Bola Tinubu Explained

Honorific Prefix:Chief
Bola Tinubu
Order:16th
Office:President of Nigeria
Vicepresident:Kashim Shettima
Term Start:29 May 2023
Predecessor:Muhammadu Buhari
Office1:Minister of Petroleum Resources
President1:Himself
Term Start1:21 August 2023
Predecessor1:Muhammadu Buhari
Order2:12th
Office2:Governor of Lagos State
Deputy2:Kofoworola Bucknor
Femi Pedro
Abiodun Ogunleye
Term Start2:29 May 1999
Term End2:29 May 2007
Predecessor2:Buba Marwa
Successor2:Babatunde Fashola
Office3:Member of the Nigerian Senate
for Lagos West
Term Start3:5 December 1992
Term End3:17 November 1993
Successor3:Wahab Dosunmu (1999)
Birth Name:Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu
Birth Date:29 March 1952
Birth Place:Lagos, British Nigeria
Party:
Relatives:Abibatu Mogaji (mother)
Wale Tinubu (nephew)
Children:6
Education:

Bola Ahmed Adekunle Tinubu (born 29 March 1952) is a Nigerian politician who is the 16th and current president of Nigeria.[1] He was the governor of Lagos State from 1999 to 2007, and senator for Lagos West in the Third Republic.

Tinubu spent his early life in southwestern Nigeria and later moved to the United States where he studied accounting at Chicago State University. He returned to Nigeria in the early 1990s and was employed by Mobil Nigeria as an accountant, before entering politics as a Lagos West senatorial candidate in 1992 under the banner of the Social Democratic Party. After the military head of state Sani Abacha dissolved the Senate in 1993, Tinubu became an activist campaigning for the return of democracy as a part of the National Democratic Coalition movement.

In the first post-transition Lagos State gubernatorial election, Tinubu won by a wide margin as a member of the Alliance for Democracy. Four years later, he won re-election to a second term. After leaving office in 2007, he played a key role in the formation of the All Progressives Congress in 2013. In 2023, he was elected president of Nigeria.

Background

Tinubu was born in Lagos into the merchant family of Abibatu Mogaji, the Ìyál'ọ́jà of Lagos. He is generally accepted in reliable sources to have been born in 1952;[2] this year of birth is sometimes disputed by political opponents, who argue that he is much older. Some reliable sources note that his age has not been verified.[3] [4]

Education

Tinubu attended St. John's Primary School, Aroloya, Lagos before proceeding to Children Home School in Ibadan.[5] He completed undergraduate studies in the United States, first at Richard J. Daley College in Chicago and then at Chicago State University. He graduated in 1979 with a Bachelor of Science degree in Accounting.[6]

Professional career

Tinubu worked as an accountant for the American companies Arthur Andersen, Deloitte and GTE Services Corporation.[7] [8] After returning to Nigeria in 1983, he joined Mobil Oil Nigeria, and later became a company executive.[9]

Early political career

Tinubu's political career began in 1991,[10] when he joined the Social Democratic Party.

Third Republic

See main article: Third Nigerian Republic. In 1992, he was elected to the Senate, representing the Lagos West constituency in the short-lived Nigerian Third Republic.[11]

After the results of the 12 June 1993 presidential elections were annulled, Tinubu became a founding member of the pro-democracy National Democratic Coalition, a group which mobilized support for the restoration of democracy and recognition of Moshood Abiola as winner of the 12 June election.

Exile and return

See main article: National Democratic Coalition (Nigeria) and Military dictatorship in Nigeria. Following the seizure of power as military head of state of General Sani Abacha,[12] he went into exile in 1994 and returned to the country in 1998 after the death of the military dictator, which ushered in the transition to the Fourth Nigerian Republic.[13]

In the run-up to the 1999 elections, Bola Tinubu was a protégé of Alliance for Democracy (AD) leaders Abraham Adesanya and Ayo Adebanjo.[14] He went on to win the AD primaries for the Lagos State governorship elections in defeating Funsho Williams and Wahab Dosunmu, a former Minister of Works and Housing.[15] In January 1999, he stood for the position of Governor of Lagos State on the AD ticket and was elected governor.[16]

Governor of Lagos State (1999–2007)

During his 8 years in government, Tinubu initiated new road construction, required to meet the needs of the fast-growing population of the state.[17]

Tinubu, alongside a new deputy governor, Femi Pedro, won re-election into office as governor in April 2003. All other states in the South West fell to the People's Democratic Party in those elections.[18] He was involved in a struggle with the Olusegun Obasanjo-controlled federal government over whether Lagos State had the right to create new Local Council Development Areas (LCDAs) to meet the needs of its large population. The controversy led to the federal government seizing funds meant for local councils in the state.[19] During the latter part of his term in office, he was engaged in continuous clashes with PDP powers such as Adeseye Ogunlewe, a former Lagos State senator who had become minister of works, and Bode George, the southwest chairman of the PDP.[20]

In 2006, Tinubu attempted to persuade the then-vice president of Nigeria Atiku Abubakar to become the head of his party, the Action Congress (AC). Abubakar who was a member of the People's Democratic Party (PDP), had recently fallen out with President Olusegun Obasanjo over Abubakar's ambition to succeed Obasanjo as president. Tinubu offered Abubakar the chance to switch parties and join the AC, offering him his party's presidential candidacy, with the condition that he, Tinubu, would be Atiku Abubakar's running mate. Atiku declined the proposition and, having switched to the AC, chose a running mate from the South East, Senator Ben Obi. Although Atiku ran for office on Tinubu's platform in the election, the PDP still won, in a landslide.[21]

Relations between Tinubu and deputy governor Femi Pedro became increasingly tense after Pedro declared his intention to run for the gubernatorial elections. Pedro competed to become the AC candidate for governor in the 2007 elections, but withdrew his name on the eve of the party nomination. He defected to the Labour Party while still keeping his position as deputy governor.[22] Tinubu's tenure as Lagos State Governor ended on 29 May 2007, when his successor Babatunde Fashola of the Action Congress took office.[23] [24]

Pre-presidency (2007–2023)

2007 general election

In 2009, following the landslide victory of the People's Democratic Party (PDP) in the April 2007 elections, Tinubu became involved in negotiations to bring together the fragmented opposition parties into a "mega-party" capable of challenging the then ruling PDP.[25] In March 2009, there were reports that a plot had been identified to assassinate Tinubu.[26] In February 2013, Tinubu was among several politicians who created a "mega opposition" party with the merger of Nigeria's three biggest opposition parties – the Action Congress of Nigeria (ACN), the Congress for Progressive Change (CPC), the All Nigeria Peoples Party (ANPP), a faction of the All Progressives Grand Alliance (APGA) and the new PDP (nPDP), a faction of the then ruling People's Democratic Party[27] – into the All Progressives Congress (APC).[28]

All Progressives Congress

In 2014, Tinubu supported former military head of state General Muhammadu Buhari, leader of the CPC faction of the APC – who commanded widespread following in Northern Nigeria, and had previously contested in the 2003, 2007 and 2011 presidential elections as the CPC presidential candidate.[29] Tinubu initially wanted to become Buhari's vice presidential candidate but later conceded for Yemi Osibanjo, his ally and former commissioner of justice.[30] In 2015, Buhari rode the APC to victory, ending the 16-year rule of the PDP, and marking the first time an incumbent Nigerian president lost to an opposition candidate.[31]

Tinubu went on to play an important role in the Buhari administration, supporting government policies and holding onto the internal party reins, in lieu of his long-held rumored presidential aspiration.[32] In 2019, he supported Buhari's re-election campaign defeating the PDP candidate Atiku Abubakar. In 2020, following an internal party crisis which led to the removal of Tinubu ally and party chairman Adams Oshiomole, it is believed the move was to scuttle Tinubu's presidential prospects ahead of 2023.[33]

2023 presidential election

On 10 January 2022, Tinubu made his formal announcement of candidacy for president.[34] [35] [36] On 8 June 2022, Tinubu won the party convention vote of the ruling APC, scoring 1,271, to defeat Vice President Yemi Osinbajo and Rotimi Amaechi who scored 235 and 316 respectively.[37]

On 1 March 2023, INEC declared Tinubu winner of the 2023 presidential election.[38] He was declared president-elect after he polled 8,794,726 votes to defeat his opponents.[39] His runner-up Atiku Abubakar of the opposition People's Democratic Party (PDP) polled 6,984,520 votes. Labour Party's Peter Obi had 6,101,533 votes to come third.[40]

Presidency (2023–present)

Tinubu constitutionally began his presidency on 29 May 2023. He was sworn in as President of Nigeria by the Chief Justice of Nigeria Olukayode Ariwoola at 10:41 AM (WAT) at an inauguration ceremony held in Eagle Square in Abuja.[41] His government having cleared the legal hurdles of the opposition following the March election is generally accepted unopposed and has international legitimacy.[42] Several heads of state and government attended the swearing-in ceremony.[43] Tinubu was conferred with the highest national honour of the Grand Commander of the Order of the Federal Republic by his predecessor Muhammadu Buhari, and Vice President Kashim Shettima with the second highest honour of the Grand Commander of the Order of the Niger on 25 May 2023.[44]

Tinubu in his inaugural address promulgated the removal of the government subsidy on fuel.[45] The statement in his inaugural address caused initial panic buying and an overnight increase in prices at fuel pump stations in Nigeria.[46] The national labour union NLC called for nationwide strike and protests over the increase in fuel price, which was later called off amidst ongoing negotiations with government representatives.[47] The government subsidy on fuel consumption has caused a haemorrhage on the Nigerian public purse for decades and the removal was lauded as a positive development by the World Bank for the Nigerian economy.[48]

On 29 May 2023, Tinubu ended the costly subsidy of fuel that had previously existed in Nigeria, bringing privatization to the petroleum industry of Nigeria. The subsidy had cost the Nigerian government $10 billion per year at the time it was finally ended by Tinubu.[49]

President Tinubu on the night of 9 June suspended Godwin Emefiele, the powerful governor of the central bank of Nigeria.[50] Emefiele's suspension was the second ever a head of the apex bank in its history was removed by a Nigerian president.[51] Emefiele was arrested by Nigerian secret police SSS in Lagos attempting to flee the country to Benin.[52] The suspension was viewed as a positive development.[53] [54] Emefiele as a conservative banker ascribed to the old school of propping up the Nigerian naira.[55] [54] [56] Emefiele was replaced by one of his more economical liberal deputies Folashodun Adebisi as acting governor of the Central Bank of Nigeria in a statement by the presidency "sequel to the ongoing investigation of his office and the planned reforms in the financial sector of the economy".[56] The suspension and subsequent arrest of Emefiele by secret police on charges of terrorism financing is seen as not far removed from his ideological leanings and politicising of the apex bank with his initiatives in office such as arbitrage under the Buhari administration and a currency redesign of the Nigerian naira.[57] However, some observers have noted the role of politics in Emefiele's suspension amid a clandestine raise in government debt borrowing ceiling from 5% to 15% through ways and means on the eve of the inauguration of President Tinubu.[58]

On the back of his suspension, the apex bank five days later on 14 June removed all foreign exchange trading restrictions and allowed the national currency to fall to its lowest ever on the market.[59] The move, though not unprecedented, signalled what was expected after the suspension.[60] Tinubu's financial reforms has been seen as surpassing the 1986 SAP regime in a bid to drastically overhaul the Nigerian economy and government finances since the return of democracy two decades prior.[61] [62] On 15 June, President Tinubu inaugurated the national economic council chaired by Vice President Shettima.[63] The Council is mandated to advise the President on economic affairs and is composed of the governor of the central bank and all state governors of the federation.[64] Tinubu's close associate investment banker Wale Edun is the monetary policy czar.[65]

President Tinubu appointed on 3 June Senator George Akume as the Secretary to the Government of the Federation and Femi Gbajabiamila as Chief of Staff to the President.[66] Tinubu suspended the EFCC chairman Abdulrasheed Bawa on 9 June and Nigerian secret police arrested him for abuse of office on the same day following a standoff between SSS agents and the EFCC in Lagos.[67] [68] His suspension like Emefiele's involved a lot of intrigues as Bawa had previously placed Tinubu under investigation.[69] Bawa was replaced with Abdulkarim Chukkol as acting chairman of the EFCC.[70]

President Tinubu on 19 June proclaimed Mallam Nuhu Ribadu as the National Security Adviser.[71] The appointment of Nuhu Ribadu, a former police officer, was viewed as a radical turn from the military establishment which has long dominated the state security apparatus of Nigeria.[72] President Tinubu purged the leadership of the entire armed and paramilitary forces on 19 June retiring in the process over one hundred and fifty major generals.[73] [74] The direction of state security under Tinubu is expected to be led by civilian control of the military under the Office of the National Security Adviser, a statutory constitutional body established in 1993.[75]

Tinubu embarked on his first foreign visit as Nigerian president to Paris on 21 June to attend a global financial summit held at Palais Boignart from 22 to 24 June.[76] He left Paris for London on a "private visit" where he met with his predecessor Muhammadu Buhari.[77] Tinubu despite drastic changes in fiscal and monetary policies had yet to constitute his cabinet.[78] He has made calls for a coalition government in order to bring opposition leaders under him.[79] A constitutional amendment passed by his predecessor made provisions for the President to appoint Ministers within the first sixty days in office. Tinubu dissolved the boards of all ministries, departments and agencies of Nigeria on 19 June.[80] Having spent one month in office and with the conclusion of parliamentary leadership elections Tinubu is constrained by law to send ministerial nominations to the Senate for hearing before July 29.[81]

In August 2023, he advocated for military intervention into Niger during the 2023 Nigerien crisis.[82] This was criticised by the opposition.[83]

On 16 February 2024, Tinubu appointed Oyetunde Oladimeji Ojo, who is married to his daughter Folashade Tinubu, as head of the Federal Housing Authority, producing criticism for its alleged nepotism.[84]

On 29 May 2024, Tinubu signed into law an act readopting Nigeria, We Hail Thee, which was the country's national anthem from 1960 to 1978, as its national anthem, replacing Arise, O Compatriots.[85]

Ideology and public image

Tinubu has throughout his political career espoused a comprehensive political and economic platform. Tinubu's ideal of progressivism include the values of egalitarianism, social justice, liberty, and the recognition of fundamental rights. He views the state as a positive advocate for the public welfare and its intervention in Nigerian society as necessary to ensure equality, justice, and social harmony.[86] This ideal is not so far removed from his activism of democracy during the military dictatorship in Nigeria.[87]

Economic views

His presidency and economic policies, which are known as Tinubunomics,[88] are expected to be a politico-ideological departure from Buharism, albeit most international economists are yet to ascertain the nature of this departure in economic terms; reforms in his first month in office have shown a departure from the previous administration.[89] [90] The World Bank and IMF have pointed out the need for the incoming government to establish macro-structural adjustments on the scale of the late 1980s reform to re-herald the Nigerian economy amidst a global slowdown.[91] Tinubunomics has been outlined in a book he co-authored with Brian Browne, an American consul general in Lagos.[92] [93]

The Lion of Bourdillon

See main article: The Lion of Bourdillon. Tinubu has been widely perceived as the "Godfather of Lagos".[94] His role in pulling the strings of the mega city-state was exposed in The Lion of Bourdillon, a 2015 documentary film highlighting Tinubu's political and financial grip on the city-state. Tinubu filed a ₦150 billion libel suit against the producers, Africa Independent Television (AIT).[95] The documentary ceased airing on 6 March 2015. He has attempted to strongarm the political process, including in December 2009, when it was reported that Fashola and Tinubu had fallen out over the issue of Fashola's re-election as Governor of Lagos in 2011, with Tinubu preferring the commissioner for environment, Muiz Banire.[96] A similar conflict took place in 2015 over Fashola's successor, Akinwunmi Ambode, pitting Fashola against Tinubu, who threw his full weight behind Ambode.[97] Ambode succeeded Fashola, was ousted by Tinubu and replaced by incumbent Babajide Sanwo-Olu.[98] [99]

Allegations of corruption

In 1993, his assets were frozen by the United States government as a result of a court case asserting that the American government had "probable cause" to believe Tinubu's American bank accounts held the proceeds of heroin dealing. He settled with the U.S. government and forfeited about $460,000 later that year. Court documents and later reporting on the case suggested he worked in league with two Chicago heroin dealers.[100] [101] [102]

In April 2007, after the general elections, but before the governor-elect Babatunde Fashola had taken office, the Federal Government brought Tinubu before the Code of Conduct Bureau for trial over the alleged illegal operation of 16 separate foreign accounts.[103]

In January 2009, the Economic and Financial Crimes Commission cleared Tinubu and governors James Ibori of Delta State and Obong Victor Attah of Akwa Ibom State of charges of conspiracy, money laundering, abuse of office and official corruption in relation to a sale of Vmobile network shares in 2004.[104] In September 2009, there were reports that the British Metropolitan Police were investigating a transaction in which the Lagos State government made an investment in Econet (now Airtel). Tinubu said the transaction was straightforward and profitable to the state, with no intermediaries involved.[105] The Federal Government rejected a request by Britain to release evidence needed for further investigation and prosecution of the three Nigerian ex-governors in a London court.[106]

During the 2019 election, a bullion van was seen entering Tinubu's residence on Bourdillion Road in Ikoyi, which caused him to later exclaim: "I keep money anywhere I want."[107]

Personal life

Tinubu married Oluremi Tinubu, who is a former senator representing the Lagos Central senatorial district, in 1987. They have three children, Zainab Abisola Tinubu, Habibat Tinubu and Olayinka Tinubu.[108] [109] He fathered three children from previous relationships, Kazeem Olajide Tinubu (12 October 1974 – 31 October 2017), Folashade Tinubu (born 17 June 1976) and Oluwaseyi Tinubu (born 13 October 1985).[110] [111]

Tinubu's mother, Abibatu Mogaji, died on 15 June 2013 at the age of 96.[112] On 31 October 2017, his son, Jide Tinubu, died in London.[113]

Tinubu is a Muslim.[114]

Honours and decorations

National honours

Traditional titles

Tinubu holds two traditional chieftaincies; he is the "Asiwaju" of Lagos and the "Jagaba" of the Borgu Emirate in Niger State.

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Majeed . Bakare . 2023-05-29 . PROFILE: Bola Tinubu: The Kingmaker becomes Nigeria's President, 16th Leader . 2023-05-29 . Premium Times Nigeria . en-GB.
  2. News: 'Godfather of Lagos' is the man to beat in pivotal Nigerian election . The Guardian . 24 February 2023 . Burke . Jason .
  3. News: Nigerian presidential candidate 'proves he's fit for office' — on exercise bike . Lagos . Richard Assheton .
  4. Web site: Amaechi . Ikechukwu . Tinubu and the certificate scandal that refuses to die . . 8 July 2022 . 7 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220707230143/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2022/06/tinubu-and-the-certificate-scandal-that-refuses-to-die/ . live .
  5. Web site: Bola Tinubu Biography: Life Story and Age Accomplishments of Asiwaju . 2023-05-29 . buzznigeria.com. 27 July 2022 .
  6. Web site: Ufuoma . Vincent . Chicago University replies ICIR on Tinubu's controversial certificate . International Centre for Investigative Reporting . 27 June 2022 . 8 July 2022 . 8 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220708190307/https://www.icirnigeria.org/chicago-university-replies-icir-on-tinubus-controversial-certificate/ . live .
  7. Web site: My Profile . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20110723020125/http://www.asiwajubolatinubu.net/about/index.html . 23 July 2011 . 24 December 2009 . Asiwaju Bola Tinubu.
  8. News: How I made my first million dollars in America - Bola Tinubu reveals . 8 July 2023 . GhanaWeb . 1 July 2022 . en.
  9. Web site: Barnaby Phillips . 20 February 1999 . Lagos hopes for change . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20100109062035/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/281895.stm . 9 January 2010 . 24 December 2009 . BBC News.
  10. Web site: 26 January 2022 . Tinubu's house of war . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220224032420/https://www.thecable.ng/tinubus-house-of-war . 24 February 2022 . 24 February 2022 . TheCable . en-US.
  11. Web site: YORUBA LEADERSHIP: THE CAP AND THE SHOES FIT ASIWAJU BOLA TINUBU . NigeriaWorld . 4 May 2008 . 24 December 2009 . 27 September 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110927173345/http://nigeriaworld.com/feature/publication/ajiboye/050408.html . live .
  12. Web site: Src='https://Secure.gravatar.com/Avatar/2f814fac0a4bd523dbd04aa81d62e8ba?s=32 . <i .
    1. 038;d=mm
    . Srcset='https://Secure.gravatar.com/Avatar/2f814fac0a4bd523dbd04aa81d62e8ba?s=64 .
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    .
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    . says .
    1. 038;r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-32 photo' height='32' width='32' loading='lazy'/> Olagunju B. B.
    . 2021-10-17 . Most Comprehensive Tinubu interview about his early life, struggles abroad, against military, governorship, others - . 2023-05-30 . The NEWS.
  13. Web site: They labelled me military mole in NADECO for nothing – Bucknor Akerele . 10 October 2009 . Jide Ajani . Vanguard . 24 December 2009 . 27 December 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20091227232859/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/10/10/they-labelled-me-military-mole-in-nadeco-for-nothing-%E2%80%94-bucknor-akerele/ . live .
  14. Web site: Acceptable face of godfatherism? . Duro Onabule . 14 March 2008. Daily Sun . 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100226165315/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/columnists/onabule/today-14-mar-2008.htm . 26 February 2010.
  15. Web site: Why the military toppled Shagari . DURO ADESEKO . 20 December 2008. Daily Sun . 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090201171918/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/news/national/2008/dec/20/national-20-12-2008-02.htm . 1 February 2009.
  16. Web site: PDP's insatiable thirst . Olusola Balogun . 25 October 2009. Daily Sun . 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20101128145704/http://sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/oct/25/powergame-25-10-2009-001.html . 28 November 2010.
  17. Web site: New road opens up Ijegun community . FEMI BABAFEMI . 29 June 2005. 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20061231191044/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/citysun/2005/june/29/citysun-29-06-2005-002.htm . 31 December 2006.
  18. Web site: One-party state: Who will stop PDP? . Olusola Balogun . 6 September 2009. Daily Sun . 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20100106165431/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/sept/06/powergame-06-09-2009-001.htm . 6 January 2010.
  19. Web site: Tinubu and His Lifelong Ambition – THISDAYLIVE . 2023-05-18 . www.thisdaylive.com.
  20. Web site: Pains, anguish of Ogunlewe/George Army on Lagos roads . 17 June 2004 . Tolu Olarewaju . Daily Independent . 13 November 2009 . 8 November 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111108234408/http://news.biafranigeriaworld.com/archive/2004/jun/17/148.html . live .
  21. Web site: 16 March 2022 . Why I didn't pick Tinubu as running mate in 2007, by Atiku . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301144836/https://guardian.ng/politics/why-i-didnt-pick-tinubu-as-running-mate-in-2007-by-atiku/ . 1 March 2023 . 5 March 2023 . The Guardian.
  22. Web site: Ugwu, Madueke, others face hurdle . CHRISTIAN ITA, DENNIS MERNYI . 8 July 2007. 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20071016192754/http://sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2007/july/08/powergame-08-07-2007-001.htm . 16 October 2007.
  23. Web site: 2011: South West politicians to watch . OLUSOLA BALOGUN . 14 June 2009. Daily Sun . 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090622150053/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/powergame/2009/june/14/powergame-14-06-2009-001.htm . 22 June 2009.
  24. Web site: The making of Lagos AC . RAZAQ BAMIDELE . 13 October 2006. Daily Sun . 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20070504125648/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2006/oct/13/politics-13-10-2006-001.htm . 4 May 2007.
  25. Web site: Mega party, mega confusion . GOBERT EMERSON Jr., TAIWO AMODU and DURO ADESEKO . 11 April 2009. Daily Sun . 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090415134235/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2009/apr/11/politics-11-04-2009-001.htm . 15 April 2009.
  26. Web site: REMI ADEFULU . 30 March 2009 . Tinubu: AD wades into alleged threat to life . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090603005324/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/politics/2009/mar/30/politics-30-03-2009-002.htm . 3 June 2009 . 24 December 2009 . Daily Sun.
  27. Web site: 26 November 2013. Amaechi, 4 other PDP govs, nPDP join APC. 5 July 2020. Vanguard News. en-US. 5 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705031536/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2013/11/amaechi-4-other-pdp-govs-npdp-join-apc/. live.
  28. Web site: 7 February 2013. Update: ACN, ANPP, APGA, CPC merge into new party, APC – Premium Times Nigeria. 5 July 2020. en-GB. 3 December 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211203111459/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/119162-update-acn-anpp-apga-cpc-merge-into-new-party-apc.html. live.
  29. Web site: 11 December 2014. Buhari wins APC presidential primaries. 5 July 2020. Vanguard News. en-US. 5 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705051326/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2014/12/buhari-wins-apc-presidential-primaries/. live.
  30. Web site: 17 December 2014. Buhari formally presents Osinbajo as APC presidential running mate Premium Times Nigeria. 5 July 2020. en-GB. 5 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705122742/https://www.premiumtimesng.com/news/headlines/173435-breaking-buhari-formally-presents-osibanjo-apc-presidential-running-mate.html. live.
  31. Web site: Muhammadu Buhari's Presidential Victory in Nigeria. 5 July 2020. Council on Foreign Relations. en. 4 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200704235101/https://www.cfr.org/blog/muhammadu-buharis-presidential-victory-nigeria. live.
  32. Web site: Tinubu meets Buhari in Aso Rock, speaks on 2023 presidential ambition. 5 July 2020. www.msn.com. 6 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200706134600/https://www.msn.com/en-xl/africa/nigeria/tinubu-meets-buhari-in-aso-rock-speaks-on-2023-presidential-ambition/ar-BBYHhXG. live.
  33. Web site: 24 June 2020. EXCLUSIVE: APC Leader, Bola Tinubu's Presidential Ambition Crumbles, Unable To Visit Aso Villa As President Buhari Recognises Victor Giadom As Party's Acting National Chairman. 5 July 2020. Sahara Reporters. 5 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705051326/http://saharareporters.com/2020/06/24/exclusive-apc-leader-bola-tinubus-presidential-ambition-crumbles-unable-visit-aso-villa. live.
  34. News: Atoyebi . Olufemi . 16 January 2022 . Tinubu: Why I believe I'll win presidency in 2023 . thecable.ng . news . live . 14 February 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220214235012/https://www.thecable.ng/tinubu-why-i-believe-ill-win-presidency-in-2023 . 14 February 2022.
  35. Web site: 28 January 2022 . BREAKING: Barely Three Weeks After Declaring Interest In 2023 Presidency, Tinubu Travels Out for Medicals . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20220213235420/http://saharareporters.com/2022/01/28/breaking-barely-three-weeks-after-declaring-interest-2023-presidency-tinubu-travels-out . 13 February 2022 . 14 February 2022 . Sahara Reporters.
  36. News: Saawua . Terzungwe . 15 May 2022 . 2023 Presidency: Why APC Should Compensate Tinubu – Badara . dailytrust.com . live . 15 May 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220515054705/https://dailytrust.com/2023-presidency-why-apc-should-compensate-tinubu-badara . 15 May 2022.
  37. News: Essein . Hillary . 8 June 2022 . BREAKING: Bola Tinubu, Jagaban of Borgu, clinches APC presidential ticket . Peoples Gazette . live . 8 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230306182753/https://gazettengr.com/bola-tinubu-jagaban-of-borgu-clinches-apc-presidential-ticket/ . 6 March 2023.
  38. Web site: March 2023 . BREAKING: INEC declares Tinubu winner of presidential election . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301055215/https://punchng.com/breaking-inec-declares-tinubu-winner-of-presidential-election/ . 1 March 2023 . 1 March 2023.
  39. Web site: March 2023 . BREAKING: I'll be your servant, Tinubu promises Nigerians . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301055125/https://punchng.com/breaking-ill-be-your-servant-tinubu-promises-nigerians/ . 1 March 2023 . 1 March 2023.
  40. Web site: March 2023 . INEC declares Bola Tinubu winner of 2023 presidential election . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301180628/https://guardian.ng/news/inec-declares-bola-tinubu-winner-of-2023-presidential-election/ . 1 March 2023 . 1 March 2023.
  41. Web site: Alabi . Tope . 2023-05-19 . FULL LIST: FG releases timetable for Tinubu, Shettima swearing-in . 2023-05-29 . Punch Newspapers . en-US.
  42. Web site: 2023-05-22 . President Biden Announces Presidential Delegation to the Federal Republic of Nigeria to Attend the Inauguration of His Excellency Bola Ahmed Tinubu . 2023-05-29 . The White House . en-US.
  43. Web site: World leaders, others attend Tinubu's inauguration today - Daily Trust . 2023-05-29 . dailytrust.com. 29 May 2023 .
  44. Web site: Odeniyi . Solomon . 2023-05-25 . Tinubu, Shettima get GCFR, GCON titles . 2023-05-29 . Punch Newspapers . en-US.
  45. Web site: Majeed . Bakare . 2023-05-29 . Fuel Subsidy is gone — Tinubu declares . 2023-07-04 . Premium Times Nigeria . en-GB.
  46. Web site: Erezi . Dennis . 2023-05-31 . Nigeria's petrol subsidy removal takes effect as fuel price jumps over N500 . 2023-07-04 . The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News . en-US.
  47. News: Onuah . Felix . Eboh . Camillus . 2023-06-05 . Nigeria's main union to suspend strike over petrol subsidy . en . Reuters . 2023-07-04.
  48. Web site: 2023-06-27 . World Bank affirms that Tinubu's economic reforms could save Nigeria N3.9 trillion ($5.10 billion) this year . 2023-07-04 . Business Insider Africa . en.
  49. Web site: Nigerian petrol prices reach record high after subsidy removal . 2023-07-31 . www.aljazeera.com . en.
  50. Web site: Adegboyega . Ayodeji . 2023-06-09 . UPDATED: Tinubu suspends Emefiele as CBN Governor . 2023-07-04 . Premium Times Nigeria . en-GB.
  51. Web site: Daniels . Ajiri . 2023-06-10 . What the Law says about removal of CBN Governor . 2023-07-04 . The Sun Nigeria . en.
  52. News: Dzirutwe . Macdonald . 2023-06-10 . Nigeria's security agency detains suspended central bank governor . en . Reuters . 2023-07-04.
  53. News: 2023-06-12 . UPDATE 2-Nigeria Eurobonds rise after central bank governor suspended . en . Reuters . 2023-07-04.
  54. Web site: 2015-12-06 . A (not so) brief history of the fall and fall of the Nigerian naira . 2023-07-04 . Quartz . en.
  55. Web site: Olowogboyega . Olumuyiwa . 2023-06-09 . President Tinubu's suspension of CBN Governor Godwin Emefiele raises legal questions . 2023-07-04 . TechCabal . en-US.
  56. News: Adeoye . Aanu . 2023-06-10 . Nigeria's new president suspends central bank governor . Financial Times . 2023-07-04.
  57. Web site: 2023-06-12 . From terrorism allegations to arrest — a timeline of DSS/Emefiele face-off . 2023-07-04 . TheCable . en-US.
  58. Web site: 2023-05-30 . Nigerian parliament lifts central bank financing limit . 2023-07-04 . Central Banking . en.
  59. News: Ohuocha . Chijioke . Bala-Gbogbo . Elisha . 2023-06-14 . Nigeria allows naira to drop more than 36% on official market . en . Reuters . 2023-07-04.
  60. News: 2023-06-12 . Investors Eye Nigeria Devaluation as Central Bank Chief Ejected . en . Bloomberg.com . 2023-07-04.
  61. Web site: 2023-06-21 . The return of SAP . 2023-07-04 . TheCable . en-US.
  62. Web site: Mustapha . Ibrahim . 2023-07-03 . Tinubu's romance with World Bank's policies - Blueprint Newspapers . 2023-07-04 . en-US.
  63. Web site: 2023-06-16 . Tinubu inaugurates NEC, meets Sanusi, Abdulsalami . 2023-07-04 . The Guardian Nigeria . en-US.
  64. Web site: NEC Sets up AD-HOC Committee on Salaries/Wages, VP Shettima Urges Council Members to Build a Global, Diversified Economy – The Statehouse, Abuja . 2023-07-04 . en-US.
  65. News: 2023-06-23 . Why Wale Edun's new job is puzzling . 2023-07-04 . . en-US.
  66. Web site: Erezi . Dennis . 2023-06-02 . Tinubu appoints Gbajabiamila as chief of staff, Akume is SGF . 2023-07-04 . The Guardian Nigeria News - Nigeria and World News . en-US.
  67. Web site: DSS' SIEGE ON OUR LAGOS OFFICE SHOCKING - EFCC . EFCC.
  68. Web site: 2023-06-15 . Suspended EFCC chair, Abdulrasheed Bawa, detained . 2023-07-04 . Premium Times Nigeria . en-GB.
  69. Web site: Opejobi . Seun . 2021-06-21 . Tinubu is under investigation - EFCC Chairman, Bawa . 2023-07-04 . Daily Post Nigeria . en-US.
  70. Web site: Economic and Financial Crimes Commission - Abdulkarim Chukkol, Acting Chairman, EFCC. /www.efcc.gov.ng. 26 July 2023.
  71. Web site: 2023-06-19 . Nuhu Ribadu: Profile of new National Security Adviser . 2023-07-04 . Premium Times Nigeria . en-GB.
  72. Web site: 2023-06-20 . Ribadu: Nigeria's first National Security Adviser from non-military background since 1999 . 2023-07-04 . Peoples Gazette . en-US.
  73. Web site: 2023-06-19 . Tinubu sacks military chiefs, IGP, Customs boss, names replacements with Ribadu as NSA . 2023-07-04 . Premium Times Nigeria . en-GB.
  74. Web site: 2023-06-19 . Tinubu fires all Service Chiefs, upgrades Ribadu to NSA . 2023-07-04 . Daily Trust . en-GB.
  75. Web site: 2023-05-24 . The question of a non-military NSA, By Abdulrahman Usman Leme . 2023-07-04 . Premium Times Nigeria . en-GB.
  76. Web site: 2023-06-26 . The Paris visit and President Tinubu's new allies . 2023-07-04 . Daily Trust . en-GB.
  77. Web site: 2023-06-27 . Buhari, Tinubu meet in London . 2023-07-04 . Daily Trust . en-GB.
  78. Web site: 2023-05-12 . NIGERIA: The members-in-waiting of Bola Tinubu's kitchen cabinet . 2023-07-04 . Africa Intelligence . en.
  79. Web site: 2023-06-05 . Tinubu's Plan to Include Opposition Parties in Government Splits Labour Party . 2023-07-04 . Arise News . en-US.
  80. Web site: 2023-06-19 . Tinubu dissolves boards of all MDAs . 2023-07-04 . Daily Trust . en-GB.
  81. Web site: 2023-07-03 . Anxiety mounts as Nigerians await Tinubu's ministerial list . 2023-07-04 . The Guardian Nigeria . en-US.
  82. News: 2023-08-07 . Nigeria's President Tinubu faces backlash over military intervention in Niger . en-GB . BBC News . 2023-08-17.
  83. News: Adeoye . Aanu . 2023-08-10 . Nigerian threats to Niger junta undone by fierce domestic opposition . Financial Times . 2023-08-17.
  84. News: 2024-02-16 . Nigeria's President Tinubu picks son-in-law Oyetunde Oladimeji Ojo to run housing agency . Africanews . 2024-02-17.
  85. News: 29 May 2024 . Outrage as Nigeria changes national anthem . 29 May 2024 . BBC . en-UK.
  86. Our Vision for a New Nigeria . All Progressives Congress.
  87. Web site: 2017-05-22 . Tinubu Warns Against Military Coup . 2023-05-29 . The ICIR . en-GB.
  88. Web site: 2023-06-27 . A Comparative Analysis Of Tinubunomics Reforms And IMF Conditionalities For Loan (1) – Independent Newspaper Nigeria . 2023-07-04 . en-GB.
  89. News: Steinhauser . Gabriele . 2023-03-03 . Nigeria's New Leader Faces Challenges on Economy and Credibility . en-US . Wall Street Journal . 2023-05-29 . 0099-9660.
  90. Web site: Aminu Abubakar . Camille Malplat . Huge Security Challenges Await Nigeria's New President . 2023-05-29 . www.barrons.com . en-US.
  91. Web site: 2023-05-27 . The IMF has identified areas of focus for Nigeria's incoming president . 2023-05-29 . Business Insider Africa . en.
  92. Web site: Nigeria – US: Meet Brian Browne, the American who could shape Tinubu's administration . 2023-07-04 . The Africa Report.com . en.
  93. News: Financialism : Water from an empty well (1) . April 24, 2013. The Nation.
  94. Web site: Tinubu: The Flawed Progressive . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200705122541/https://www.thisdaylive.com/index.php/0201/03/05/tinubu-the-flawed-progressive/ . 5 July 2020 . 5 July 2020 . THISDAYLIVE . en-US.
  95. Web site: 11 August 2015 . Lion of Bourdillon: AIT fights back . https://web.archive.org/web/20150811063641/http://sunnewsonline.com/new/lion-of-bourdillon-ait-fights-back/ . 11 August 2015 . 5 July 2020.
  96. Web site: 9 December 2009 . Fashola, Tinubu Split Over 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155119/http://allafrica.com/stories/200912090010.html . 4 June 2011 . 24 December 2009 . Daily Champion.
  97. Web site: 28 August 2015 . Nigeria's poster boy for good governance caught up in corruption allegations . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809113330/https://africanarguments.org/2015/08/28/nigerias-poster-boy-for-good-governance-caught-up-in-corruption-allegations/ . 9 August 2020 . 5 July 2020 . African Arguments . en-GB.
  98. Web site: Ambode vs. Tinubu . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200705102333/https://www.proshareng.com/news/Politics/Ambode-vs.-Tinubu/42036 . 5 July 2020 . 5 July 2020 . Ambode vs. Tinubu . en.
  99. Web site: 29 August 2019 . Former Lagos governor Ambode feels the wrath of the kingmaker . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200705045420/https://www.theafricareport.com/16687/ambode-feels-the-wrath-of-the-kingmaker/ . 5 July 2020 . 5 July 2020 . The Africa Report.com . en-US.
  100. News: Clowes . William . 22 June 2022 . Graft Allegations Dog Nigeria's Main Presidential Hopefuls . . live . 23 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220625091519/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2022-06-22/presidential-hopefuls-in-nigeria-can-t-shake-graft-allegations . 25 June 2022.
  101. News: Orjinmo . Nduka . 8 June 2022 . Bola Tinubu - the 'godfather' who is Nigeria's president-elect . BBC News . 29 March 2023.
  102. Web site: How U.S Federal Agents }} Linked Bola Tinubu to drug Trafficking Ring in Chicago Sahara Reporters ]. 2023-05-30 . saharareporters.com.
  103. Web site: Ise-Oluwa Ige . 25 April 2007 . FG Drags Tinubu to Conduct Tribunal . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20121012185416/http://allafrica.com/stories/200704250041.html . 12 October 2012 . 24 December 2009 . Vanguard.
  104. Web site: Vmobile Sale – Ibori, Tinubu, Attah Cleared of Money Laundering . Atika Balal . 11 September 2009 . Daily Trust . 24 December 2009 . 4 June 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20110604155100/http://allafrica.com/stories/200909110535.html . live .
  105. Web site: $38bn Vmobile scam: Metropolitan police lied – Tinubu . The Sun Publishing . 16 September 2009. 24 December 2009. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20090922191105/http://www.sunnewsonline.com/webpages/features/newsonthehour/2009/sept/16/newsbreak-16-09-2009-001.htm . 22 September 2009.
  106. Web site: FG, UK at loggerheads over Tinubu, Ibori, Attah . 10 September 2009 . Ise-Oluwa Ige . Vanguard . 24 December 2009 . 15 September 2009 . https://web.archive.org/web/20090915181206/http://www.vanguardngr.com/2009/09/10/fg-uk-at-loggerheads-over-tinubu-ibori-attah/comment-page-15/ . live .
  107. Web site: Bullion vans: I can keep money anywhere I want, says Tinubu. 5 July 2020. Punch Newspapers. 23 February 2019. en-US. 5 July 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200705045057/https://punchng.com/bullion-vans-i-can-keep-money-anywhere-i-want-says-tinubu/. live.
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  109. Web site: Who Are Bola Tinubu's Children and What Do They Do For A Living? . Answers Africa . 15 October 2021 . 5 March 2023 . 30 November 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20221130174047/https://answersafrica.com/who-are-bola-tinubus-children-and-what-do-they-do-for-a-living.html . live .
  110. Web site: Ekowa . Stephanie . Meet Bola Tinubu's Six Children . Buzz Nigeria . 17 March 2022 . 5 March 2023 . 1 March 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230301182603/https://buzznigeria.com/meet-bola-tinubus-six-children/ . live .
  111. Web site: Madu . Golden . Full details of Bola Tinubu's marriage, wife and children . DNB Africa . 25 May 2022 . 5 March 2023 . 22 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220722135656/https://dnbstories.com/2022/05/full-details-of-bola-tinubus-marriage-wife-children.html . live .
  112. Web site: Tinubu's mother, Abibatu Mogaji, dies at 96 . 20 February 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150222095659/http://www.punchng.com/news/tinubus-mother-abibatu-mogaji-dies-at-96/ . 22 February 2015 .
  113. News: My son, Jide died of cardiac arrest – Bola Tinubu – Vanguard News. Vanguard News. 3 November 2017. 2 February 2018. 2 February 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180202190712/https://www.vanguardngr.com/2017/11/son-died-cardiac-arrest-bola-tinubu/. live.
  114. News: 20 July 2017. Would-be successors to the ailing Nigerian president are circling. The Economist. 21 July 2017. 21 July 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170721180221/https://www.economist.com/news/middle-east-and-africa/21725289-muhammadu-buhari-has-been-absent-london-clinic-months-would-be-successors. live.

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