Bombardier Transportation Explained

Bombardier Transportation
Type:Subsidiary
Industry:Rail transportation
Defunct:[1]
Fate:Acquired by Alstom[2]
Location:EU: Berlin, Germany
NA: Toronto, Ontario
Area Served:Worldwide
Revenue: (2020)[3]
Num Employees:36,000 (2020)
Parent:Bombardier Inc.

Bombardier Transportation was a Canadian-German rolling stock and rail transport manufacturer, with headquarters in Berlin, Germany. It was one of the world's largest companies in the rail vehicle and equipment manufacturing and servicing industry. Bombardier Transportation had many regional offices, production and development facilities worldwide.[4] [5] It produced a wide range of products including passenger rail vehicles, locomotives, bogies, propulsion and controls. In February 2020, the company had 36,000 employees, and 63 manufacturing and engineering locations around the world.[6] Formerly a division of Bombardier Inc., the company was acquired by French manufacturer Alstom on 29 January 2021.

History

20th century

1970s: Formation and first orders

Canadian company Bombardier Inc. entered the rail market in 1970 when it purchased Lohner-Rotax of Austria. While Lohner built trams, Bombardier was more interested in its Rotax business, which built engines for its Ski-Doo snowmobiles.[7] But Bombardier held onto the rolling stock business, and in 1974 secured an order from Société de transport de Montréal (STM) to build metro trains for the Montreal Metro.[8] [9] The core of the transportation group was formed when Bombardier purchased the Montreal Locomotive Works (MLW) in 1975.[10] The purchase of MLW gave Bombardier a rail focused manufacturing facility, that had an established history of building locomotives, freight railcars, and passenger railcars.

1980s: Expansion to the US and Europe

With the purchase of the MLW, Bombardier acquired the LRC (Light, Rapid, Comfortable) tilting train design which it heavily marketed to both Amtrak and Canada's Via Rail, however, the program was only modestly successful with Bombardier selling about 100 LRC coaches to Via. In 1987, Bombardier bought the assets of two major US railcar manufacturers, Budd and Pullman-Standard.[11] With these new assets, and no desire to remain in the business of building freight locomotives or freight cars, Bombardier sold off MLW to General Electric in 1988.

In the late 1980s Bombardier Transportation gained a manufacturing presence in Europe with the acquisition of a 45% share in BN Constructions Ferroviaires et Métalliques (whose principal facility was in Bruges, Belgium) in 1986. This was followed by the acquisition of the second-largest French railway manufacturer[12] ANF Industrie with its main plant in Crespin in 1989. Bombardier Transportation had become by that time the leading North American producer of rail equipment which had sold 825 subway cars to New York City in the 1970s and 1980s.[13]

1990s: Expansion to Mexico, Germany and the UK

Back home in Canada, 1991 brought a big expansion for Bombardier. The company was able to acquire the Urban Transportation Development Corporation (UTDC) from the Government of Ontario after its parent company Lavalin went bankrupt. In addition to the core UTDC assets, Bombardier also received the rail manufacturing division of Hawker Siddeley Canada which had been purchased by Lavalin and merged into UTDC. The Hawker Siddeley assets included a manufacturing plant in Thunder Bay, Ontario.

That same year in Europe, the company established its Bombardier Eurorail division consisting of ANF, BN, BWS (the former assets of Lohner), and the English bodyshell maker Prorail, which it had purchased in 1990.[14] [15] [16] The company also owned the North-American rights to the French TGV through an agreement with GEC Alsthom.[17] In 1992, the company acquired Mexico's largest railway rolling-stock manufacturer, Concarril, from the Mexican government.[18]

The late 1990s also saw a major expansion in European operations. The company purchased Waggonfabrik Talbot (whose factory was in Aachen, Germany) in 1995 and Deutsche Waggonbau (DW) in 1998, which added factories in Bautzen and Görlitz, Germany along with a plant in Villeneuve, Switzerland which DW had purchased the prior year from Ateliers de Constructions Mécaniques de Vevey.[19]

21st century

2000s: Western world's largest rail-equipment manufacturer

The company's biggest acquisition came just after the turn of the century when it purchased Adtranz from DaimlerChrysler. Adtranz was a sprawling multi-national company twice the size of Bombardier at the time, which had only become profitable in the months before the merger. The combination would make Bombardier the largest rail-equipment manufacturer.[20]

DaimlerChrysler agreed in August 2000 to sell Adtranz for (equivalent to US$billion in), a price considered to be low by industry analysts.[21] [22] The sale was cleared by the European Union in April 2001 on the condition that Bombardier would license or sell the Adtranz regional train and tram products to Stadler Rail in the German market, due to the large market share of Bombardier and Adtranz in the country. The deal would make Stadler a viable independent company providing competition to Bombardier.[23] [24] The takeover came into legal effect on 1 May 2001 with a final price of US$725 million.[25] [26] After the purchase, Bombardier Transportation moved its head office to Europe, while keeping a few plants in the US and Canada for the smaller North American market.[27]

However, the merger was not smooth. Within weeks Bombardier said that it was misled about the financial situation of Adtranz, and the combination of the two companies took years to resolve.[28] One of the major issues was the sprawling footprint of the two companies in Europe. Even after closing some locations, in the early days after the merger Bombardier planned to operate 27 manufacturing sites across 14 countries. The number of sites meant that some would see the scope of their work decreased.

In 2004, amid overcapacity in the European passenger train industry, Bombardier announced eight sites would close. Later that year in September, DaimlerChrysler agreed to refund Bombardier US$209 million, making the final sale price for Adtranz just $516 million.[29] [30] [31]

2010s: Global operations and decline

The transportation division's financial woes continued into the 2010s, reflecting a broader trend within the company. Bombardier's aviation division racked up billions of dollars in debt developing the CSeries airliner and the Global 7000 business jet.

Between 2012 and 2015, the company announced the closure of several plants including the former Waggonfabrik Talbot plant in Germany, and a factory in Australia, and a facility in Hungary was nationalized.

In the same period, Bombardier agreed to several potentally lucrative, but risky contracts to build R179 cars for the New York City Subway, the Fleet of the Future for San Francisco's Bay Area Rapid Transit, Flexity streetcars for Toronto, Aventra EMUs for the London Overground and Twindexx EMUs for Switzerland's SBB. Each of these contracts was valued between 600 million to 1.8 billion dollars, but each called for highly specialized, one-of-kind equipment, and many also included late-delivery penalties. Deliveries of each would be delayed, beset by software issues, and reliability problems once trains were placed in service.[32] [33]

Under increasingly dire financial pressure, Bombardier Inc. announced in May 2015 that it planned to split or spin-off Bombardier Transportation as a separate publicly traded company, while retaining control as the majority owner.[34] The sale would generate money needed to continue the financing of the troubled CSeries jet,[35] and Transportation division managers said the independence would allow them to better compete with a growing Chinese presence in the European market.[36] An IPO was planned for late 2015.

However, before the IPO could be floated, the Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec (CDPQ) stepped in and agreed to give Bombardier a US$1.5 billion infusion of cash. In exchange CDPQ, a crown corporation which manages pension and insurance plans, would receive a 30% stake in the company. The deal was structured as a bond/equity hybrid, with shares returned to CDPQ dependent on the financial performance of the company.

Over the next few years, Bombardier worked to correct issues with the cars it agreed to build in the earlier half of the decade, and simplify production though more selective bidding, greater standardization and centralized procurement. It also planned to layoff thousands of workers in Germany.[37] However, the penalties the company was hit with for late deliveries wiped out many of the divisions profits. By 2018, Bombardier slipped to become the 3rd largest rail-equipment manufacturer in the Western World and fourth globally, eclipsed by CRRC, Siemens and Alstom.[38] [39] [40]

Between mid-2018 and late-2019, Bombardier started selling off many of its commercial aviation assets, notably selling the CSeries to Airbus. This left the company as a manufacturer of rail vehicles and business jets.

2021: Sale to Alstom

In February 2020, Alstom agreed to buy the Bombardier Transportation division and signed a memorandum of understanding to do so, for between €5.8 billion and €6.2 billion. The deal required approval by Alstom shareholders at a meeting held in October 2020, as well as approval by European regulators. Bombardier's major shareholder, Caisse de dépôt et placement du Québec, had already agreed to the sale.[41] [42] In July 2020, the European Commission approved the sale.[43] Bombardier Inc. announced on 1 December 2020 that the transaction would be closed on 29 January 2021 for €4.4 billion.[44] [45]

Products and services

Rapid transit rolling stock

Bombardier's standard metro vehicles were the mid-sized fully automated and driverless Innovia Metro with the option for linear induction motor propulsion or a conventional rotary motor, and the high-capacity customizable Movia platform, which is powered by conventional motors and can also be fully automated. In addition, Bombardier produced many custom models not based on either model.

Monorails

The company's main product was the Innovia Monorail.

Note: Bombardier Transportation acquired Universal Mobility Incorporated's UM III technologies in 1989. UMI produced nine monorail systems from 1969 to 1984, which are included in the list above.[55]

Trams and light rail vehicles

Locomotives

Bombardier's locomotives were mostly linked to their acquisition of Adtranz and Montreal Locomotive Works, as well as joint venture with Alstom.

Other than the LRC, all other locomotives were based on European designs.

Passenger cars

Regular-speed multiple-unit trains

V/Line VLocity at Southern Cross Station in Melbourne, Australia

High-speed trains

People movers

Bombardier also supplied propulsion units, train-control systems, bogies, and other parts, and maintained train fleets.

Services

In addition to manufacturing a wide variety of passenger rail vehicles and locomotives, Bombardier Transportation provided services for commuter train providers.

Facilities

Bombardier Transportation had production facilities or product development in:

Legal issues

Deutsche Bahn

In early 2013, announced that it was suing Bombardier for €350 million because of some serious defects in trains used on the suburban S-Bahn rail network in Berlin. This was in addition to the €160 million it was asking for from Bombardier because of problems with more than 200 regional trains operating in southern Germany and problems with the brakes in regional and local trains in Munich. The matter was settled out of court in March 2015. Lutz Bertling, head of Bombardier's transportation division at the time, confirmed the two firms had come to an agreement, saying: "The settlement is a positive signal for our future cooperation."[67]

Everline

In January 2015, the Canadian Broadcasting Corporation (CBC) reported[68] [69] [70] that South Korea's Special Investigation Unit for anti-corruption produced a report accusing Bombardier Transportation of corruption in the pursuit of the 2004 contract to build an 18km (11miles) elevated Light Rapid Transit (LRT) rail system called the Everline connecting the Giheung Station on the Bundang (Yellow Line) of the Seoul Metropolitan Subway system to a large amusement park named Everland, via Yongin, the 12th largest city in South Korea, about 30km (20miles) from central Seoul.

The investigation report alleges that Bombardier provided gifts and trips to Canada for civil servants and politicians involved in the contract decision, which was based on revenue expected from an inflated estimate of 180,000 passengers per day using the service. It also alleges that Bombardier created a $2-million slush fund for the Canadian citizen Kim Hak-Pil, a high-ranking Bombardier executive in South Korea. Bombardier has consistently denied the corruption allegations, stating that "They were not pleasure trips. There is a need to convince the people that our technology works well.... If it had been corruption, they would have charged us." The statute of limitations has now expired, due to lack of evidence according to Bombardier.

Everline operation has been financially troubled since construction was completed in 2010.[71] The system remained dormant until service began in 2013[72] while the line owner successfully negotiated with the city of Yongin a minimum revenue guarantee of 29.5 billion KRW[73] per year regardless of passenger load.[74] This is said to be a serious burden for the city because ridership is reported to have risen to only about 20,000 passengers per day on the 30 carriages, or about a quarter of the maximum possible capacity of the fleet in a 12-hour day. A reason suggested for this is the fare of 1100 KRW (about US$1 in 2015); it is impossible to pay for Everline trips via a transfer surcharge on a connecting subway ticket. A 2014 web page[75] of a Seoul tour service retailer makes no mention of the Everline among the suggested modes of bus transport between Seoul and Everland. A lawyer who filed legal action on behalf of the citizens of Yongin is reported to have provided details about Bombardier's pursuit of the contract. He said that "between 2003 and 2005, Bombardier funded three luxurious trips to Canada to each of 37 people" including 18 Yongin city councillors on so-called "LRT field trips".

Toronto Transit Commission

On 16 October 2015, the Toronto Transit Commission (TTC) announced that it had asked its board to consider legal action against Bombardier. TTC staff is recommending that the TTC board "commence legal action, or make a claim allowed for already in the contract, of $50 million for late delivery" against Bombardier. Bombardier had committed to delivering 67 custom-built Flexity Outlook streetcars to the TTC by October 2015 for its streetcar system, but only 10 were in service at the time.[76] [77]

On 28 October 2015, the TTC board voted in favour of a lawsuit against Bombardier "for at least $50 million to recoup lost costs", according to Chair Josh Colle, because of the company's failure to deliver the additional new streetcars.[78]

See also

References

Footnotes

Notes and References

  1. Web site: 29 January 2021 . Bombardier Closes Sale of its Transportation business to Alstom . Bombardier.
  2. Web site: 29 January 2021 . A transformational step for Alstom: completion of the acquisition of Bombardier Transportation . Alstom Press releases and news.
  3. Web site: David Burroughs . 15 February 2021 . Bombardier Transportation revenue drops in 2020 . IRJ – International Railway Journal.
  4. Web site: Bombardier Inc. . Bombardier Transportation Relocates Global Headquarters within Berlin . 4 July 2017 . bombardier.com l.
  5. Web site: Bombardier Inc. . Bombardier Transportation | Phone 4930986070 | Berlin, Germany . 1 March 2017 . 2findlocal.com.
  6. Web site: About Transportation . 25 February 2020 . Bombardier Inc..
  7. News: Van Praet . Nicolas . 29 January 2021 . Alstom CEO says 'several years' needed to fix Bombardier's rail business, but no plans to shut Ontario, Quebec plants . The Globe and Mail . 30 January 2021.
  8. .
  9. News: Magder . Jason . Scott . Marian . 14 October 2016 . The métro at 50: The clash with car culture . . Laurent Beaudoin, then CEO of Bombardier, got a visit from Drapeau, who told him the city needed 400 new métro cars, and the company should bid on the contract ... The bid from Canadian Vickers, which had manufactured the first cars, was judged by the city to be non-conforming because of a technicality in the wiring system — and gave Bombardier the win ... Bombardier has since become a major player in the world of public transit, supplying trains for London, New York, Toronto and others..
  10. Bombardier takes over MLW Railway Gazette International February 1975 page 45
  11. Bombardier buys Budd passenger car designs Railway Age October 1987 page 37
  12. Web site: Farnsworth . Clyde H. . 1991-12-28 . Bombardier Returns to Earth . 2023-10-10 . New York Times.
  13. News: Farnsworth . Clyde H. . 28 December 1991 . Bombardier Returns to Earth . The New York Times . 31 May 2023.
  14. News: Bombardier Prorail Limited . investing.businessweek.com . . https://web.archive.org/web/20121014081816/http://investing.businessweek.com/research/stocks/private/snapshot.asp?privcapId=53000589 . dead . 14 October 2012 . 29 June 2010.
  15. Web site: Geschiedenis (1855 – ....) . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110706133819/http://www.abvv-bombardier.dommel.be/ . 6 July 2011 . 29 June 2011 . www.abvv-bombardier.dommel.be . . nl.
  16. Book: Miville Tremblay . Le sang jaune de Bombardier: la gestion de Laurent Beaudoin . PUQ . 1994 . 9782760520974 . 56 . fr.
  17. Web site: Farnsworth . Clyde H. . 1991-12-28 . Bombardier Returns to Earth . 2023-10-10 . New York Times.
  18. News: 10 April 1992 . Company News: Mexican Unit To Bombardier . . . 23 December 2013.
  19. Web site: History . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150626150027/http://www.bombardier-transportation.ch/index.cfm?lng=en&hmID=54&um1ID=73&um2ID=37&um3ID=30&contentID=53&action=hm54&content=um173&content2=um237&s=TmpStandard . 26 June 2015 . 1 March 2017 . Bombardier-transportation.ch.
  20. Web site: 3 April 2001 . Commission clears takeover of ADtranz by Bombardier, subject to commitments . 28 January 2023 . European Commission.
  21. September 2000 . Bombardier gets Adtranz for a "bargain" . dead . Railway Age . https://web.archive.org/web/20150329112308/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-65805853.html . 29 March 2015.
  22. "Bombardier agrees to buy Adtranz" Railway Gazette International September 2000 page 601
  23. Commission clears takeover of ADtranz by Bombardier, subject to commitments. . 3 April 2001 . . europa.eu.
  24. For Adtranz read Bombardier The Railway Magazine issue 1203 July 2001 page 10
  25. Web site: 30 April 2001 . Bombardier's Acquisition of Adtranz Now Completed . www.allbusiness.com . Business Wire.
  26. Web site: 4 August 2000 . DaimlerChrysler sells train division . cdnedge.bbc.co.uk . BBC News.
  27. Web site: Not in service: Inside Bombardier's delayed TTC streetcar deliveries . 9 October 2017 . thestar.com.
  28. News: Tomesco . Frédéric . 18 February 2020 . It's the end of the line for Bombardier Transportation as Alstom buys train-making business . The Gazette . Montreal . 22 March 2021.
  29. March 2002 . Bombardier to sue DaimlerChrysler . dead . . https://web.archive.org/web/20150329112307/http://www.highbeam.com/doc/1G1-84183085.html . 29 March 2015.
  30. Web site: 14 February 2002 . Industry giants in legal battle . news.bbc.co.uk . BBC News.
  31. Web site: 28 September 2004 . Bombardier Reaches a Settlement Agreement With DaimlerChrysler . www.allbusiness.com . Business Wire.
  32. News: Briginshaw . David . 18 February 2020 . Alstom Acquiring Bombardier Transportation . en-US . Railway Age . 5 January 2023.
  33. Web site: What went wrong at Bombardier? Everything . 3 February 2021 . montrealgazette . en-CA.
  34. News: The Canadian Press . The Canadian Press . 7 May 2015 . Bombardier to spin out rail unit in IPO but maintain control . .
  35. News: 19 November 2015 . Caisse de dépôt buys US$1.5-billion stake in Bombardier rail division . .
  36. News: Reguly . Eric . 9 June 2015 . Chinese market drives Bombardier Transportation IPO . .
  37. Web site: Reuters . 29 June 2017 . Bombardier confirms up to 2,200 job cuts in Germany – BNN Bloomberg . 16 September 2019 . BNN.
  38. Web site: ALSTOM-SIEMENS: EU TO BLOCK THE DEAL ON ANTITRUST CONCERNS . 17 September 2019 . Bocconi Students Capital Markets . en.
  39. Web site: Loesche . Dyfed . 26 September 2017 . Chinese Big in Rolling Stock . Statista.
  40. Web site: World's largest train maker China's CRRC on uphill climb post-merger . 17 September 2019 . Nikkei Asian Review . en-GB.
  41. Web site: 17 February 2020 . Bombardier sells train-making division to French multinational Alstom . 18 February 2020 . CBC News.
  42. Web site: 18 February 2020 . Alstom to take over Bombardier . 18 February 2020 . Rail Technology.
  43. https://www.railwaygazette.com/business/alstoms-acquisition-of-bombardier-transportation-cleared-by-european-commission/57085.article Alstom's acquisition of Bombardier Transportation cleared by European Commission
  44. https://www.bombardier.com/en/media/newsList/details.binc-20201201-bombardier-and-alstom-confirm-receipt-of-all-neces.bombardiercom.html? Bombardier and Alstom Confirm Receipt of All Necessary Regulatory Approvals to Complete Bombardier Transportation Sale to Alstom
  45. Web site: 29 January 2021 . Alstom completes Bombardier rail purchase for 4.4 billion euros . 22 June 2021 . Reuters.
  46. Web site: Josh Richman . 5 October 2012 . BART board approves contract for 410 new train cars . San Jose Mercury News.
  47. Douglas John Bowen . 11 May 2012 . BART taps Bombardier; U.S. content at issue . Railway Age.
  48. Web site: 22 September 2016 . Bombardier set to deliver 162 coaches to DMRC . The Hindu BusinessLine.
  49. Web site: Bombardier Wins Contract to Provide 162 MOVIA Vehicles to India's Delhi Metro .
  50. Web site: Over 200 metres long, providing space for up to 1,500 passengers . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150911190747/http://www.crossrail.co.uk/route/new-trains/ . 11 September 2015 . 19 October 2018.
  51. Web site: Tawfeek . Farah . 21 December 2017 . Egypt to build country's first ever monorail in Cairo . 29 May 2019 . www.egyptindependent.com.
  52. News: 28 May 2019 . Cairo monorail trains to be built in UK . BBC News . 29 May 2019.
  53. Web site: 2024-01-14 . رئيس هيئة الأنفاق لـ"الدستور": 75% نسبة تنفيذ مشروع مونوريل شرق النيل والافتتاح أكتوبر 2024 . 2024-03-21 . Dostor.
  54. Web site: Carowinds: The Early Years . 1 March 2017 . Carowindsearlyyears.com.
  55. News: 29 September 1989 . Transportation Group Buys S.L. Firm's Assets . . 4 February 2017 . The assets of Universal Mobility Inc. of Salt Lake City have been purchased by The Transportation Group Inc., Orlando, Fla., a transit systems subsidiary of Bombardier Inc., one of the work's largest rail transit vehicle manufacturers..
  56. Web site: Home . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20120309153605/http://www.bombardier.com/index.jsp?id=1_0&lang=en&file=%2Fen%2F1_0%2F1_1%2F1_1_3_2_1_1.jsp . 9 March 2012 . 1 March 2017 . Bombardier.com.
  57. Web site: ZEFIRO – High Speed Trains – Bombardier Transportation websiwe=Zefiro.bombardier.com . 1 March 2017 . 2 October 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091002220151/http://www.zefiro.bombardier.com/en/portfolio/index.html . dead .
  58. Alstom SA: Alstom to transfer Bombardier Transportation's contribution to the V300 ZEFIRO very high-speed train to Hitachi Rail . December 2021 .
  59. Web site: 1 October 2014 . Wins New Operations and Maintenance Contract in New Jersey . 1 March 2017 . Bombardier.com.
  60. Bombardier to assemble EMD locomotives for southeast Asia . . 24 September 2012 . 22 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201022204831/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/freight/single-view/view/bombardier-to-assemble-emd-locomotives-for-southeast-asia.html . dead .
  61. Web site: Bombardier signs with AMT for new eight-year, $331-million contract . Montrealgazette.com.
  62. Bombardier opens South African factory . 25 August 2016 . Railway Gazette International. 25 August 2016 . 11 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201111221415/https://www.railwaygazette.com/news/business/single-view/view/bombardier-opens-south-african-factory.html . dead .
  63. Web site: Bombardier – China . 30 January 2021 . china.bombardier.com.
  64. Web site: Bombardier's Chinese JV to supply 16 new high-speed train CR400AF cars . 30 January 2021 . Global Railway Review.
  65. Web site: Sybille Maas-Müller . 12 March 2015 . SITE FACT SHEET Mannheim Germany . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160405182720/http://de.bombardier.com/content/dam/Websites/bombardiercom/Sites/supporting-documents/BT-SiteFactSheet-Mannheim-Germany-2014-DE.pdf . 5 April 2016 . 12 March 2015 . Bombardier .
  66. Web site: Bombardier Transportation in Poland . https://web.archive.org/web/20130204023445/http://bombardier.com/files/en/supporting_docs/BT_Poland.pdf . 4 February 2013 . www.bombardier.com . Bombardier.
  67. News: 20 March 2015 . UPDATE 1-Deutsche Bahn says has settled disputes with Bombardier . Reuters . 17 June 2016.
  68. News: Marie-Maude Denis and Martyne Bourdeau . 28 January 2015 . Bombardier Transportation accused of corruption in South Korea . . 2 February 2015.
  69. News: Marie-Maude Denis and Martyne Bourdeau . 28 January 2015 . Allégations de corruption contre Bombardier en Corée du Sud . fr . . 2 February 2015.
  70. Un Train Nommé Délire . 29 January 2015 . Television production . fr . . Canada . Enquête . 2 February 2015 . Marie-Maude Denis with Chantal Cauchy . 3.
  71. Web site: 20 November 2011 . YongIn Everline – Yongin's White Elephant . 1 March 2017 . Kojects.com.
  72. Web site: 2 June 2013 . No Passengers on Yongin's Everline – Kojects . 1 March 2017 . Kojects.com.
  73. Web site: 20 November 2011 . YongIn Everline to Finally Open (For real this time!) – Kojects . 1 March 2017 . Kojects.com.
  74. News: Kwon Sang-soo . 1 June 2013 . Yongin EverLine: New train, few passengers . Korea JoongAng Daily . . 2 February 2015.
  75. Web site: How to get to Everland from Seoul (Transportation guide and discount ticket info) – Funtastic Korea Blog . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20160317074754/http://funtastickorea.com/how-to-get-to-everland-from-seoul-comprehensive-transportation-guide-for-everland-with-discount-ticket-info/ . 17 March 2016 . 1 March 2017 . Funtastickorea.com.
  76. Web site: TTC asks its board to consider legal action against Bombardier . CP24. 16 October 2015 .
  77. Web site: TTC considers suing Bombardier after new streetcar delay . The Toronto Star. 16 October 2015 .
  78. Web site: 28 October 2015 . TTC board votes to sue Bombardier over streetcars . 1 March 2017 . Citynews.ca.

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