| Pico Bolívar | |
| Elevation M: | 4978 |
| Prominence M: | 3957 |
| Prominence Ref: | [1] Ranked 25th |
| Map: | Venezuela |
| Label Position: | right |
| Listing: | Country high point Ultra |
| Location: | Mérida, Mérida, Venezuela |
| Range: | Sierra Nevada, Andes |
| Coordinates: | 8.5417°N -71.0458°W |
| First Ascent: | 1935 by Enrique Bourgoin, H. Márquez Molina and Domingo Peña |
Pico Bolívar is the highest mountain in Venezuela, at 4,978 metres (16,332 ft).[2] Located in Mérida State. It can be reached only by walking; the Mérida cable car, which was the highest and longest cable car in the world when it was built, only reaches Pico Espejo. From there it is possible to climb to Pico Bolívar. The peak is named after the Venezuelan independence hero Simón Bolívar.
The Pico Bolívar is located on the mountain previously called La Columna, next to El León (4,743 m) and El Toro (4,695 m). The new name was suggested by Tulio Febres Cordero in 1925. It was officially renamed on December 30, 1934.
The height of this prominent Andean peak has been estimated and calculated various times during history. In 1912, one triangular measurement pointed at . In 1928 came another calculation at, which stood as official height for a long time.[2]
During the 1990s, the scientists Heinz Saler and Carlos Abad calculated the height, based upon GPS observations to be .[3] New GPS measurements were made in 2002, which stated a height of 4,978.4 ±0.4 metres. These more correct findings were published in 2005.[2]
The final measurement was made by José Napoleon Hernández from IGVSB; Diego Deiros and Carlos Rodriguez from USB and two guides from Inparques. GPS measurements designed for geodetic network consists of the vertices Pico Bolívar, El Toro, Piedras Blancas, and Mucuñuque Observatory, the latter belonging to the Venezuelan Red Geocentric REGVEN. Measurements were temporally equally long and continuous to ensure a greater volume of data over time to make more consistent and reliable information, five (5) GPS dual frequency receivers were used.[4]
During the Merida glaciation in the Pleistocene epoch, the glaciated area had a maximum extent of 600 km2 and covered mountains with a height of at least 3000m (10,000feet). At the end of the glaciation, the area covered by the glaciers progressively shrank, and before the start of the Little Ice Age they had possibly all disappeared.
It is estimated that in 1910 the area covered by glaciers was around 10km2, divided in two large areas, one embracing Picos Bolívar, Espejo and Concha and the other embracing Picos Humboldt and Bonpland. Possibly a small glaciated area covered the northwest side of Pico El Toro.[5]
Aerial pictures taken in 1952 show the glaciated area had already shrunk to 0.9km2 for the Picos Bolívar, Espejo and Concha and to 2km2 for the Picos Humboldt and Bonpland.
In 2003 almost all the glaciers of the area had disappeared, with the exception of a two small glaciated areas (7.48ha on Pico Bolívar and 35.81ha on Pico Humboldt). By 2012, the glaciers on Pico Bolivar had disappeared, and by May 2024, the glaciers on Pico Humboldt disappeared as well, making Venezuela one of the first countries to lose all its glaciers.[6]