| Great Blizzard of 1888 | |
| Image Location: | 10 PM March 12 surface analysis of Great Blizzard of 1888.png |
| Image Name: | Surface analysis of Blizzard on March 12, 1888 at 10 p.m. |
| Stormtype: | Extratropical cyclone Blizzard |
| Maximum Amount: | 58inches |
| Pressure: | 29abbr=onNaNabbr=on |
| Total Damages (Usd): | $25 million in 1888 (equivalent to $ million in) |
| Fatalities: | 400 fatalities |
| Areas Affected: | Eastern United States, Eastern Canada |
The Great Blizzard of 1888, also known as the Great Blizzard of '88 or the Great White Hurricane (March 11–14, 1888), was one of the most severe recorded blizzards in American history. The storm paralyzed the East Coast from the Chesapeake Bay to Maine,[1] as well as the Atlantic provinces of Canada. Snow fell from 10inchesto58inchesin (toin) in parts of New Jersey, New York, Massachusetts, Rhode Island, and Connecticut, and sustained winds of more than 45mph produced snowdrifts in excess of 50feet. Railroads were shut down and people were confined to their homes for up to a week.[2] Railway and telegraph lines were disabled, and this provided the impetus to move these pieces of infrastructure underground. Emergency services were also affected during this blizzard.
The weather was unseasonably mild just before the blizzard, with heavy rains that turned to snow as temperatures dropped rapidly. On March 12, New York City dropped from 33F to 8F, and rain changed to snow at 1am.[3] The storm began in earnest shortly after midnight on March 12 and continued unabated for a full day and a half. In a 2007 article, the National Weather Service estimated that this nor'easter dumped as much as 50inches of snow in parts of Connecticut and Massachusetts, while parts of New Jersey and New York had up to 40inches.[4] Most of northern Vermont received from 20inches to 30inches.[5]
Drifts averaged 30feet–40feetft (–ft), over the tops of houses from New York to New England, with reports of drifts covering three-story houses. The highest drift was recorded in Gravesend, Brooklyn at 52feet. 58inches of snow fell in Saratoga Springs, New York; 48inches in Albany, New York; 45inches in New Haven, Connecticut; and 22inches in New York City.[6] The storm also produced severe winds; 80mph wind gusts were reported, although the highest official report in New York City was 40mph, with a 54mph gust reported at Block Island.[6] On March 13, New York City recorded a low of 6F, the coldest so late in the season, with the high rising to only 12F.[3]
In New York, neither rail nor road transport was possible anywhere for days,[1] and drifts across the New York–New Haven rail line at Westport, Connecticut, took eight days to clear. Transportation gridlock as a result of the storm was partially responsible for the creation of the first underground subway system in the United States, which opened nine years later in Boston.[7] [8] The New York Stock Exchange was closed for two days.[9] A full two day weather related closure would not occur again until Hurricane Sandy in 2012.[10]
Similarly, telegraph infrastructure was disabled, isolating Montreal and most of the large northeastern U.S. cities from Washington, D.C. to Boston for days. Following the storm, New York began placing its telegraph and telephone infrastructure underground to prevent their destruction.[11]
Fire stations were immobilized, and property loss from fire alone was estimated at $25 million (equivalent to $ million in).[1]
From the Chesapeake Bay through the New England area, more than 200 ships were either grounded or wrecked, resulting in the deaths of at least 100 seamen.[6] [12] Efforts were made to push the snow into the Atlantic Ocean. Severe flooding occurred after the storm due to melting snow, especially in the Brooklyn area, which was susceptible to flooding because of its topography.[6]
Not all areas were notably affected by the Blizzard of 1888; an article in the Cambridge Press published five days after the storm noted that the "fall of snow in this vicinity was comparatively small, and had it not been accompanied by a strong wind it would have been regarded as rather trifling in amount, the total depth, on a level, not exceeding ten inches".[13]
Roscoe Conkling, an influential Republican politician, died as a result of the storm after attempting to walk home during the blizzard.[14]
On 1 October 1888, an article appeared in the first issue of the National Geographic Society magazine about the great blizzard. It was written by Edward Everett Hayden and described the blizzard and the courageous and successful struggle, told by boat-keeper Robert Robinson, of the crew from the pilot-boat Charles H. Marshall, No. 3.[15]