| Conflict: | Bocskai uprising Bocskai's War of Independence |
| Partof: | the Long Turkish War and the European wars of religion |
| Date: | 28 September 1604–23 June 1606 |
| Place: | Transylvania |
| Result: | Treaty of Vienna (1606) |
| Combatant1: |
Royalists |
| Combatant2: | Hajduk rebels of Stephen Bocskai and Hungarian supporters and minorities (mostly Slovaks and Rusyns) Transylvania Ottoman Empire Crimean Khanate |
| Commander1: | Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor Giorgio Basta Giovanni Barbiano di Belgiojoso |
| Commander2: | Stephen Bocskai Balázs Németi Ferenc Rhédey Sokolluzade Lala Mehmed Pasha |
| Strength1: | 60,000 |
| Strength2: | 40,000 |
The Bocskai uprising, known in Hungary as Bocskai's War of Independence (Hungarian: Bocskai szabadságharc, Bocskai-felkelés) was a revolt which took place in Hungary, Transylvania and modern Slovakia during the Long Turkish War (between 1604 and 1606) against Emperor Rudolf II. The rebel leader was Stephen Bocskai, a Protestant Hungarian nobleman. The Ottoman wars had burdened the Kingdom of Hungary for years, causing famine and disease, and the armies of the Christian states had been weakened by losses to Ottoman and Tatar forces.
Rudolf II persecuted the Protestants, and the wealthy Hungarian noblemen were falsely accused of treason. Bocskai organized the revolt and persuaded the Hungarian military Hajduks to join, defeating the imperial forces and foreign mercenaries. The Hungarian nobility, soldiers and peasants (including the minorities) joined Bocskai's Hajduk army. Although he was supported by the Ottoman Empire, the Crimean Khanate, Moldavia, Transylvania, he prevented an Ottoman siege of Vienna. Bocskai was declared Prince of Transylvania and Hungary, but recognized that total Hungarian independence impossible against the Habsburg monarchy and the Ottoman Empire. He blazed a political trail for his supporters: the preservation of an independent Transylvania, a potential base for the unification of Hungary.
Archduke Ferdinand I of Austria, who became Holy Roman Emperor in 1556, had centralized the military and finances of the Habsburg Empire. The Kingdom of Hungary (which had lost territory) was governed by the Hofkriegsrat, the, the Hofkanzlei and the Secret Council, based in Vienna. The border fortress system was imported from Vienna during the 16th century. Pozsony and Szepes (Spiš) were governed from Vienna, and the Court Chamber (Hofkammer) had no Hungarian members.
Complaints in the national parliaments included the behavior of foreign officials and mercenaries and the fact that the Habsburgs spent little time in Hungary. Rudolf moved his residence from Vienna to Prague in 1583; it was safer from the Ottomans, but further from Hungary. After the 1562 death of Palatine Tamás Nádasdy, his position remained vacant until 1608.
In 1591, the Long Turkish War began. The Habsburg Monarchy (Austria, Bohemia, Hungary, Croatia, and Moravia) joined the Transylvanian and Ottoman vassal states of Moldavia and Wallachia. Several European states also sent troops to Hungary. The Papal State primarily recruited foreign Walloon and Italian mercenaries for the war. The Habsburg and Spanish kings also employed Walloon mercenaries in addition to German, Italian and Spanish soldiers.[1]
The Christian forces suppressed the Ottomans early in the war until the Battle of Keresztes (1596), when they were defeated. The war then dragged on, wearing out Hungary, Transylvania, and Croatia. The Habsburgs spent their military budget, and the unpaid mercenaries (particularly the Walloons) ventured into Hungary and Transylvania. The Tatar auxiliary of the Ottoman army wrought havoc in Hungary, and several thousand men died of hunger and disease.[2]
With minor clashes escalating along the border, the Long Turkish War began as early as 1591. More serious combat took place in 1593, when Sultan Murad III nullified the 1568 Treaty of Adrianople and declared war on the Habsburgs. Although the sultan called on Zsigmond Báthory to join the Ottoman army, he decided to join the anti-Ottoman league on the advice of his uncle Stephen Bocskai (captain of Várad, present-day Oradea) and the Jesuit priest Alonso Carrillo. Most of the Transylvanian Assembly feared that Turkish troops would loot Transylvania before the Christian army arrived, however, and the prince's plan was not adopted. Zsigmond Báthory resigned from the principality in the summer of 1594 in favor of his cousin, Boldizsár Báthory, who represented the Turks.
Bocskai began working behind the scenes to reverse this. After visiting the prince's trustees, he asked for soldiers. The Assembly of Kolozsvár passed a resolution dissolving the Turkish alliance and supporting the emperor. On orders from Sigismund, the opposition lords, the prince (Boldizsár Báthory), his cousin, chancellor Farkas Kovacsóczy, councilor Sándor Kendy (father-in-law of Boldizsár Báthory and Farkas Kovacsóczy), Ferenc Kendy (brother of Sándor János Kendy), Gábor Kendy Gergely and László Szalánczy from Branyicska were captured and executed. Others were imprisoned because prince Sigismund Bathory had pardoned János Gerendi, Albert Lónyai, György Szalánczi and Boldizsár Szilvásy.[3]
The war was indecisive, and the Kingdom of Hungary was destroyed by German and Walloon mercenaries. Transylvania suffered the most from the war, which became a long-term civil war as a result of Zsigmond (Sigismund) Báthory's repeated resignations and returns. Rudolf appointed Michael the Brave Voivode of Transylvania; Michael overthrew the principality, briefly uniting Transylvania, Wallachia and Moldavia under one single ruler. Rudolf allowed him to be assassinated, replacing him with general Giorgio Basta.[4]
At the turn of the 17th century, the Long Turkish War led to the empire accumulating millions of Rhine forints in annual debt. In some years of the 15-year war,[5] expenditures were five million forints; this created annual budget deficits of 800,000 to 1.5 million forints, which could only be resolved with credit. Annual revenue during the 1570s was 2–2.5 million Rhine forints, and the debt was sometimes 1,500 percent of that. Rudolf, his advisors and nobility tried to alleviate the fiscal problems by confiscating the property of the Hungarian aristocracy. Infringement (high treason) and betrayal lawsuits were brought against the wealthiest Hungarian barons and families, usually with the loss of property and goods. The idea originated with local Catholic priests, whose targets were Protestant. Legal proceedings were even brought against soldiers in the Long Turkish War: Sigismund Rákóczi, Tamás Nádasdy, Mihály Telekessy, and the Alaghy, Balassa, Drugeth and Kállay families from Homonna. The first verdict was handed down in March 1603 in the case of Istvan Illésházy, whose castles and estates were confiscated; however, he escaped to Poland.[6]
Unlike Emperor Maximilian I, who was tolerant of Protestants, Rudolf II supported the enforced conversion of Protestants to the Catholic faith. The Counter-Reformation began in the Habsburg Austrian and Styrian provinces (where Lutheranism was dominant) and Hungary (where Calvinism prevailed, although the cities of Upper Hungary were Lutheran). During the Long Turkish War, Rudolf turned Protestant churches over to Catholics.[7] [8]
Gabriel Bethlen wrote to ask Stephen Bocskai to lead them against the illegitimate king. On behalf of those who fled to Turkish territory, Bethlen encouraged Bocskai to spearhead an anti-Habsburg uprising with the prospect of a Turkish alliance. Bocskai had a key position when he supported his nephew Sigismund Báthory and was a battle-hardened leader. Their correspondence was intercepted by Giovan Giacomo Barbiano di Belgioioso, captain of Kassa. Bocskai had to hire former Hajduks to defend himself from an imperial attempt to prevent his arrest for treason and save his property from consfication.[9]
Some of Bocskai's men betrayed him[10] about Turkish relations. Cyprian Concini (vice-captain of Varad) made a deal with him; Concini reported it to Giovan Giacomo Barbiano di Belgioioso, who ordered Bocskai to his camp in Rakamaz.[11] The traitors (Szentjobb captain Ferenc Székely, judge Dáz Lázár Posgai, and István Fráter) handed Szentjobb to Concini. The following day, Concini attacked Bocskai's fortress in Nagykereki. Bocskai had recruited 300 Hajduks; the Hajduks of Kölesér and the castle soldiers under the command of Örvéndy formed the core of his army, and many others served under Belgioioso.
Bocskai resisted, retreating two days later with considerable losses before the emperor's three-column army. Several Hajduk captains in Belgioioso's army (Balázs Lippai, Ferenc Ibrányi, Mihály Dengeleghy, Mátyás Szénássy, and Balázs Németi) were willing to change sides.[12] One of the three imperial columns, led by Colonel Pezzen, joined Belgioioso's main army. The decisive battle of the first phase of the campaign took place at night in the woods between Álmosd[13] and Diószeg. Bocskai encountered Pezzen's loose, stretched column of infantry, cavalry and cannons.
Bocskai's men surrounded Varad, but had few supplies. Belgioioso retreated towards Tokaj,[14] [15] and many of his soldiers had deserted.[16]
Giorgio Basta, whose armies had successfully fought the Ottomans, marched from Esztergom against Bocskai's insurgents.[17] Balázs Németi attacked him with his soldiers and peasant insurgents at Osgyán, but had been captured and executed by Basta.[18]
After his victory in Osgyán, Basta marched to Edelény and the valley near Ládbesenyő; he was surrounded by Bocskai's armies and Turkish auxiliary troops. Although Basta burned his supplies, but two days later he found a weak link[19] in the direction of Kassa.[20] Kassa, defended by Miklós Segnyei's Hajduks, repelled him. Basta then marched to Eperjes, where he remained until April 1605.[21]
Bocskai realized that he could not win in battle, but he could cut his opponent's supply lines. Headquartered in Kassa, he carefully organized his army, dissolved opposition from the Hajduks, serfs and nobility, and formulated plans for the operation with Ferenc Rhédey.[22] [23] Balazs Lippai killed many mercenaries and civilians, and Bocskai had him assassinated in January 1605.[24]
Basta broke out of Eperjes once before April 1605,[25] but found no opposition; he strengthened Tokaj (which remained loyal to the emperor) with food and ammunition, before retreating back to Eperjes. In early spring, he realized that he could not regain Hungary and retreated to Pozsony.[26] [27]
In May 1605, Gergely Némethy's Hajduks began to conquer the Transdanubian castles. They soon reached the Sopron–Kőszeg defensive line and, reinforced by Turkish auxiliaries, ventured into Austria. Némethy unsuccessfully tried to enlist Styrian and Croatian troops. The region had a tradition of anti-Turkish sentiment due to the devastation brought by Akinji raids, and Némethy was unable to conquer the western cities protecting Vienna. Although imperial troops in Western Transdanubia counterattacked in September, Némethy held back a significant force.
The emperor's armies counterattacked in the districts of Komárom, Érsekújvár and Esztergom, and Mátyás Somogyi transferred his three thousand western-Hungarian troops to the imperial side. Most of the country's fortresses, however, were captured by the insurgents.
A battle for Transylvania began in October; Szatmar was besieged, falling to the insurgents at the end of January after the imperial supply line was cut. László Gyulaffy was Bocskai's first governor of the region until his death the following July. On February 21, 1605, Bocskai was elected Prince of Transylvania by the Szekelys and the county nobility in Nyárádszereda.The Serbian and Romanian soldiers in the imperial pay were defeated by the Szekelys near Solymos back in May. Segesvár was already under the Hasburgs, which surrendered in September The Estates occupied Transylvania without a major battle.[28]
In April, the Assembly of Szerencs appointed him Prince of Hungary.[29] He refused to negotiate with Rudolf's peace envoys at first, finally agreeing to do so that year.[30] [31]
The Treaty of Vienna, concluded on June 23, 1606, ensured Hungarian rights and gave the counties of Szatmár, Bereg and Ugocsa to Transylvania for the life of its descendants. The most important point of the peace is that it recognized the independent.Principality of Transylvania .September 24, Rudolf issued a proclamation that he would hand over Ugocsa, Bereg, Szatmár and Szabolcs counties, Tokaj castle, and the market towns of Tarcal, Bodrogkeresztúr and Olaszliszka to Bocskai. The Peace of Zsitvatorok,[32] signed later that year, ended the Long Turkish War.[33]
13. évf. (1970) 404–427.; uő: A Kálvini tanok hatása a magyar rendi ellenállás ideológiájár[Effectaof the Calvinism to the resistance of the Estates] °.
Helikon, 16. évf. (1971) 322–330.
mentem et voluntatem suam, quarum litterarum quaedam amissae illum in maximam suspicionem manifestae proditionis adduxerunt. Itaque significans haec omnia Bochkaio, admonebat eum, ut cautius in mittendis litteris ageret. Quod etiam Bochkaio maximum scrupulum injecit, accidit etiam illo ipso tempore, quod comes
Dampier volens aggredi Temesvarium, profligaverat Turcarum exercitum, ubi
etiam Betlenus Gabor amissis propriis vestimentis, vix nudus evaserat; qui una
litterarum copia proxime ad Bochkaium scriptarum ab hajdone quodam inventa a
fuit, hoc idem Bochkaium acrius commonebat, quod postea Betlen Gabor animadvertens, Bochkaio citissime significavit. Eodem fere tempore supervenerunt
litterae domini generalis,
n quibus vocavit dominum Bochkaium una cum aliis
illarum partium magnatibus ad castra in Rakamaz, ut cum illis necessaria
regni consultaret; sicuti et quidem tum comparuere dominus Batori per legatum suum, Stephanus Chaky, Sigismundus Racocy, Paulus Melith, Ladislaus
Pete, et Michael Catay,
cum quibus etiam Bochkaio litterae redditae sunt
amici sui cujusdam ex castris datae, in quibus ei significabat, quod nisi veniret,
generalis eum invitum duceret (quae res nunquam cuique in mentem venerat);
et hoc erat supplementum introductionis in desperationem, firmaque penes ipsum opinio universam suam proditionem manifestam esse. Itaque nos omnes et
alios quosdam in Soliomkeo,
ubi tunc erat, ad se vocans, aperuit nobis mentem
suam, ut superinde nostram cognosceret voluntatem. Nos proponentes ei clementiam et benignitatem inclytae domus Austriacae etiam pravissime deliquentibus cum resipiscant, et gratiam petant, illum vero adhuc nihil tale effective
perpetrasse,- nullam provinciam vel l(. ..) ocum in damnum aut periculum induxisse:
nullis expensis occasionem dedisse; ut se quam citissime ad Suam Majestatem
conferret, ibique'prostratus deprecaretur, nihil aliud certe, quam meram gratiam acquisiturum. Quod si secus faceret, tanto magis errori errorem superadditurum, seipsum, amicos, uxorem et illos omnes suos servitores et fideles in
praestantissimum periculum conjecturum.
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A bécsi és zsitvatoroki bék
