| Bishnupur | |
| Other Name: | The City of Temples |
| Settlement Type: | City |
| Nickname: | City of Temples |
| Pushpin Map: | India West Bengal#India3 |
| Pushpin Label Position: | right |
| Pushpin Map Caption: | Location in West Bengal, India |
| Coordinates: | 23.075°N 87.317°W |
| Established Date: | 16th century |
| Founder: | Raja Veer Hambir |
| Named For: | God Vishnu |
| Government Type: | Municipality |
| Governing Body: | Bishnupur Municipality |
| Unit Pref: | Metric |
| Area Footnotes: | [1] |
| Area Total Km2: | 22 |
| Elevation M: | 70 |
| Population Total: | 75000 |
| Population As Of: | 2011 |
| Population Density Km2: | auto |
| Population Demonym: | Bishnupurbashi, Bishnupurians |
| Demographics Type1: | Languages |
| Demographics1 Title1: | Official |
| Timezone1: | IST |
| Utc Offset1: | +5:30 |
| Postal Code Type: | PIN |
| Postal Code: | 722122 |
| Registration Plate: | WB-88 |
| Blank1 Name Sec1: | Lok Sabha constituency |
| Blank1 Info Sec1: | Bishnupur |
| Iso Code: | IN-WB |
| Demographics1 Info1: | Bengali, English |
| Blank2 Name Sec1: | Vidhan Sabha constituency |
| Blank2 Info Sec1: | Bishnupur |
Bishnupur is a city and a municipality and now it is District in the state of West Bengal, India. It is known for its terracotta temples built by the Malla rulers, historic Radha Krishna temples built during 1600–1800 CE and the Baluchari sarees.
Bishnupur was ruled under the Gupta period by local Hindu kings who paid tribute to Samudra Gupta.[2] Following a long period of obscurity, where the land oscillated between being a minor independent principality and a vassal state. The land is also called Mallabhum after the Malla rulers of this place. The Malla rulers were Vaishnavites and built the famous terracotta temples during the 17th and 18th centuries at this place. The legends of Bipodtarini Devi are associated with the Malla Kings of Bishnupur.[3]
For almost a thousand years it was the capital of the Malla kings of Mallabhum, of which Bankura was a part, till their power waned during the times when the Mughal Empire weakened under the last monarchs of the dynasty.
The patronage of Malla king Veer Hambir and his successors Raja Raghunath Singha Dev and Bir Singha Dev made Bishnupur one of the principal centres of culture in Bengal. Most of the terracotta temples, for which the town is known, were built during this period.
Mrinmoyee temple of kings is treated as a valuable historic place.
Royal patronage also gave rise to Bishnupur Gharana (school) of Hindustani classical music in late 18th-century[4] and the Bishnupur school of painting.
Since 1997, the temples of Bishnupur is on the UNESCO World Heritage Site's Tentative list.
Bishnupur is located at .[5] It has an average elevation of 59 metres (194 feet).
This area has fertile, low -lying alluvial plains.[6] It is a predominantly rural area with 90.06% of the population living in rural areas and only 8.94% living in the urban areas.[7] It was a part of the core area of Mallabhum.[8]
India census,[9] Bishnupur had a population of 61,943. Males constitute 50% of the population and females 50%. Bishnupur has an average literacy rate of 69%, higher than the national average of 59.5%; with male literacy of 77% and female literacy of 61%. 11% of the population is under 6 years of age.
The headquarters of Bishnupur CD block are located at Bishnupur.[10]
Bishnupur police station has jurisdiction over Bishnupur municipality and Bishnupur CD Block. The area covered is 365.73 km2 with a population of 138,786.[11] [12]
Bishnupur is a region where Bengali has gained importance. Bengali is the primary dialect and main language of this region. More than 90% of the people of Bishnupur are Bengali.
There are a number of well-known schools and colleges in Bishnupur. For higher education, there is a college named Ramananda College under Bankura University. There is also a music college named Ramsharan College of Music. The names of the schools are:
K.G. Engineering Institute(KGEI) is a government polytechnic college; there are also Mallabhum Institute of Technology(MIT) is a private b.tech college affiliated to MAKAUT University and two private polytechnic colleges named Mallabhum Institute of Polytechnic (MIP).
Bishnupur has a 250-bedded District hospital and One Superspeciality Hospital with ICU Dep. at Rasikganja .[13]
Bishnupur is reasonably well connected via roads. Due to its importance as a tourism destination, it is connected to almost all major places of Bengal. Long-distance buses connect Bishnupur to places like Tarakeswar, Durgapur, Asansol, Kolkata, Medinipur etc. There are regular and frequent bus services available between Bishnupur and Kolkata, Tarakeswar, Bardhaman, Khatra, and Medinipur. The Kolkata-bound buses usually leave Kolkata from the Esplanade bus stand. The journey takes about 4 hours and 45 minutes.
Bishnupur is well-connected by rail to the rest of the country via Kharagpur and Adra. Express and mail trains ply between Kolkata and Bishnupur on a regular basis. The Rupashi Bangla Express, Aranyak Express and the Purulia Express are the most convenient trains to reach Bishnupur from Kolkata; these trains come via Kharagpur (Midnapur) and take approx 3:30 to 4:15 hours to reach Bishnupur from Kolkata.
Within the city of Bishnupur, private auto-rickshaws and cycle rickshaws are the most convenient modes of communication. Recently CNG autos have been introduced plying through various parts of the town. These vehicles are environment-friendly, non-polluting, convenient, less time-consuming, and cheap modes of travel.
Nearest International Airport is at Dumdum, Kolkata (Netaji Subhash International Airport) which is 140 km away; a smaller private airstrip at Panagarh belonging to the Indian Air Force is rarely used. A new airport in Andal (Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport), has come up (90 km from Bishnupur). Kazi Nazrul Islam Airport is situated at a distance of 15km from the city center of Durgapur.
Bishnupur is now a junction, it connects Tarakeswar (E.Railway) via Arambag.
The Bishnupur Mela is held every year around the last week of December, in Raj Darbar. Later on Bishnupur High School Ground and from Now it is held at Nandalal Temple Premises.
In 2018, the test of the Bishnupur Mela is totally changed. A big thanks to the administration for such an innovative idea to keep Bishnupur Terracotta Temples at the backdrop of the main stage. The Bishnupur Mela was inaugurated with the Gharana Music sung by some renowned persons from Bishnupur Gharana. In this year 2018, a fashion show with Baluchari Saree is introduced to promote Baluchari Saree at an international platform. Besides artisans got a huge income by selling crafts from the stalls of Mela. A recent addition is Bishnupur Utsab, held after the Mela. It is a classical music and dance festival in recognition of the 'Bishnupur Gharana' in music.[14] It was stopped after 2012 but It started again on and from 2/2/2018 at Rashmancha.
See main article: List of temples in Bishnupur.
There are many such temples that stand testimony to the exquisite craftsmanship of the artisans of the region. The temples were crafted from the local laterite and brick. The temples are covered with terracotta tiles depicting scenes from the epic Mahabharata. The temples are located in Bishnupur and across many other small villages in the Bankura district.
A school of music, called the Bishnupur Gharana, was established here in 1370 A.D and flourished under the patronage of the Malla kings. The school hit its peak in the 16th and 17th centuries. This style of music is rooted in the Dhrupad style and is still being kept alive in local academies of music. Pakhwaj, Sitar, Esraj comprise the main instruments. Bengali Ragpradhan is one of the Classical items of this gharana.
Terracotta is characteristic of Bishnupur. Apart from the temples, terracotta pottery, artefacts and even jewelry made in this very traditional material are famous. The most famous of the terracotta products are the handmade jars, and disks and the more famous of them are the terracotta horses, elephants, Ganesha, and Nataraj. But nowadays skilled artists and potters are not present and also they make different products like faces, men, wall hangings and also the mini-sized Dal Madal Kaman (cannon). The potters here derive their inspiration from the glorious history of kings, soldiers, and wars.
Bishnupur is famous for Baluchari Sari.[16] Woven on Jacquard punch-card looms, these sarees often have mythological scenes woven into the border and pallu.
The Dashavatar Tash are a kind of playing cards that depict the ten avatars of the Hindu god Vishnu. They are traditionally round and are hand-painted on a backing made of layers of fabric glued together.[17] They are made only by members of the Foujdar family of Bishnupur.
Brass and bell-metal craft is still practiced in Bishnupur. Previously a unique alloy called 'bharan' was also used in Bishnupur, but it is no longer used.[18]
Lanterns made of recycled materials are another local craft.[19]
Bankura horses are terracotta horses that are used for religious purposes[20] and also as decorative items. This art originated in the Bankura district.[21] These horses are known for their symmetrical shape and rounded curves. The Bankura or Panchmura horse gained popularity among art lovers since it was depicted in paintings by M. F. Hussein.[22]
There is a snake festival in August, Ultorath and the Bishnupur fair in December. Also, durga puja and kali puja or diwali is celebrated with pomp here. The Rajbari Durga Puja (also popular as Mrinmoyee Maa er pujo) was started on 994 AD, which makes it the oldest Durga Puja in the entire Bengal region including today's Bangladesh, Odisha and Tripura.
During the period 1990–2010, the 175-year-old Bishnupur Municipality[23] was controlled by INC. From 2010 it is controlled by TMC.Present Municipality chairman is the longest serving chairman of Bishnupur Municipality.