Black '47 (film) explained

Black '47
Director:Lance Daly
Music:Brian Byrne
Cinematography:Declan Quinn
Distributor:Element Pictures
Runtime:100 minutes[1]
Country:Ireland
Luxembourg
Language:English
Irish
Gross:$2,073,063

Black '47 is a 2018 Irish period drama film directed by Lance Daly. The screenplay is by PJ Dillon, Pierce Ryan, Eugene O'Brien and Lance Daly, based on the Irish-language short film An Ranger, written and directed by Dillon and Ryan. The film stars Hugo Weaving, James Frecheville, Jim Broadbent, Stephen Rea, Freddie Fox, Barry Keoghan, Moe Dunford, and Sarah Greene. Set in Connemara during the Great Irish Famine, the film follows an Irish Catholic soldier who has been fighting for the British Army abroad, as he deserts his regiment to reunite with his family. The title is taken from the most devastating year of the famine, 1847, which is referred to as "Black '47".

Black '47 held its world premiere on 2 March 2018 at the Berlin Film Festival, before being released on 7 September 2018 in Ireland by Element Pictures. The film received generally positive reviews from a number of critics, and was a box-office success in Ireland.

Plot

Hannah (Weaving) is a veteran of the British army who is working as an investigator for the Royal Irish Constabulary (RIC). While drunkenly interrogating a member of the Young Ireland movement, Hannah loses his temper over the prisoner's refusal to identify his accomplices and strangles him. He is subsequently arrested and sentenced to hang.

Martin Feeney (Frecheville) is a former Connaught Ranger who served in Afghanistan and India and who is returning to Connemara, in the west of Ireland, in 1847. On his arrival home, the country is experiencing the worst year of the Great Famine. Feeney finds his mother has died of starvation and his brother has been hanged, having stabbed a bailiff during his family's eviction. Feeney stays with Ellie (Greene), his brother's widow, who is squatting with her three children in one of the few houses still standing, and makes plans to emigrate to America and take his brother's family with him. Before they can leave, agents of the local Anglo-Irish landlord and members of the RIC arrive to remove them from the cottage. During the eviction, the house roof is destroyed, Feeney is arrested and his nephew is killed. Feeney is brought for interrogation by the RIC but manages to kill his captors and burns down their barracks. He returns to the house to find his sister-in-law and her daughter have died of exposure following a snowfall.

The destruction of the barracks draws the attention of British authorities, who suspect Feeney is responsible. Feeney is revealed to have deserted the Rangers in Calcutta and Captain Pope (Fox), an arrogant British officer of the 68th Regiment, is assigned to apprehend him with the aid of Hannah, who served with Feeney in Afghanistan. Hannah is compelled to assist in the hunt with the promise he shall be spared the noose, although his feelings are conflicted as Feeney saved his life during the war. They are joined by the young idealistic English Private Hobson (Keoghan), and later hire Conneely (Rea), a knowledgeable local, to act as an Irish translator. They track Feeney as he hunts down those he blames for the deaths of his family: a local rent collector, the judge who sentenced his brother, and a Protestant preacher who is inflicting Souperism by offering soup to the starving on condition they convert.

Pope's group catch up with Feeney at the home of Cronin (McArdle), the land agent who oversaw his family's eviction, but he escapes after Hobson fails to shoot him when he has the chance. Reasoning that Feeney's next target is the landlord, Lord Kilmichael (Broadbent), the group travels to the estate house to warn him. Putting a large bounty on Feeney's head and surrounding himself with armed police, led by the violent Sergeant Fitzgibbon (Dunford), Kilmichael vows to accompany his grain harvest to the railway station, where it will be shipped abroad. Outraged by the sight of people starving outside the gates, Hobson threatens a policeman's life to allow the starving people crowded outside the guarded gates to enter for food. Although Hannah and Pope try to reason with him, Hobson is shot dead by Fitzgibbon and the police. Kilmichael, accompanied by the armed police and the remainder of Pope's posse, stays at an inn en route to Dublin. Feeney attacks in the night but falls for a trap set by Pope, who is sleeping in Kilmichael's bed. When Hannah cannot bring himself to shoot him, Feeney is able to again escape. As he flees, Feeney takes Lord Kilmichael as a hostage and Hannah is arrested by Fitzgibbon.

The following morning, after he refuses to speak under interrogation, Hannah is brought out to the yard to be summarily executed by firing squad but is saved when Feeney attacks. After the soldiers shoot him from his horse, they are stunned to find that they have instead killed Lord Kilmichael, who had been dressed in Feeney's clothes and mounted on his horse. In the chaos, the starvelings storm the yard and take the grain, a number of local bounty hunters turn against Kilmichael's men, and Hannah is freed by Conneely. Fitzgibbon shoots Feeney but is choked unconscious in a brawl. Hannah steals a horse and attempts to get the wounded Feeney to safety, but Feeney is fatally shot by Pope and dies shortly after their escape. As he is dying, he laments the fate of his family and his country and implores Hannah not to continue the fight, but to instead go to America as Feeney had once intended to do. Seeking vengeance, Hannah follows the badly wounded Pope as he returns to Dublin but stops at a fork in the road, where a group of people bound for America have gathered. Among them is Feeney's last remaining relative, his young niece. Pope rides down one path, as the emigrants start down the other. The film ends without showing which path Hannah takes.

Production

Black '47 received funding from many private and public production companies, including the Irish Film Board, alongside Film Fund Luxembourg, and the Council of Europe's Eurimages.[2] [3]

The film is an adaptation from the 2008 Irish language short film An Ranger, starring Owen McDonnell and written and directed by PJ Dillon and Pierce Ryan, who co-wrote the screenplay.[4]

"Black '47" refers to the year 1847, when death and emigration resulting from starvation, plague and disease lead to the most dramatic population decrease in the entire period of the Great Hunger in Ireland.[5] [6]

In an interview, Daly highlighted that no film on the Great Hunger had been made for the big screen previously, despite its significance to Irish history, stating, "Given the singular importance of the Great Hunger in Irish history, and that it has never been seen on our cinema screens before, our cast and crew felt a huge responsibility to make a film that was not only historically accurate and emotionally true..."[7] Later, at the Berlin Film Festival press conference, he added that he was compelled to make a film about "the most important period of Irish history but it was difficult to find a way in, to address the horrors of that time, hard to do it justice".[8]

Casting

On 29 November 2016, the ensemble cast was announced, including Hugo Weaving, Jim Broadbent and James Frecheville among others.[9]

Auditions for background extras were held on 23 November 2016 in Temple Bar Dublin.[10] However, on 11 January 2017, casting for background extras renewed.[11]

In preparation for the role, Frecheville, an Australian actor, had to learn Irish. In an interview, he discussed the challenges of playing Irish, stating "It's hard to say where the challenge was because it was all challenging. It was all very cold. I'm not so good at learning languages so to pick up a language that not a great number of people speak was pretty tough, but apparently, I passed a few tests but I still have to see what the public thinks." Keoghan also prepared for his role, revealing he had limited his eating of solid foods and survived on glucose drinks to lose weight for the role.[12]

Filming

Filming took place between 28 November and 22 December 2016 and from 6 to 28 January 2017 in Wicklow, Kildare and Connemara.[13] [14]

Music

The film's score was composed by Brian Byrne.[15] Byrne has previously collaborated with Daly, composing the score for The Good Doctor. Stephen Rea performed the traditional song Little Jimmy Murphy, arranged by Lance Daly and Peadar Cox.[16]

Release

Black '47 held its world premiere at the Berlin Film Festival on 16 February 2018.[17] On 9 May 2018, the film was presented at the Cannes Film Festival.[18] On 21 February 2018, the film was screened at the Dublin International Film Festival.[19] It was also screened at several festivals across Ireland, including the Dingle International Film Festival on 24 March 2018,[20] the Belfast Film Festival on 12 April 2018,[21] and the Galway Film Fleadh on 15 July 2018.[22] The film premiered in North America at the Toronto International Film Festival on 6 September 2018.[23] The film also had a screening at a special event at the Irish Film Institute as part of the art and film exhibition on the Famine in Ireland.[24]

The film's first trailer was released on 27 July 2018.[25]

The film was released in Ireland on 7 September 2018 by Wildcard Distribution.[26] It was released on 28 September 2018 in the United Kingdom by Altitude Film Distribution and StudioCanal and in the United States by IFC Films.[27]

Reception

Box office

As of 28 September 2018, Black '47 has grossed over €1 million in Ireland.[28] In its opening weekend in Ireland, the film grossed €444,000.[29] It had the highest-grossing opening weekend for a film since the 2015 film Brooklyn. It also became the highest-grossing Irish film in Ireland.[30]

Critical response

Black '47 received generally positive reviews from critics with many praising its depiction of a difficult subject in the Irish Famine, along with its extensive use of the Irish language, gritty visual style, and the performances of Frecheville, Weaving and Rea.[31] However, some British critics were less positive, including criticism for bias.[32] [33] [34] [35] On review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds an approval rating of based on reviews, and an average rating of . The site's critical consensus reads, "Black '47 anchors its grim and gritty action in deceptively deep genre storytelling, although its epic ambitions arguably exceed its grasp."[36] Another aggregation site, Metacritic, reported a score of 65, representing 'generally favorable reviews'.[37]

Donald Clarke of The Irish Times gave the film 4 out of 5 stars.[38] Paul Whitington of the Irish Independent gave the film 4 out of 5 stars.[39] Glenn Kenny of The New York Times described Black '47 as: "handsomely staged and shot, us[ing] the Irish famine of 1847 as the setting for a fast-paced, well acted and occasionally exhilarating tale of revenge." Peter Bradshaw of The Guardian gave the film 4 out of 5 stars, praising Frecheville's "coldly terrifying performance" as "a Ned Kelly figure of insurgent justice", and though the film is "a viscerally tough and uncompromisingly violent picture" it is also "a gripping piece of storytelling".[40] Niall O'Dowd called the film "essential viewing for Irish-Americans": "It is a must-see movie for those who value their heritage and history. In that dreadful genocide was the seed of the Irish nation that would spread worldwide."[41]

Simon Abrams of RogerEbert.com was much less positive, describing the film as 'The paint-by-numbers Irish revenge thriller "Black 47" is essentially "First Blood" in period dress.' He also noted the 'cringe-worthy expository dialogue' and described Martin as a 'character whose only sympathetic qualities are his unrestrained anger and proficiency at murdering people. It's entirely possible that Martin makes more sense to Irish viewers, since they can presumably relate with Martin's anti-British sentiments better than this reviewer did. Unfortunately, in the film, Martin often comes across like any other crazed, but ostensibly relatable antihero who wracks (sic) up kills and then slumps over in pseudo-tragic exhaustion.'[42] Simran Hans of The Guardian described the film as 'weak', and rated it 2 out of 5.[43] Alistair Harness of The Scotsman was also critical, noting 'Black 47 on the other hand wants to be the Irish Braveheart. Set against the backdrop of the Great Famine and featuring Australian leads and an unashamedly biased view of history, the film manages to turn human tragedy into a gnarly action film.' Kevin Maher of The Times concluded 'Black 47 is a deeply silly action film'. Robbie Collin of The Daily Telegraph summarised the film as 'an overbaked, über-glum Irish famine thriller', along with a rating of 2 out of 5.

Historical inaccuracies

While Black 47 is a fictional film set during factual historical events, there are some historical inaccuracies purported in the film. These include:

External links

Notes and References

  1. Web site: BLACK '47 - British Board of Film Classification. Bbfc.co.uk. 23 February 2019. 4 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201004215848/https://www.bbfc.co.uk/releases/black-47-film. live.
  2. Web site: Brady . Sasha . Shooting begins on 'Black 47' - the Irish western set during the Great Famine - Independent.ie . . 28 September 2018 . en . 28 November 2016 . 29 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035002/https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/movies/movie-news/shooting-begins-on-black-47-the-irish-western-set-during-the-great-famine-35250316.html . live .
  3. Web site: Murphy . Niall . Three Irish projects receive Eurimages backing in latest round of funding . Scannain.com . 28 August 2018 . 28 July 2016 . 29 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200929041450/https://scannain.com/irish/industry/eurimages-june-2016-funding/ . live .
  4. Web site: Mulraney . Frances . Australian actor on learning Irish to star in Black 47 Famine movie . IrishCentral.com . 28 August 2018 . en . 26 February 2018 . 29 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035024/https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/entertainment/james-frecheville-irish-black-47-movie . live .
  5. Web site: An Gorta Mór – the impact and legacy of the Great Irish Hunger. Ó Cuív. Éamon. 8 May 2009. www.irishfamine.ie. University of Toronto, Canada (National Famine Commemoration Day). 1 September 2018. 17 May 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200517204333/https://www.irishfamine.ie/wp-content/uploads/2015/11/2009-05-08-FINAL-speech-for-University-of-Toronto-Lecture.pdf. live.
  6. Book: Ó Gráda, Cormac. Black '47 and Beyond: The Great Irish Famine in History, Economy, and Memory. Princeton University Press. 2000. 0-691-07015-6. Woodstock, Oxfordshire.
  7. Web site: Dunne . Luke . Irish action movie Black 47 gets Irish release date - Film In Dublin . Film In Dublin . 28 September 2018 . 1 June 2018 . 21 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093750/http://filmindublin.ie/irish-action-movie-black-47-gets-irish-release-date/ . live .
  8. Web site: Gallen . Sean . Black 47 Press Conference with director Lance Daly, Hugo Weaving and cast . The Upcoming . 28 September 2018 . 17 February 2018 . 7 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201007124139/https://www.theupcoming.co.uk/2018/02/17/black-47-press-conference-with-director-lance-daly-hugo-weaving-and-cast/ . live .
  9. Web site: 'Black 47' Cast Announced . . 28 September 2018 . 29 November 2016 . 24 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210124054958/http://www.iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4289971&tpl=archnews&force=1 . live .
  10. Web site: Murphy . Niall . #CastingCall: Extras needed for new Irish feature Black 47 . Scannain.com . 28 September 2018 . 21 November 2016 . 16 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210516203038/https://www.scannain.com/irish/casting-irish/black-47-extras/ . live .
  11. Web site: Urgent Casting Call: Feature Film 'Black 47' requires Extras The Irish Film & Television Network . McNeice . Katie . . 28 September 2018 . 11 January 2017 . 13 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201113121322/http://iftn.ie/news/?act1=record&only=1&aid=73&rid=4290129&tpl=archnews&force=1 . live .
  12. Web site: Australian actor on learning Irish to star in Black 47 Famine movie . IrishCentral.com . 28 September 2018 . en . 26 February 2018 . 29 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035024/https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/entertainment/james-frecheville-irish-black-47-movie . live .
  13. Web site: Murray . Suzanne . Production starts on BLACK 47 starring award-winning cast led by Hugo Weaving and Jim Broadbent - Wildcard Distribution . Wildcard Distribution . 28 August 2018 . 29 November 2016 . 30 March 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20190330001550/http://www.wildcarddistribution.com/production-starts-black-47-starring-award-winning-cast-led-hugo-weaving-jim-broadbent . live .
  14. Web site: Shoot underway on 'Black 47' starring Hugo Weaving, Jim Broadbent. Klemens. Kristen. ScreenDaily. 29 November 2016. 28 August 2018. 16 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210116092214/https://www.screendaily.com/news/shoot-underway-on-black-47-starring-hugo-weaving-jim-broadbent/5111754.article. live.
  15. Web site: Brian Byrne Scoring Lance Daly's 'Black 47'. Film Music Reporter. 28 August 2018. 29 August 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180829035018/http://filmmusicreporter.com/2017/09/25/brian-byrne-scoring-lance-dalys-black-47/. live.
  16. Cited in film end credits.
  17. Web site: Upcoming Irish Film Black 47 to Premiere at the Berlin Film Festival . . Lloyd . Brian . 29 August 2018 . 15 January 2018 . 30 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180830011941/http://entertainment.ie/cinema/news/Upcoming-Irish-film-Black-47-to-premiere-at-the-Berlin-Film-Festival/401227.htm . live .
  18. News: Black 47 and Don't Go Among Irish Films at Cannes . O'Brien . Jennifer . . 11 May 2018 . 29 August 2018 . 7 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210507232554/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/black-47-and-don-t-go-among-irish-films-at-cannes-gllv7fnsm . live .
  19. Web site: The Audi Dublin International Film Festival Unveils its Programme . Abbatescianni . Davide . 2 February 2018 . Cineuropa.org . 29 August 2018 . 19 February 2024 . https://archive.today/20240219072928/https://cineuropa.org/en/newsdetail/346590/ . live .
  20. Web site: Black '47 to Screen at Dingle International Film Festival . Dingle International Film Festival . 29 August 2018 . 5 March 2018 . 30 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180830010611/http://www.dinglefilmfestival.com/film-festival-ireland/black-47-to-screen-at-dingle-international-film-festival/ . dead .
  21. Web site: Black 47 Belfast Film Festival (2018) . Belfast Film Festival . 29 August 2018 . 30 August 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180830005201/https://belfastfilmfestival.org/films/black-47 . dead .
  22. Web site: Black 47 (2018) . . 29 August 2018 . 5 December 2019 . https://web.archive.org/web/20191205143436/https://www.galwayfilmfleadh.com/project/black-47/ . dead .
  23. Web site: Black 47 . . 29 August 2018 . 19 February 2024 . https://archive.today/20240219074626/https://www.tiff.net/events/black-47 . live .
  24. Web site: Black 47 to Have Special Screening in the Irish Film Institute in association with Famine Exhibition. Murray. Suzanne. Wildcard Distribution. 6 March 2018. 29 August 2018. 28 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181128191727/http://www.wildcarddistribution.com/black-47-special-screening-irish-film-institute-association-famine-exhibition. live.
  25. Web site: The Official Irish/UK Trailer for Epic Feature BLACK 47 Released Today . Wildcard Distribution . 27 July 2018 . 29 August 2018 . 21 October 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20181021124615/http://www.wildcarddistribution.com/official-irishuk-trailer-epic-feature-black-47-released-today . dead .
  26. Web site: Irish action film Black 47 to open in September . . 28 September 2018 . en . 1 June 2018 . 9 May 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210509102801/https://www.rte.ie/entertainment/2018/0601/967576-irish-action-film-black-47-to-open-in-september/ . live .
  27. Web site: IFC Films Nabs U.S. Rights To 'Black 47': Lance Daly's Historical Thriller Recounts Dark Irish Chapter . . Evans . Greg . 29 August 2018 . 16 August 2018 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204125144/https://deadline.com/2018/08/black-47-ifc-films-u-s-rights-lance-daly-historical-thriller-toronto-film-festival-1202446541/ . live .
  28. Web site: Barry . Aoife . Famine film Black 47 has made over €1 million at the Irish box office . . 28 September 2018 . en . 20 September 2018 . 28 September 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180928200702/http://www.thejournal.ie/black-47-box-office-takings-4246331-Sep2018/ . live .
  29. Web site: Irish Famine movie "Black 47" is Ireland's top flick of 2018. 10 September 2018. 28 September 2018. 11 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911152338/https://www.irishcentral.com/culture/entertainment/irish-famine-movie-black-47-ireland. live.
  30. Web site: 'Black 47' is the No.1 Irish movie of the year at the box office on its opening weekend. Entertainment.ie. 10 September 2018. 11 September 2018. 11 September 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180911153728/http://entertainment.ie/cinema/news/Black-47-is-the-No1-Irish-movie-of-the-year-at-the-box-office-on-its-opening-weekend/408146.htm. live.
  31. News: Review: 'Black '47,' a Revenge Thriller Set During the Irish Famine. The New York Times. 27 September 2018. Kenny. Glenn. 8 April 2019. 2 October 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181002133816/https://www.nytimes.com/2018/09/27/movies/black-47-review.html?referrer=google_kp. live.
  32. https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/black-47-20
  33. Web site: Film reviews: The Wife | Redcon-1 | Black 47 | Skate Kitchen. www.scotsman.com. 9 March 2020. 5 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201005025854/https://www.scotsman.com/arts-and-culture/film-reviews-wife-redcon-1-black-47-skate-kitchen-572632. live.
  34. News: Film review: Black 47. Kevin. Maher. www.thetimes.co.uk. 13 January 2020. 4 May 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190504200952/https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/film-review-black-47-gjkmfsn32. live.
  35. News: Black 47 review: an overbaked, über-glum Irish famine thriller. Robbie. Collin. The Telegraph. 28 September 2018. www.telegraph.co.uk. 13 January 2020. 13 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200113141352/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/black-47-review-overbakeduber-glum-irish-famine-thriller/. live.
  36. Web site: Black '47 (2018). Rotten Tomatoes. Fandango. . 2 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210302210952/https://www.rottentomatoes.com/m/black_47. live.
  37. Web site: Black '47. www.metacritic.com. 13 January 2020. 10 March 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210310162446/https://www.metacritic.com/movie/black-47. live.
  38. News: Black '47: Brain-twitching Great Irish Famine revenge thriller. Donald. Clarke. The Irish Times. 23 February 2019. 23 November 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181123182519/https://www.irishtimes.com/culture/film/black-47-brain-twitching-great-irish-famine-revenge-thriller-1.3618023. live.
  39. Web site: Black 47 movie review: 'Lance Daly's Famine epic is an admirable attempt to go where no one has gone before'. Independent.ie. 23 February 2019. 26 December 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20181226034347/https://www.independent.ie/entertainment/movies/movie-reviews/black-47-movie-review-lance-dalys-famine-epic-is-an-admirable-attempt-to-go-where-no-one-has-gone-before-37292055.html. live.
  40. Web site: Black 47 review – brutal revenge amid the horror of the Irish famine. Peter. Bradshaw. 26 September 2018. www.theguardian.com. 8 April 2019. 8 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190408131742/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/sep/26/black-47-review-lance-daly-hugo-weaving-stephen-rea-jim-broadbent. live.
  41. Web site: Review: "Black 47" movie is a must-see for Irish Americans who value their history and heritage. 16 August 2018. 8 April 2019. 8 April 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190408131746/https://www.irishcentral.com/opinion/niallodowd/black-47-movie-review. live.
  42. Web site: Black 47 movie review & film summary (2018) | Roger Ebert. Simon. Abrams. www.rogerebert.com. 13 January 2020. 13 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200113134937/https://www.rogerebert.com/reviews/black-47-2018. live.
  43. Web site: Black '47 review – weak revenge drama set during the 1847 Irish famine. Simran. Hans. 30 September 2018. www.theguardian.com. 13 January 2020. 13 January 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200113184813/https://www.theguardian.com/film/2018/sep/30/black-47-review-lance-daly-irish-potato-famine-revenge-drama. live.
  44. Web site: 2018 . Black 47 Goofs . . 6 December 2023. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20230128094029/https://www.imdb.com/title/tt03208026/goofs/?tab=gf&ref_=tt_trv_gf . 28 January 2023 . dmy-all .
  45. Web site: 2006 . 88th Regiment of Foot (Connaught Rangers) 1793-1881 Locations . Land Forces of Britain, the Empire, and Commonwealth. . 25 January 2021. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20060509174559/http://www.regiments.org/deploy/uk/reg-inf/088-1.htm . 9 May 2006 . dmy-all .
  46. Web site: Mark-FitzGerald . Emily . 2018 . Black ’47 . . 25 January 2021. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20200802204053/https://www.historyireland.com/volume-26/issue-3-may-june-2018/black-47/ . 2 August 2020 . dmy-all .
  47. Web site: Downham . John . 2018 . The Regiments in Afghanistan 1839-42, 1878-80, and 1919 . . 25 January 2021. dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20210117032110/http://www.lancashireinfantrymuseum.org.uk/the-regiments-in-afghanistan-1839-42-1878-80-and-1919/ . 17 January 2021 . dmy-all .
  48. Lee, Helen. (2020). The Little Book of Galway. The History Press. Retrieved 25 January 2021

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