF claimed the ambulance was being used by Hamas, leading Queen's University professor Ardi Imseis to state Israel needed to prove its claim.[46] On 6 November 2023, at least eight people died in airstrikes on the Nasser Medical Complex.[47]

By April 2024, 30 out of the 36 hospitals in the Gaza Strip had been bombed, according to Save the Children and UNICEF.[48]

Refugee camps

See main article: Refugee camp airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war.

On 23 October 2023, airstrikes killed 436 people in the Al-Shati camp and southern Khan Younis in one night.[49] [50] By 28 October 2023, the Israeli Air Force bombed residential buildings in the Jabalia refugee camp without any prior warning, killing an estimated 50 people per hour.[51] On 31 October 2023, an airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp was described as a "massive massacre".[52] On 13 November, an Israeli airstrike on the Jabalia refugee camp killed thirty people, with Gaza's civil defence team unable to rescue injured people from the rubble due to a lack of equipment.[53] By 6 March 2024, aerial footage showed that the Al-Shati refugee camp, which had been one of the world's most densely populated areas before the war, was in complete ruins.[54]

Schools

See main article: School airstrikes in the Israel–Hamas war. An airstrike at a UNRWA school killed at least six people.[55] [56] On 18 October 2023, the Ahmed Abdel Aziz School in Khan Yunis was hit.[57] On 3 November 2023, the IDF bombed the Osama Ben Zaid school.[58] [59] On 4 November 2023, Israel bombed the Al-Fakhoora school, killing at least fifteen people.[60] On 5 November 2023, Israel bombed and destroyed Al-Azhar University.[61]

On 17 November 2023, dozens were reported killed after an airstrike on al-Falah School in the Zeitoun neighborhood, south of Gaza City.[62] A strike on the Al-Fakhoora school reportedly killed at least 50.[63] Deaf, blind, and intellectually handicapped individuals were at particular risk of death by airstrikes.[64] On 13 December 2023, a UNRWA school in Beit Hanoun was destroyed by an Israeli airstrike.[65]

By late-March 2024, the United Nations had recorded 212 "direct hits" on schools in Gaza by Israeli bombardment, with at least 53 schools totally destroyed.[66]

On 10 August 2024, more than 100 Palestinians died in rocket attacks on Al-Tabaeen school.[67]

Housing and infrastructure

See also: 2023 Israeli airstrikes on municipal services in the Gaza Strip. On 16 October 2023, Israeli airstrikes destroyed a UNRWA humanitarian aid supply depot.[68] [69] The same day, airstrikes destroyed the headquarters of the Palestinian Civil Defence, an agency responsible for emergency response services, including firefighting and search and rescue.[70] Journalists reported Israel was targeting solar panels and personal generators.[71] On 15 November 2023, Gaza's last remaining flour mill was hit by an Israeli airstrike.[72]

On 12 November 2023, Israel used earthquake bombs on an apartment complex in Khan Yunis, killing at least thirteen people.[73] 26 people were killed in an airstrike of a residential building in southern Gaza on 18 November.[74] By 28 November 2023, a United Nations (UN)-led consortium estimated 60 percent of all housing in Gaza had been destroyed.[75] Numerous casualties were reported in an airstrike on a residential building near Nasser Medical Complex in Khan Younis, with hospital staff reporting having to bury 40 bodies on the hospital grounds.[76] On 4 February 2024, two residential towers in Rafah were bombed, part of a series of strikes killing 127 people.[77] 104 people were killed between 21 and 23 February 2024 in residential building airstrikes conducted without prior warning.[78] In March 2024, a man in Gaza City described the situation there, stating, "Destruction on a massive scale, beyond any description. Our homes were destroyed. Nothing remained of our property".[79]

In March 2024, a joint report by the EU, World Bank, and UN estimated 57 percent of water infrastructure was damaged or destroyed.[80] Sewage overflowed as a result of the infrastructural damage.[81] In May 2024, the Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics and Ministry of Communications and Information Technology stated that 75 percent of Gaza's telecoms towers had been rendered inoperable by Israeli attacks.[82] In June 2024, UNOSAT stated 57 percent of Gaza's agricultural land had been degraded by conflict.[83]

Places of worship

On 19 October 2023, an Israeli airstrike hit the Church of Saint Porphyrius, where 500 people were sheltering.[84] On 8 November 2023, Israel bombed and destroyed the Khalid bin al-Walid Mosque.[85] By 13 November 2023, at least sixty mosques had been destroyed by Israeli bombs.[86] In December 2023, an Israeli bombing destroyed the Great Mosque of Gaza.[87] At least seven people were killed in an Israeli airstrike on a Rafah mosque full of displaced people on 23 February 2024.[88] Five people were killed in a mosque in northern Gaza that was bombed without warning.[89] The al-Riad mosque in Khan Younis was heavily damaged by an Israeli bombing on 9 March 2024.[90]

By 10 March 2024, more than 1,000 mosques had been destroyed by Israeli attacks.[91] In May 2024, an Israeli bombing on a mosque in Gaza City reportedly killed at least 10 people.[92]

Safe zones

See also: Tel al-Sultan massacre and Attacks on Protected Zones and Civilians in Gaza. On 17 October 2023, Israel conducted intensive airstrikes in southern Gaza, in areas it told residents to seek refuge.[93] Israel "pounded" areas in south Gaza it had declared as "safe zones", raising fears amongst residents that nowhere was safe.[94] On 20 October 2023, Israeli continued to bombard south Gaza, and IDF spokesman Nir Dinar said, "There are no safe zones".[95] [96] Following Israel's evacuation orders for Palestinians to flee northern Gaza, the IDF intensified its attacks on southern Gaza.[97]

Analyses by CNN, The New York Times, and Sky News all found that Israel had bombed areas it had previously told civilians to evacuate to. The Sky News investigation also concluded that Israel's evacuation orders had been "chaotic and contradictory",[98] NYT found that Israel had dropped 2,000-pound bombs in those areas,[99] while CNN stated it had verified at least three locations Israel bombed after telling civilians it was safe to go there.[100]

On 5 January 2024, evacuees fleeing Israeli attacks in central Gaza stated the situation there was "hell on Earth".[101] One survivor of an Israeli airstrike wrote, "Even though that air strike did not kill us, it destroyed something inside us."[102] On 12 January, the UN Secretary-General for Human Rights stated that at least 319 internally displaced persons were killed and 1,135 injured by Israeli airstrikes while sheltering in UN shelters.[103] After an Israeli bomb killed two sheltering in a tent in Deir el-Balah on 23 February 2024, a surviving family member stated, "It's just a tent. They are displaced and evacuated from the north here to seek refuge. They were sleeping. Why were they attacked? Even in tents, we are not safe."[104] After a bombing on tents in Rafah killed eleven people, Director-General of the WHO Tedros Adhanom Ghebreyesus stated it was "outrageous and unspeakable".[105]

Casualties

See also: List of Israeli massacres in Gaza 2023-2024.

Missing persons

On 15 October 2023, more than 1,000 people were reported missing beneath rubble.[106] On 27 October 2023, the World Health Organization stated more than 1,000 unidentified people were buried under rubble.[107] On 3 December 2023, the Palestinian Civil Defence stated the situation "beyond dire" as the organization was unable to rescue many people buried under rubble.[108]

Individuals were rescued by aid workers after reportedly surviving several days buried underneath rubble.[109] Emergency responders stated that part of what made rescue so difficult is that Israeli bombs tend to "flatten entire buildings".[110] On 24 February 2024, Dr. Paul B. Spiegel stated that total death counts were undercounts due to the large number of people under rubble, stating, "We projected the number of deaths that may be missing, and it was probably up to about ten to fifteen per cent more."[111] On 26 February 2024, Israeli warplanes bombed and destroyed an emergency rescue machinery in Beit Lahia.[112]

According to The New York Times, "The buried make up a shadow death toll in Gaza, a leaden asterisk to the health ministry’s official tally of more than 31,000 dead".[113] In May 2024, U.S. doctor described the deterioration of rescue operations in Gaza, stating, "We hear bombs and before my thought used to be 'what patients are we going to meet tomorrow?' And now we hear bombs and no one comes."[114] The United Nations stated that more than 10,000 people were estimated to be buried under the rubble.[115]

In late-June 2024 it was reported by Save the Children that up to 21,000 children are estimated to be missing due to the bombing and the ongoing war. While the organization acknowledged that it was difficult to collect and verify information in Gaza, it was believed that about 17,000 children were unaccompanied and separated, about 4,000 likely missing in the rubble and an unknown number in mass graves.[116] In July 2024, emergency crews stated there were many people trapped under debris in the Tel al-Hawa neighborhood following heavy attacks by Israel.[117]

AI-assisted targeting

See main article: AI-assisted targeting in the Gaza Strip.

During the bombing campaign, Israel used artificial intelligences to determine what targets the Air Force would bomb.[118] A system known as Habsora, "the Gospel", would automatically provide a targeting recommendation to a human analyst,[119] [120] who would decide whether to pass it along to soldiers in the field. The recommendations can be anything from individual fighters, rocket launchers, Hamas command posts, to private homes of suspected Hamas or Islamic Jihad members.[121] This would automate most of the target selection process.[122]

NPR cited Anthony King, professor of defense and security studies at the University of Exeter, as saying this may be the first time AI-generated targets are being rolled out on a large scale to try and influence a military operation.[123]

Timeline

October 2023

November 2023

December 2023

January 2024

February 2024

March 2024

May 2024

June 2024

July 2024

August 2024

Reactions

The Financial Times described northern Gaza as a "bombed-out wasteland", and Palestinians feared northern Gaza was becoming uninhabitable.[160] [161] Israel's bombing was described as "unlike any other in the 21st century".[162]

On 6 January 2024, the United Nations Under-Secretary-General for Humanitarian Affairs Martin Griffiths stated that Gaza had "simply become uninhabitable".[163] James Elder, the UNICEF spokesman, stated, "I have never seen such devastation. Just chaos and ruin, with rubble and debris scattered in every single direction."[164] Tor Wennesland, the UN special coordinator for Middle East Peace, stated, "Israel’s use of explosive weapons in densely populated areas has destroyed entire neighborhoods and damaged hospitals and other civilian infrastructure, schools, mosques, and United Nations premises."[165]

The EU's top diplomat Josep Borrell stated Israel's objective appeared to be making Gaza "temporarily or permanently impossible to live in".[166] Mary Robinson, the former-president of the Republic of Ireland and leader of The Elders, called on the United States to cease providing bombs to Israel, stating, "Netanyahu is on the wrong side of history, completely".[167]

On 10 July 2024, the Biden administration resumed shipments of the 500-pound bombs to Israel, which were halted in May over concerns about the high number of civilian casualties in Gaza.[168]

Analysis

Historian Robert Pape stated, "Gaza will also go down as a place name denoting one of history's heaviest conventional bombing campaigns."[169] Scholars termed the destruction of Gaza a domicide, leading the UN special rapporteur on the right to housing to argue that international law should be amended to consider domicide a war crime.[170] [171] Israel's airstrikes were described as a carpet bombing and "indiscriminate".[172] [173] An US intelligence report found half of the bombs dropped on Gaza had been unguided bombs.[174] Experts stated the bombing campaign against Gaza had been among the deadliest and most destructive in modern history, with Corey Scher of the CUNY Graduate Center stating, "Gaza is now a different color from space."[175] The Wall Street Journal termed Israel's bombing the "most devastating urban warfare in the modern record".[176]

According to analysis by Humanity & Inclusion, approximately 45,000 bombs were dropped on the Gaza Strip in the conflict's first three months, but with a 9% to 14% failure rate, several thousand unexploded bombs lay amongst the ruins.[177] The United Nations Mine Action Service estimated that there was more rubble in Gaza (25 miles long) than in all of Ukraine (600 miles long), with the rubble in Gaza likely "heavily contaminated" by unexploded ordnance.[178] In June 2024, scholars referred to the bombing of Gaza as an example of urbicide, or the "deliberate, widespread destruction of the urban environment".[179]

War crimes

See main article: Israeli war crimes in the Israel–Hamas war. A group of UN special rapporteurs asserted that Israel's airstrikes are indiscriminate, stating that the airstrikes are "absolutely prohibited under international law and amounts to a war crime".[180] Israeli military spokesman Admiral Daniel Hagari said that "while balancing accuracy with the scope of damage, right now we’re focused on what causes maximum damage".[181] A +972 Magazine investigation found the IDF had expanded authorization for bombing non-military targets.[182] Research conducted by Dr. Yagil Levy at the Open University of Israel confirmed the +972 report, which stated Israel was "deliberately targeting residential blocks to cause mass civilian casualties".[183]

During two airstrikes on 10 October and 22 October 2023, the IDF used Joint Direct Attack Munitions (JDAM) in attacks described by Amnesty International as "either direct attacks on civilians" or "indiscriminate attacks".[184] [185] Marc Garlasco, a war crimes investigator, stated a JDAM bomb "turns earth to liquid".[186] On 12 January 2024, the spokesperson for the Office of the U.N. High Commissioner for Human Rights stated Israel's attacks were failing to account for distinction, proportionality and precautions, thus leaving Israeli exposed to liability for war crimes.[187] IDF has argued that it uses delayed fuzing, so that the bomb explodes underground and minimizes the blast and fragmentation; however, experts argue that delayed fuzing creates a new problem of leveling residential buildings, as was seen in the 31 October 2023 Jabalia refugee camp airstrike.[188] This delayed fuzing "pancakes" buildings and endangers civilians in buildings nearby.[189]

In February 2024, the IDF bombed and destroyed the Belgian government's Gaza development office.[190] In response, Belgium recalled the Israeli ambassador and condemned the "destruction of civilian infrastructure" as a violation of international law.[191] Scott Lucas, a professor at the University of Birmingham, stated Israel's bombing campaign was in breach of the law of proportionality.[192] In June 2024, the UN Human Rights Office published a report stating Israel's use of heavy bombardment raised "serious concerns under the laws of war".[193] The head of an independent U.N. Commission of Inquiry stated Israel's use of heavy weapons in dense areas "constitutes an intentional and direct attack on the civilian population".[194]

Attorney Dylan Saba argues that Israel's dropping of 2,000lb bombs (each with a lethal fragmentation radius of 1,200 feet) in densely populated civilian areas is as indiscriminate as using chemical weapons.[195] This is because such bombs kill everyone within their lethal radius, both militant and civilian, without distinction.

Aftermath

The bombardment left behind a large amount of debris, including unexploded ordnance. An official from United Nations Mine Action Service (UNMAS), has said it could take up to 14 years to remove the debris, including the rubble of destroyed buildings. As of June 2024, the war left an estimated 39 million tons of debris in a widely urbanized, densely populated area, according to the UN Environment Programme.[196] In July 2024, UNOCHA warned of the "significant risk" of explosive remnants of war and unexploded ordnance on civilians in Gaza, citing multiple casualties caused the unexploded ordnance.[197] A UN estimate found that clearing the 40m tonnes of rubble in Gaza could take as long as 15 years and cost between $500 and $600 million dollars.[198]

Rebuilding

The Financial Times estimated it would cost billions to rebuild Gaza.[199] Mohammed Mustafa, the chief economist of the Palestine Investment Fund, estimated rebuilding Gaza's homes alone would cost around US$15 billion.[200] The World Bank and the United Nations estimated in April 2024 that the war had caused $18.5 billion dollars worth of damage to Gaza's infrastructure thus far.[201] In May 2024, the United Nations Development Program stated it would take at least until 2040 to rebuild the homes destroyed in Gaza.[202]

See also

Notes and References

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  3. Web site: French . Howard W. . Retribution in the Israel-Hamas War . Foreign Policy . 27 February 2024 . 13 March 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240313025939/https://foreignpolicy.com/2024/01/29/israel-hamas-war-atrocities-dehumanization-history-us-japan/ . live.
  4. Web site: Monitor . Euro-Med Human Rights . 200 days of military attack on Gaza: A horrific death toll amid intl. failure to stop Israel's genocide of Palestinians . 2024-06-15 . Euro-Med Human Rights Monitor . en-US . 2024-05-17 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240517005535/https://euromedmonitor.org/en/article/6282/200-days-of-military-attack-on-Gaza:-A-horrific-death-toll-amid-intl.-failure-to-stop-Israel%E2%80%99s-genocide-of-Palestinians . live.
  5. Web site: Amount of Israeli bombs dropped on Gaza surpasses that of World War II . 2024-06-15 . aa.com.tr . 2024-06-15 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240615111657/https://www.aa.com.tr/en/middle-east/amount-of-israeli-bombs-dropped-on-gaza-surpasses-that-of-world-war-ii/3239665 . live.
  6. News: Pape . Robert A. . 2024-06-21 . Hamas Is Winning . 2024-06-21 . Foreign Affairs . en-US . 0015-7120 . 2024-06-21 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240621051827/https://www.foreignaffairs.com/israel/middle-east-robert-pape . live.
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  8. News: UN says 86 percent of Gaza now under Israeli evacuation orders . 2024-08-01 . Al Jazeera . en.
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  12. News: 26 June 2024 . IDF says 16% of Gaza buildings destroyed; disputes higher UN figures . . 7 July 2024.
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  22. News: Islamic Jihad: 121 of our fighters killed in Gaza. The Times of Israel. 30 September 2014. 12 November 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201112042500/https://www.timesofisrael.com/islamic-jihad-121-of-our-fighters-killed-in-gaza/. live.
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  24. Web site: Occupied Palestinian Territory: Gaza Emergency. 4 September 2014. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20140913014525/http://www.ochaopt.org/documents/ocha_opt_sitrep_04_09_2014.pdf. 13 September 2014. 4 September 2014.
  25. News: Two years later, IDF officer succumbs to wounds from Gaza war . . 4 January 2017 . 4 January 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170104171441/http://www.timesofisrael.com/two-years-later-idf-officer-succumbs-to-wounds-from-gaza-war/ . live .
  26. http://www.btselem.org/testimonies/20140709_gaza_protective_edge_muhammad_hamad "Muhammad Hamad, 75, resident of Beit Hanun, relates how bombing killed his family members in their yard"
  27. http://www.btselem.org/press_releases/20140709_bobming_of_houses_in_gaza "Bombing family homes of activists in armed Palestinian groups violates international humanitarian law"
  28. http://www.maannews.net/eng/ViewDetails.aspx?ID=711730 "Gaza mother dies shielding children from Israeli attack"
  29. [B'tselem]
  30. News: McKernan . Bethan . Israel bombs Gaza Strip, killing three Islamic Jihad leaders and nine civilians . 18 August 2024 . The Guardian . 9 May 2023.
  31. News: Israeli strikes in Gaza kill 15, including 3 senior commanders of the Islamic Jihad . 20 August 2024 . . 9 May 2023.
  32. News: Israeli strike kills three Islamic Jihad leaders in Gaza, risking conflict escalation . 18 August 2024 . 9 May 2023 . en.
  33. News: Three Islamic Jihad commanders and family members among multiple dead in Israeli strikes on Gaza . 18 August 2024 . . 9 May 2023 . en.
  34. News: McKernan . Bethan . Israel bombs Gaza Strip, killing three Islamic Jihad leaders and nine civilians . 18 August 2024 . The Guardian . 9 May 2023.
  35. News: Israel kills three Islamic Jihad leaders, 10 civilians in Gaza .
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  37. News: Israel strikes Gaza for the third straight day as West Bank violence escalates . 18 August 2024 . . 24 September 2023.
  38. News: Gaza Strip: 28 Palestinians wounded by Israeli fire in border clashes . 18 August 2024 . 22 September 2023 . en.
  39. News: United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory Protection of Civilians Report 5-18 September 2023 . 18 August 2024 . United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs - occupied Palestinian territory . 26 September 2023 . en.
  40. News: Israeli airstrikes target surroundings of Al Shifa and Al Quds hospitals in Gaza – WAFA . . 23 October 2023 . 23 October 2023 . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023140257/https://www.reuters.com/article/israel-palestinians-hospitals/israeli-airstrikes-target-surroundings-of-al-shifa-and-al-quds-hospitals-in-gaza-wafa-idINC6N3AS020 . live.
  41. News: Abu Azzoum . Tareq . Bloodiest night in Gaza . . 23 October 2023 . 23 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231023140300/https://aje.io/p25vtd?update=2430281 . live.
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  117. News: Khadder . Kareem . Israeli military retreats from northern Gaza, leaving dozens of Palestinians killed and razing neighborhoods to the ground . CNN . 12 July 2024 . 20 July 2024.
  118. News: Lee . Gavin . Understanding how Israel uses 'Gospel' AI system in Gaza bombings . France24 . 12 December 2023 . 5 April 2024 . 20 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings . live.
  119. News: Brumfiel . Geoff . Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start . NPR . The Gospel is actually one of several AI programs being used by Israeli intelligence, according to Tal Mimran, a lecturer at Hebrew University in Jerusalem who has worked for the Israeli government on targeting during previous military operations. Other AI systems aggregate vast quantities of intelligence data and classify it. The final system is the Gospel, which makes a targeting recommendation to a human analyst. Those targets could be anything from individual fighters, to equipment like rocket launchers, or facilities such as Hamas command posts. . 5 April 2024 . 20 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st . live.
  120. News: Brumfiel . Geoff . Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start . NPR . A brief blog post by the Israeli military on November 2 lays out how the Gospel is being used in the current conflict. According to the post, the military's Directorate of Targets is using the Gospel to rapidly produce targets based on the latest intelligence. The system provides a targeting recommendation for a human analyst who then decides whether to pass it along to soldiers in the field.

    "This isn't just an automatic system," Misztal emphasizes. "If it thinks it finds something that could be a potential target, that's flagged then for an intelligence analyst to review."

    The post states that the targeting division is able to send these targets to the IAF and navy, and directly to ground forces via an app known as "Pillar of Fire," which commanders carry on military-issued smartphones and other devices. . 5 April 2024 . 20 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st . live.
  121. News: Davies . Harry . McKernan . Bethan . Sabbagh . Dan . 'The Gospel': how Israel uses AI to select bombing targets in Gaza . The Guardian . December 2023 . Multiple sources familiar with the IDF’s targeting processes confirmed the existence of the Gospel to +972/Local Call, saying it had been used to produce automated recommendations for attacking targets, such as the private homes of individuals suspected of being Hamas or Islamic Jihad operatives. . 5 April 2024 . 2 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231202224018/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/dec/01/the-gospel-how-israel-uses-ai-to-select-bombing-targets . live.
  122. News: Lee . Gavin . Understanding how Israel uses 'Gospel' AI system in Gaza bombings . France24 . 12 December 2023 . Yuval Abraham: It automates most of the target creation process, creating targets with life-and-death consequences, as you said, at a rate that was before humanly impossible. . 5 April 2024 . 20 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015605/https://www.france24.com/en/tv-shows/perspective/20231212-understanding-how-israel-uses-gospel-ai-system-in-gaza-bombings . live.
  123. News: Brumfiel . Geoff . Israel is using an AI system to find targets in Gaza. Experts say it's just the start . NPR . 5 April 2024 . 20 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240220015604/https://www.npr.org/2023/12/14/1218643254/israel-is-using-an-ai-system-to-find-targets-in-gaza-experts-say-its-just-the-st . live.
  124. News: Balousha . Hazem . Evacuation order sets off chaotic scramble as Gazans run for their lives . . 16 October 2023 . 18 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231118163523/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/10/13/gaza-evacuation-hamas-israel-invasion/ . live.
  125. News: Al-Mughrabi . Nidal . In Gaza, people resort to drinking salty water, garbage piles up . . 16 October 2023 . 16 October 2023 . 22 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231022012057/https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/gaza-people-resort-drinking-salty-water-garbage-piles-up-2023-10-16/ . live.
  126. News: 3,478 killed, 12,065 wounded . . 18 October 2023 . 18 October 2023 . 18 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231018132120/https://www.jpost.com/breaking-news/article-769003 . live.
  127. News: Jobain . Najib . Kullab . Samya . Nessman . Ravi . 19 October 2023 . Gaza awaits aid from Egypt as Israel readies troops for ground assault . 21 October 2023 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20231019205146/https://apnews.com/article/israel-palestinians-gaza-hamas-war-b084e9c453cc99f7bec6f66d7b5913d9 . 2023-10-19 . en.
  128. News: Abu Azzoum . Tareq . 'Really terrifying': Israeli bombardment of Gaza intensifies . . 21 October 2023 . 18 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231118163523/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2023/10/20/israel-gaza-war-live-hamas-releases-two-american-captives-from-gaza?update=2427620 . live.
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  130. News: Regan . Helen . Murphy . Paul P. . El Damanhoury . Kareem . Picheta . Rob . Israel conducts raid in Gaza as Netanyahu says ground incursion will come . . 26 October 2023 . 26 October 2023 . 29 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231029073159/https://www.cnn.com/israel-gaza-hamas-war-thursday-intl-hnk/index.html . live.
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  132. News: Srivastava . Mehul . Bernard . Steven . Radar data shows Israel's six-week offensive against Hamas has left much of the Palestinian enclave in ruins . Financial Times . 23 November 2023 . 23 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231123153713/https://www.ft.com/content/04c1f19e-53c3-42b5-9af8-a2f5a962a896 . live.
  133. News: Bronner . Ethan . Tamo . Omar . Hamas Frees 24 Hostages From Gaza as Israel Truce Holds . Bloomberg . 24 November 2023 . 25 November 2023 . 25 November 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231125001052/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2023-11-24/hamas-releases-some-hostages-in-truce-deal-with-israel#xj4y7vzkg . live.
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  191. Web site: Belgium summons Israeli ambassador and strongly condemns bombing of Belgian development agency Enabel . Kingdom of Belgium . 2 February 2024 . 4 February 2024 . 4 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240204012400/https://diplomatie.belgium.be/en/news/belgium-summons-israeli-ambassador-and-strongly-condemns-bombing-belgian-development-agency-enabel . live.
  192. News: Soussi . Alasdair . Israel says Gaza war is like WWII. Experts say it's 'justifying brutality' . Al Jazeera . 19 February 2024 . 19 February 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240219232429/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2023/12/23/israel-gaza-war-wwii-palestine . live.
  193. Web site: Israeli use of heavy bombs in Gaza raises serious concerns under the laws of war . . 29 June 2024.
  194. News: Tétrault-Farber . Gabrielle . Israel may have violated laws of war in Gaza, UN rights office says . Reuters . 29 June 2024.
  195. Web site: 2024-01-12 . Acts Harmful to the Enemy Jake Romm and Dylan Saba . 2024-07-10 . n+1 . en-US.
  196. News: Limb . Lottie . 'This is like a slow death': Environmental toll of Gaza war laid bare in first UN assessment . Yahoo! News . 19 June 2024 . 26 June 2024 . 21 June 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240621072045/https://sg.news.yahoo.com/slow-death-environmental-toll-gaza-150006423.html . live.
  197. Web site: Humanitarian Situation Update #185 Gaza Strip . . July 2024 . 13 July 2024.
  198. News: Burke . Jason . Clearing Gaza of almost 40m tonnes of war rubble will take years, says UN . The Guardian . 15 July 2024 . 25 July 2024.
  199. News: England . Andrew . Saleh . Heba . What will be left of Gaza when the war ends? . Financial Times . 7 January 2024 . 7 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240107020938/https://www.ft.com/content/fa93e55e-da75-477f-8bf7-e0f598d280d5?shareType=nongift . live.
  200. News: Palestinian official: $15bn needed to rebuild Gaza homes after the war . Al Jazeera . 19 January 2024 . 19 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240119160628/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/liveblog/2024/1/18/israels-war-on-gaza-live-medicine-arrives-for-captives-palestinians?update=2628963 . live.
  201. News: World Bank estimates damage to Gaza critical infrastructure at $18.5 bn . France24 . 2 April 2024 . 9 April 2024 . 9 April 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240409211942/https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20240402-world-bank-estimates-damage-to-gaza-critical-infrastructure-at-18-5-bn . live.
  202. News: Lederer . Edith . The unprecedented destruction of housing in Gaza hasn't been seen since World War II, the UN says . Associated Press . 2 May 2024 . 7 May 2024 . 7 May 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240507032732/https://apnews.com/article/un-report-gaza-destruction-housing-economy-recovery-4f61dcca7db3fd5eb3da5c6a25001e12 . live.

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