Bolt thrust explained

Bolt thrust or breech pressure is a term used in internal ballistics and firearms (whether small arms or artillery) that describes the amount of rearward force exerted by the propellant gases on the bolt or breech of a firearm action or breech when a projectile is fired. The applied force has both magnitude and direction, making it a vector quantity.

Bolt thrust is an important factor in weapons design. The greater the bolt thrust, the stronger the locking mechanism has to be to withstand it. Assuming equal engineering solutions and material, adding strength to a locking mechanism causes an increase in weight and size of locking mechanism components.

Bolt thrust is not a measure to determine the amount of recoil or free recoil.

Calculating bolt thrust

With a basic calculation the bolt thrust produced by a particular firearms cartridge can be calculated fairly accurately.

Formula

\vec{F} _{bolt} = P _{max} ⋅ A _{internal} . ^[1]

where:

• F_bolt = the amount of bolt thrust
• P_max = the maximum (peak) chamber pressure of the firearms cartridge
• A_internal = the inside area (of the cartridge case head) that the propellant deflagration gas pressure acts against

Cartridge case heads and chambers are generally circular. The area enclosed by a circle is:

Area = \pi r ^{2} ≈ 3 {.} 1416 ⋅ r ^{2.}

where:

• π ≈ 3.1416
• r = the radius of the circle

Equivalently, denoting the diameter of the circle by d.

Area = (\pi d ^{2})/(4) ≈ 0 {.} 7854 ⋅ d ^{2.}

A practical problem regarding this method is that the internal case head diameter of a particular production lot of cartridge cases (different brands and lots normally differ dimensionally) can not be easily measured without damaging them.

Friction effects

A complicating matter regarding bolt thrust is that a cartridge case expands and deforms under high pressure and starts to "stick" to the chamber. This "friction-effect" can be accounted for with finite elements calculations on a computer, but it is a lot of specialized work and generally not worth the trouble.^[2]

By oiling proof rounds during NATO EPVAT testing procedures, NATO test centers intentionally lower case friction to promote high bolt thrust levels.

Practical method to estimate bolt thrust

Instead of using the internal case head diameter, the external case head base diameter can also be measured with a caliper or micrometer or taken from the appropriate C.I.P. or SAAMI cartridge or chamber data tables and used for bolt thrust estimation calculations.

The basic calculation method is almost the same, but now the larger outside area of the cartridge case head is used instead of the smaller inside area.

\vec{F _{bolt} } = P_ \cdot A_.

where:

• F_bolt = the amount of bolt thrust
• P_max = the maximum (peak) chamber pressure of the firearms cartridge
• A_external = the outside area of the cartridge case head

This method is fine for getting a good estimate regarding bolt thrust and assumes an overly large area that the gas pressure acts against yielding pessimistic estimations, generating a safety margin in the process for worse case scenarios which can result in increased maximum (peak) chamber pressure of the firearms cartridge, like a round that is chambered in an already very warm chamber that can result in cooking off (i.e. a thermally induced unintended firing).

Bolt thrust estimations for various pistol/revolver cartridges

	Chambering	P1 diameter (mm)	Aexternal (cm^2)	Pmax (bar)	Fbolt (kgf)	Fbolt
	5.74	0.2587	1,650	427	4268N
	7.95	0.4964	3,450	1,713	16794lk=onNaNlk=on
	9.93	0.7744	2,350	1,820	17847lk=onNaNlk=on
	8.02	0.5051	4,000	2,021	19816lk=onNaNlk=on
	9.63	0.7284	3,000	2,185	21428N
	10.77	0.9110	3,050	2,779	27248N
	9.70	0.7390	1,500	1,130	11085N
	10.77	0.9110	2,250	2,050	20101N
	10.81	0.9178	2,300	2,111	20701N
	11.05	0.9590	3,000	2,877	28213N
	11.61	1.0587	2,800	2,964	29069N
	12.09	1.1671	1,300	1,517	14879N
	12.13	1.1556	3,900	4,507	44197N
	13.46	1.4229	4,270	6,076	59584N

The P1 (cartridge case base) diameters and P_max used in the calculations were taken from the appropriate C.I.P. data sheets.

Bolt thrust estimations for various rifle cartridges

	Chambering	P1 diameter (mm)	Aexternal (cm^2)	Pmax (bar)	Fbolt (kgf)	Fbolt
	10.00	0.7854	3,800	2,985	29268lk=onNaNlk=on
	9.58	0.7208	4,300	3,099	30396N
	11.35	1.0118	3,550	3,592	35223N
	11.68	1.0715	3,650	3,911	38352N
	11.97	1.1197	3,900	4,367	42824N
	12.01	1.1329	3,900	4,418	43327N
	12.20	1.1690	3,800	4,442	43563N
	11.96	1.1234	4,150	4,662	45722N
	12.37	1.2018	3,900	4,687	45964N
	13.77	1.4892	3,200	4,765	46734N
	12.64	1.2548	3,800	4,768	46761N
	13.03	1.3335	4,300	5,734	56230N
	13.30	1.3893	4,400	6,113	59947N
	13.52	1.4356	4,300	6,173	60539N
.277 FURY (SAAMI specifications)	11.95	1.1216	5,516	6,187	60670N
	13.97	1.5328	4,400	6,744	66139N
	14.12	1.5659	4,400	6,890	67567N
	14.91	1.7460	4,200	7,333	71914N
	14.87	1.7366	4,400	7,641	74935N
	14.91	1.7460	4,400	7,807	76556N
	16.18	2.0561	4,400	8,224	80654N
	20.42	3.2749	3,700	12,117	118829N
	26.95	5.7044	3,600	20,536	201387N

The P1 (cartridge case base) diameters and P_max used in the calculations were taken from the appropriate C.I.P. data sheets.

External links

• Blaser R93 Unfälle - zur Verschlußbelastung
• Zylinderverschluß - Verschlußkräfte

Notes and References

1. http://www.riflebarrels.com/articles/custom_actions/bolt_lug_strength.htm A Look at Bolt Lug Strength By Dan Lilja
2. http://www.varmintal.net/abolt.htm Stolle Panda Bolt Stress and Deflection Analysis