| Bilen | |
| Nativename: | Blin; Bilin: ብሊን (Blin) |
| States: | Eritrea |
| Region: | Anseba, Keren |
| Ethnicity: | Bilen |
| Date: | 2022 |
| Ref: | e27 |
| Dia1: | Senhit |
| Dia2: | T’aqwur |
| Familycolor: | Afro-Asiatic |
| Fam2: | Cushitic |
| Fam3: | Central |
| Fam4: | Northern |
| Iso2: | byn |
| Iso3: | byn |
| Script: | Geʽez Latin |
| Notice: | IPA |
| Glotto: | bili1260 |
| Glottorefname: | Bilin |
| Map: | Localisation des langues érythréennes.png |
| Mapcaption: | Linguistic map of Eritrea; Bilen is spoken in the dark blue region |
The Bilen language (Blin; Bilin: ብሊና Blin; Bilin: b(ɨ)lina or Blin; Bilin: ብሊን Blin; Bilin: b(ɨ)lin) is spoken by the Bilen people in and around the city of Keren in Eritrea. It is the only Agaw (Central Cushitic) language spoken in Eritrea. It is spoken by about 72,000 people.
"Blin" is the English spelling preferred by native speakers, but Bilin and Bilen are also commonly used. Bilin is the reference name arbitrarily used in the current initial English editions of ISO 639-3, but Blin is also listed as an equivalent name without preference. In the English list of ISO 639-2, Blin is listed in first position in both English and French lists, when Bilin is listed as an alternate name in the English list, and Bilen is the alternate name in the French list. The Ethnologue report lists Bilen as the preferred name, but also Bogo, Bogos, Bilayn, Bilin, Balen, Beleni, Belen, Bilein, Bileno, North Agaw as alternative names.
It is not clear if Bilen has tone. It may have pitch accent (Fallon 2004) as prominent syllables always have a high tone, but not all words have such a syllable.
| High | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mid | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| Low | pronounced as /link/ |
Note: pronounced as //tʃ// is found in loans, and the status of pronounced as //ʔ// as a phoneme is uncertain.
/r/ is typically realised as a tap when it is medial and a trill when it is in final position.
| Labial | Alveolar | Palato- (alveolar) | Velar | Pharyn- geal | Glottal | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plain | labialized | ||||||||
| Plosive / Affricate | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | (pronounced as /link/) | |||
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||
| ejective | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Nasal | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||
| Fricative | voiceless | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |
| voiced | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | |||||||
| Rhotic | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||||
| Approximant | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | pronounced as /link/ | ||||||
Fallon (2001, 2004) notes intervocalic lenition, such as pronounced as //b// → pronounced as /[β]/; syncope, as in the name of the language, pronounced as //bɨlín// → pronounced as /[blín]/; debuccalization with secondary articulation preserved, as in pronounced as //dérekʷʼa// → pronounced as /[dɛ́rɛʔʷa]/ 'mud for bricks'. Intriguingly, the ejectives have voiced allophones, which according to Fallon (2004) "provides an important empirical precedent" for one of the more criticized aspects of the glottalic theory of Indo-European. For example,
| Ejective consonant | Voiced allophone | Gloss | |
|---|---|---|---|
| /laħátʃʼɨna/ | [laħádʒɨna] | 'to bark' | |
| /kʼaratʃʼna/ | [kʼaradʒna] | 'to cut' | |
| /kʷʼakʷʼito/ | [ɡʷaʔʷito] | 'he was afraid' |
A writing system for Bilen was first developed by missionaries who used the Geʽez abugida and the first text was published in 1882. Although the Geʽez script is usually used for Semitic languages, the phonemes of Bilen are very similar (7 vowels, labiovelar and ejective consonants). The script therefore requires only a slight modification (the addition of consonants for pronounced as /ŋ/ and pronounced as /ŋʷ/) to make it suitable for Bilen. Some of the additional symbols required to write Bilen with this script are in the "Ethiopic Extended" Unicode range rather than the "Ethiopic" range.
| IPA | pronounced as /e/ | pronounced as /u/ | pronounced as /i/ | pronounced as /a/ | pronounced as /ie/ | pronounced as /ɨ/-/ | pronounced as /o/ | pronounced as /ʷe!!/pronounced as /ʷi/ | pronounced as /ʷa/ | pronounced as /ʷie/ | pronounced as /ʷɨ/-/ | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| pronounced as /h/ | ሀ | ሁ | ሂ | ሃ | ሄ | ህ | ሆ | ||||||
| pronounced as /l/ | ለ | ሉ | ሊ | ላ | ሌ | ል | ሎ | ||||||
| pronounced as /ħ/ | ሐ | ሑ | ሒ | ሓ | ሔ | ሕ | ሖ | ||||||
| pronounced as /m/ | መ | ሙ | ሚ | ማ | ሜ | ም | ሞ | ||||||
| pronounced as /s/ | ሰ | ሱ | ሲ | ሳ | ሴ | ስ | ሶ | ||||||
| pronounced as /ʃ/ | ሸ | ሹ | ሺ | ሻ | ሼ | ሽ | ሾ | ||||||
| pronounced as /r/ | ረ | ሩ | ሪ | ራ | ሬ | ር | ሮ | ||||||
| pronounced as /kʼ/ | ቀ | ቁ | ቂ | ቃ | ቄ | ቅ | ቆ | ቈ | ቊ | ቋ | ቌ | ቍ | |
| pronounced as /ʁ/ | ቐ | ቑ | ቒ | ቓ | ቔ | ቕ | ቖ | ቘ | ቚ | ቛ | ቜ | ቝ | |
| pronounced as /b/ | በ | ቡ | ቢ | ባ | ቤ | ብ | ቦ | ||||||
| pronounced as /t/ | ተ | ቱ | ቲ | ታ | ቴ | ት | ቶ | ||||||
| pronounced as /n/ | ነ | ኑ | ኒ | ና | ኔ | ን | ኖ | ||||||
| pronounced as /ʔ/ | አ | ኡ | ኢ | ኣ | ኤ | እ | ኦ | ||||||
| pronounced as /k/ | ከ | ኩ | ኪ | ካ | ኬ | ክ | ኮ | ኰ | ኲ | ኳ | ኴ | ኵ | |
| pronounced as /x/ | ኸ | ኹ | ኺ | ኻ | ኼ | ኽ | ኾ | ዀ | ዂ | ዃ | ዄ | ዅ | |
| pronounced as /w/ | ወ | ዉ | ዊ | ዋ | ዌ | ው | ዎ | ||||||
| pronounced as /ʕ/ | ዐ | ዑ | ዒ | ዓ | ዔ | ዕ | ዖ | ||||||
| pronounced as /j/ | የ | ዩ | ዪ | ያ | ዬ | ይ | ዮ | ||||||
| pronounced as /d/ | ደ | ዱ | ዲ | ዳ | ዴ | ድ | ዶ | ||||||
| pronounced as /dʒ/ | ጀ | ጁ | ጂ | ጃ | ጄ | ጅ | ጆ | ||||||
| pronounced as /ɡ/ | ገ | ጉ | ጊ | ጋ | ጌ | ግ | ጎ | ጐ | ጒ | ጓ | ጔ | ጕ | |
| pronounced as /ŋ/ | ጘ | ጙ | ጚ | ጛ | ጜ | ጝ | ጞ | ⶓ | ⶔ | ጟ | ⶕ | ⶖ | |
| pronounced as /tʼ/ | ጠ | ጡ | ጢ | ጣ | ጤ | ጥ | ጦ | ||||||
| pronounced as /tʃʼ/ | ጨ | ጩ | ጪ | ጫ | ጬ | ጭ | ጮ | ||||||
| pronounced as /f/ | ፈ | ፉ | ፊ | ፋ | ፌ | ፍ | ፎ | ||||||
| pronounced as /z/ | ዘ | ዙ | ዚ | ዛ | ዜ | ዝ | ዞ | ||||||
| pronounced as /ʒ/ | ዠ | ዡ | ዢ | ዣ | ዤ | ዥ | ዦ | ||||||
| pronounced as /tʃ/ | ቸ | ቹ | ቺ | ቻ | ቼ | ች | ቾ | ||||||
| pronounced as /ɲ/ | ኘ | ኙ | ኚ | ኛ | ኜ | ኝ | ኞ | ||||||
| pronounced as /sʼ/ | ጸ | ጹ | ጺ | ጻ | ጼ | ጽ | ጾ | ||||||
| pronounced as /pʼ/ | ጰ | ጱ | ጲ | ጳ | ጴ | ጵ | ጶ | ||||||
| pronounced as /p/ | ፐ | ፑ | ፒ | ፓ | ፔ | ፕ | ፖ | ||||||
| pronounced as /v/ | ቨ | ቩ | ቪ | ቫ | ቬ | ቭ | ቮ | ||||||
| IPA | pronounced as /e/ | pronounced as /u/ | pronounced as /i/ | pronounced as /a/ | pronounced as /ie/ | pronounced as /ɨ/-/ | pronounced as /o/ | pronounced as /ʷe/ | pronounced as /ʷi/ | pronounced as /ʷa/ | pronounced as /ʷie/ | pronounced as /ʷɨ/-/ | |
In 1985 the Eritrean People's Liberation Front decided to use the Latin script for Bilen and all other non-Semitic languages in Eritrea. This was largely a political decision: the Geʽez script is associated with Christianity because of its liturgical use. The Latin alphabet is seen as being more neutral and secular. In 1993 the government set up a committee to standardize the Bilen language and the Latin-based orthography. "This overturned a 110-year tradition of writing Blin in Ethiopic script." (Fallon, Bilen Orthography [1])
As of 1997, the alphabetic order was:
e, u, i, a, é, o, b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r, s, t, v, w, x, y, z, ñ, ñw, th, ch, sh, kh, kw, khw, qw, gw.
Their values are similar to the IPA apart from the following:
| Letter | Value | |
|---|---|---|
| é | ɨ | |
| c | ʕ | |
| j | dʒ | |
| q | kʼ | |
| x | ħ | |
| y | j | |
| ñ | ŋ | |
| th | tʼ | |
| ch | tʃʼ | |
| sh | ʃ | |
| kh | x |