Biscay (Congress of Deputies constituency) explained
Biscay (Basque: Bizkaia, Spanish; Castilian: Vizcaya) is one of the 52 constituencies (Spanish; Castilian: link=no|circunscripciones) represented in the Congress of Deputies, the lower chamber of the Spanish parliament, the Cortes Generales. The constituency currently elects eight deputies. Its boundaries correspond to those of the Spanish province of Biscay. The electoral system uses the D'Hondt method and a closed-list proportional representation, with a minimum threshold of three percent.
Electoral system
The constituency was created as per the Political Reform Act 1977 and was first contested in the 1977 general election. The Act provided for the provinces of Spain to be established as multi-member districts in the Congress of Deputies,[2] with this regulation being maintained under the Spanish Constitution of 1978. Additionally, the Constitution requires for any modification of the provincial limits to be approved under an organic law, needing an absolute majority in the Cortes Generales.[3]
Voting is on the basis of universal suffrage, which comprises all nationals over eighteen and in full enjoyment of their political rights. The only exception was in 1977, when this was limited to nationals over twenty-one and in full enjoyment of their political and civil rights. Amendments to the electoral law in 2011 required for Spaniards abroad to apply for voting before being permitted to vote, a system known as "begged" or expat vote (Spanish; Castilian: Voto rogado) which was abolished in 2022.[4] [5] 348 seats are elected using the D'Hondt method and a closed list proportional representation, with an electoral threshold of three percent of valid votes—which includes blank ballots—being applied in each constituency. Each provincial constituency is entitled to an initial minimum of two seats, with the remaining 248 being distributed in proportion to their populations. Ceuta and Melilla are allocated the two remaining seats, which are elected using plurality voting.[3] [6] [7] The use of the D'Hondt method may result in a higher effective threshold, depending on the district magnitude.[8]
The electoral law allows for parties and federations registered in the interior ministry, coalitions and groupings of electors to present lists of candidates. Parties and federations intending to form a coalition ahead of an election are required to inform the relevant Electoral Commission within ten days of the election call—fifteen before 1985—whereas groupings of electors need to secure the signature of at least one percent of the electorate in the constituencies for which they seek election—one-thousandth of the electorate, with a compulsory minimum of 500 signatures, until 1985—disallowing electors from signing for more than one list of candidates. Also since 2011, parties, federations or coalitions that have not obtained a mandate in either chamber of the Cortes at the preceding election are required to secure the signature of at least 0.1 percent of electors in the aforementioned constituencies.[6] [7]
Deputies
Elections
2023 general election
Summary of the 23 July 2023 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 164,188 | 26.93 | –8.29 | 2 | –1 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 157,448 | 25.82 | +6.69 | 2 | ±0 |
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) | 125,867 | 20.64 | +5.62 | 2 | +1 |
| People's Party (PP) | 70,533 | 11.57 | +2.75 | 1 | ±0 |
| Unite (Sumar)1 | 66,592 | 10.92 | –5.85 | 1 | ±0 |
|
| Vox (Vox) | 16,069 | 2.64 | +0.22 | 0 | ±0 |
| Animalist Party with the Environment (PACMA)2 | 2,729 | 0.45 | –0.15 | 0 | ±0 |
| Workers' Front (FO) | 929 | 0.15 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 804 | 0.13 | +0.05 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK) | 618 | 0.10 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
| Zero Cuts (Recortes Cero) | 525 | 0.09 | –0.03 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 3,391 | 0.56 | –0.04 | |
|
| Total | 609,693 | | 8 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 609,693 | 99.15 | –0.27 | |
| Invalid votes | 5,251 | 0.85 | +0.27 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 614,944 | 65.21 | –1.55 |
| Abstentions | 328,039 | 34.79 | +1.55 |
| Registered voters | 942,983 | |
|
| Sources[9] |
| |
November 2019 general election
Summary of the 10 November 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 221,979 | 35.22 | +0.88 | 3 | ±0 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 120,566 | 19.13 | –0.75 | 2 | ±0 |
| United We Can (Podemos–IU) | 97,125 | 15.41 | –2.31 | 1 | –1 |
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) | 94,669 | 15.02 | +1.66 | 1 | ±0 |
| People's Party (PP) | 55,621 | 8.82 | +1.56 | 1 | +1 |
|
| Vox (Vox) | 15,284 | 2.42 | +0.11 | 0 | ±0 |
| More Country–Ecologist Candidacy (Más País–Candidatura Ecologista) | 8,542 | 1.36 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 6,929 | 1.10 | –2.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 3,783 | 0.60 | –0.30 | 0 | ±0 |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 753 | 0.12 | –0.05 | 0 | ±0 |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 494 | 0.08 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK) | 491 | 0.08 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) | 270 | 0.04 | –0.04 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 3,806 | 0.60 | –0.06 | |
|
| Total | 630,312 | | 8 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 630,312 | 99.42 | +0.11 | |
| Invalid votes | 3,665 | 0.58 | –0.11 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 633,977 | 66.76 | –6.09 |
| Abstentions | 315,621 | 33.24 | +6.09 |
| Registered voters | 949,598 | |
|
| Sources[10] | |
April 2019 general election
Summary of the 28 April 2019 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 235,916 | 34.34 | +6.12 | 3 | +1 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 136,547 | 19.88 | +5.97 | 2 | +1 |
| United We Can (Podemos–IU–Equo Berdeak) | 121,740 | 17.72 | –11.15 | 2 | –1 |
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) | 91,771 | 13.36 | +2.47 | 1 | ±0 |
| People's Party (PP) | 49,859 | 7.26 | –5.45 | 0 | –1 |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (Cs) | 21,392 | 3.11 | –0.22 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| Vox (Vox) | 15,839 | 2.31 | +2.21 | 0 | ±0 |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 6,187 | 0.90 | +0.12 | 0 | ±0 |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 1,177 | 0.17 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 844 | 0.12 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Workers of the Basque Country (PCTE/ELAK) | 603 | 0.09 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| European Solidarity Action Party (Solidaria) | 528 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 4,557 | 0.66 | +0.03 | |
|
| Total | 686,960 | | 8 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 686,960 | 99.31 | –0.01 | |
| Invalid votes | 4,742 | 0.69 | +0.01 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 691,702 | 72.85 | +6.88 |
| Abstentions | 257,740 | 27.15 | –6.88 |
| Registered voters | 949,442 | |
|
| Sources | |
2016 general election
Summary of the 26 June 2016 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| United We Can (Podemos/Ahal Dugu–IU–Equo)1 | 179,347 | 28.87 | –0.05 | 3 | +1 |
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 175,296 | 28.22 | +0.31 | 2 | –1 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 86,425 | 13.91 | +0.93 | 1 | ±0 |
| People's Party (PP) | 78,965 | 12.71 | +1.31 | 1 | ±0 |
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu) | 67,653 | 10.89 | –1.60 | 1 | ±0 |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) | 20,685 | 3.33 | –0.51 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 4,865 | 0.78 | +0.12 | 0 | ±0 |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 1,176 | 0.19 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank Seats (EB/AZ) | 1,026 | 0.17 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) | 766 | 0.12 | –0.19 | 0 | ±0 |
| Vox (Vox) | 641 | 0.10 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 467 | 0.08 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 3,907 | 0.63 | –0.11 | |
|
| Total | 621,219 | | 8 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 621,219 | 98.32 | +0.03 | |
| Invalid votes | 4,225 | 0.68 | –0.03 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 625,444 | 65.97 | –3.44 |
| Abstentions | 322,636 | 34.03 | +3.44 |
| Registered voters | 948,080 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
2015 general election
Summary of the 20 December 2015 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 182,604 | 27.91 | –4.70 | 3 | ±0 |
| We Can (Podemos/Ahal Dugu) | 170,728 | 26.10 | New | 2 | +2 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 84,893 | 12.98 | –8.41 | 1 | –1 |
| Basque Country Gather (EH Bildu)1 | 81,704 | 12.49 | –6.70 | 1 | –1 |
| People's Party (PP) | 74,560 | 11.40 | –6.32 | 1 | ±0 |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) | 25,148 | 3.84 | New | 0 | ±0 |
|
| United Left–Popular Unity in Common (IU–UPeC) | 18,466 | 2.82 | –0.96 | 0 | ±0 |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 4,342 | 0.66 | +0.15 | 0 | ±0 |
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) | 2,012 | 0.31 | –1.39 | 0 | ±0 |
| Left–For the Left (Ezkerra) | 1,447 | 0.22 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Zero Cuts–Green Group (Recortes Cero–GV) | 1,089 | 0.17 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank Seats (EB/AZ) | 1,045 | 0.16 | –0.29 | 0 | ±0 |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 479 | 0.07 | –0.19 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 414 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Social Justice, Citizen Participation (JS,PC) | 406 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 4,840 | 0.74 | –0.40 | |
|
| Total | 654,177 | | 8 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 654,177 | 99.29 | +0.30 | |
| Invalid votes | 4,647 | 0.71 | –0.30 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 658,824 | 69.41 | +1.33 |
| Abstentions | 290,353 | 30.59 | –1.33 |
| Registered voters | 949,177 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
2011 general election
Summary of the 20 November 2011 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 208,683 | 32.61 | +1.51 | 3 | ±0 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 136,853 | 21.39 | –15.60 | 2 | –2 |
| Amaiur (Amaiur)1 | 122,796 | 19.19 | +14.54 | 2 | +2 |
| People's Party (PP) | 113,401 | 17.72 | –0.68 | 1 | ±0 |
| United Left–The Greens: Plural Left (IU–LV) | 24,205 | 3.78 | –0.57 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) | 10,886 | 1.70 | +0.75 | 0 | ±0 |
| Equo (Equo) | 7,387 | 1.15 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Animalist Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 3,278 | 0.51 | +0.14 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank Seats (EB) | 2,886 | 0.45 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 1,670 | 0.26 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) | 550 | 0.09 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 7,285 | 1.14 | –0.54 | |
|
| Total | 639,880 | | 8 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 639,880 | 98.99 | –0.04 | |
| Invalid votes | 6,552 | 1.01 | +0.04 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 646,432 | 68.08 | +1.49 |
| Abstentions | 303,039 | 31.92 | –1.49 |
| Registered voters | 949,471 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
2008 general election
Summary of the 9 March 2008 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 233,371 | 36.99 | +10.23 | 4 | +1 |
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 196,242 | 31.10 | –6.19 | 3 | –1 |
| People's Party (PP) | 116,110 | 18.40 | –0.34 | 1 | –1 |
| United Left–Greens–Alternative (EB–B) | 27,471 | 4.35 | –4.23 | 0 | ±0 |
| Basque Solidarity (EA) | 19,605 | 3.11 | –1.23 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| Aralar (Aralar) | 9,740 | 1.54 | –0.31 | 0 | ±0 |
| Union, Progress and Democracy (UPyD) | 5,997 | 0.95 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| The Greens (B/LV) | 3,351 | 0.53 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Anti-Bullfighting Party Against Mistreatment of Animals (PACMA) | 2,343 | 0.37 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| For a Fairer World (PUM+J) | 1,466 | 0.23 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 998 | 0.16 | –0.08 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain–Basque Communists (PCPE–EK) | 799 | 0.13 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Engine and Sports Alternative (AMD) | 617 | 0.10 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Family and Life Party (PFyV) | 589 | 0.09 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 435 | 0.07 | –0.20 | 0 | ±0 |
| Citizens–Party of the Citizenry (C's) | 426 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 219 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| National Democracy (DN) | 191 | 0.03 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
| Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC) | 166 | 0.03 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| Spanish Alternative (AES) | 113 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| National Alliance (AN) | 87 | 0.01 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 10,581 | 1.68 | +0.42 | |
|
| Total | 630,917 | | 8 | –1 |
|
| Valid votes | 630,917 | 99.03 | +5.25 | |
| Invalid votes | 6,177 | 0.97 | –5.25 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 637,094 | 66.59 | –9.24 |
| Abstentions | 319,615 | 33.41 | +9.24 |
| Registered voters | 956,709 | |
|
| Sources | |
2004 general election
Summary of the 14 March 2004 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 258,488 | 37.29 | +3.08 | 4 | ±0 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 185,514 | 26.76 | +3.90 | 3 | +1 |
| People's Party (PP) | 129,889 | 18.74 | –8.52 | 2 | –1 |
| United Left (EB/IU) | 59,493 | 8.58 | +2.79 | 0 | ±0 |
| Basque Solidarity (EA) | 30,096 | 4.34 | –0.74 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| Aralar–Stand up (Aralar–Zutik) | 12,791 | 1.85 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD) | 2,300 | 0.33 | –0.09 | 0 | ±0 |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 1,846 | 0.27 | +0.03 | 0 | ±0 |
| Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 1,682 | 0.24 | +0.14 | 0 | ±0 |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 789 | 0.11 | +0.06 | 0 | ±0 |
| Republican Left (IR) | 407 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| National Democracy (DN) | 348 | 0.05 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Republican Social Movement (MSR) | 264 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Carlist Party of the Basque Country–Carlist Party (EKA–PC) | 243 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| The Phalanx (FE) | 147 | 0.02 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS)1 | 134 | 0.02 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 8,754 | 1.26 | –1.44 | |
|
| Total | 693,185 | | 9 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 693,185 | 93.78 | –5.13 | |
| Invalid votes | 45,979 | 6.22 | +5.13 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 739,164 | 75.83 | +8.84 |
| Abstentions | 235,578 | 24.17 | –8.84 |
| Registered voters | 974,742 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
2000 general election
Summary of the 12 March 2000 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 222,479 | 34.21 | +5.01 | 4 | +1 |
| People's Party (PP) | 177,272 | 27.26 | +8.82 | 3 | +1 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 148,670 | 22.86 | –0.93 | 2 | ±0 |
| United Left (EB/IU) | 37,677 | 5.79 | –3.93 | 0 | –1 |
| Basque Solidarity (EA) | 33,047 | 5.08 | –0.10 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| The Greens (B/LV) | 5,469 | 0.84 | +0.40 | 0 | ±0 |
| Party of the Democratic Karma (PKD) | 2,759 | 0.42 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 1,579 | 0.24 | +0.18 | 0 | ±0 |
| Natural Law Party (PLN) | 1,025 | 0.16 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 662 | 0.10 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 534 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Democratic and Social Centre–Centrist Union (CDS–UC) | 348 | 0.05 | –0.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| Republican Action (AR) | 281 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Spain 2000 Platform (ES2000) | 246 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| The Phalanx (FE) | 243 | 0.04 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Carlist Party (EKA) | 182 | 0.03 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Independent Spanish Phalanx–Phalanx 2000 (FEI–FE 2000) | 179 | 0.03 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| Internationalist Struggle (LI (LIT–CI)) | 151 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Basque Citizens (EH)1 | 0 | 0.00 | –9.94 | 0 | –1 |
| Blank ballots | 17,584 | 2.70 | +1.40 | |
|
| Total | 650,387 | | 9 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 650,387 | 98.91 | –0.41 | |
| Invalid votes | 7,138 | 1.09 | +0.41 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 657,525 | 66.99 | –5.50 |
| Abstentions | 324,046 | 33.01 | +5.50 |
| Registered voters | 981,571 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
1996 general election
Summary of the 3 March 1996 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 204,056 | 29.20 | –0.34 | 3 | ±0 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE)) | 166,293 | 23.79 | –1.08 | 2 | –1 |
| People's Party (PP) | 128,904 | 18.44 | +3.15 | 2 | ±0 |
| Popular Unity (HB) | 69,472 | 9.94 | –2.58 | 1 | ±0 |
| United Left (IU/EB) | 67,954 | 9.72 | +2.67 | 1 | +1 |
| Basque Solidarity (EA) | 36,234 | 5.18 | –1.13 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| Basque Citizen Initiative (ICV–Gorordo) | 11,833 | 1.69 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| European Greens–Basque Country Greens (VE–EHB) | 774 | 0.44 | –0.57 | 0 | ±0 |
| Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRT)1 | 560 | 0.08 | –0.38 | 0 | ±0 |
| Centrist Union (UC) | 430 | 0.06 | –0.73 | 0 | ±0 |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 394 | 0.06 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| Republican Coalition (CR)2 | 331 | 0.05 | +0.01 | 0 | ±0 |
| Authentic Spanish Phalanx (FEA) | 139 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Independent Spanish Phalanx (FEI) | 138 | 0.02 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) | 0 | 0.00 | –0.06 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 9,063 | 1.30 | +0.09 | |
|
| Total | 698,859 | | 9 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 698,859 | 99.32 | +0.14 | |
| Invalid votes | 4,770 | 0.68 | –0.14 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 703,629 | 72.49 | +1.41 |
| Abstentions | 266,963 | 27.51 | –1.41 |
| Registered voters | 970,592 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
1993 general election
Summary of the 6 June 1993 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 197,392 | 29.54 | +1.63 | 3 | ±0 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Left (PSE–EE (PSOE))1 | 166,172 | 24.87 | –3.81 | 3 | ±0 |
| People's Party (PP) | 102,172 | 15.29 | +5.59 | 2 | +1 |
| Popular Unity (HB) | 83,644 | 12.52 | –2.53 | 1 | –1 |
| United Left (IU/EB) | 47,091 | 7.05 | +3.44 | 0 | ±0 |
| Basque Solidarity–Basque Left (EA–EuE) | 42,175 | 6.31 | –1.56 | 0 | –1 |
|
| The Greens (Berdeak/LV) | 6,769 | 1.01 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 5,285 | 0.79 | –2.65 | 0 | ±0 |
| The Ecologists (LE) | 3,215 | 0.48 | –0.59 | 0 | ±0 |
| Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 3,053 | 0.46 | +0.12 | 0 | ±0 |
| Ruiz-Mateos Group–European Democratic Alliance (ARM–ADE) | 1,359 | 0.20 | –0.56 | 0 | ±0 |
| Referendum Tolerant Independent Political Party (PITRCG) | 408 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Revolutionary Workers' Party (POR) | 405 | 0.06 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
| Natural Law Party (PLN) | 387 | 0.06 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 353 | 0.05 | –0.03 | 0 | ±0 |
| Coalition for a New Socialist Party (CNPS)2 | 251 | 0.04 | –0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) | 0 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 8,060 | 1.21 | +0.53 | |
|
| Total | 668,191 | | 9 | –1 |
|
| Valid votes | 668,191 | 99.18 | +0.15 | |
| Invalid votes | 5,495 | 0.82 | –0.15 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 673,686 | 71.08 | +3.79 |
| Abstentions | 274,085 | 28.92 | –3.79 |
| Registered voters | 947,771 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
1989 general election
Summary of the 29 October 1989 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 171,582 | 27.91 | –1.40 | 3 | ±0 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) | 127,744 | 20.78 | –5.78 | 2 | –1 |
| Popular Unity (HB) | 92,493 | 15.05 | –0.86 | 2 | ±0 |
| People's Party (PP)1 | 59,632 | 9.70 | –0.97 | 1 | ±0 |
| Basque Country Left (EE) | 48,559 | 7.90 | –0.46 | 1 | ±0 |
| Basque Solidarity (EA) | 48,355 | 7.87 | New | 1 | +1 |
| United Left (IU/EB) | 22,169 | 3.61 | +2.03 | 0 | ±0 |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 21,144 | 3.44 | –1.51 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| The Ecologist Greens (LVE) | 6,589 | 1.07 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Ruiz-Mateos Group (Ruiz-Mateos) | 4,682 | 0.76 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Workers' Party of the Basque Country–Basque Country Workers (PTE–EL)2 | 3,125 | 0.51 | –0.61 | 0 | ±0 |
| Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 2,099 | 0.34 | –0.10 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Peoples of Spain (PCPE) | 546 | 0.09 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Humanist Party (PH) | 521 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Revolutionary Workers' Party of Spain (PORE) | 510 | 0.08 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 400 | 0.07 | –0.05 | 0 | ±0 |
| Alliance for the Republic (AxR)3 | 398 | 0.06 | –0.10 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l))4 | 0 | 0.00 | –0.12 | 0 | ±0 |
| Revolutionary Communist League–Communist Movement (LKI–EMK)5 | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 4,176 | 0.68 | +0.20 | |
|
| Total | 614,724 | | 10 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 614,724 | 99.03 | +1.04 | |
| Invalid votes | 6,044 | 0.97 | –1.04 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 620,768 | 67.29 | –1.03 |
| Abstentions | 301,825 | 32.71 | +1.03 |
| Registered voters | 922,593 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
1986 general election
Summary of the 22 June 1986 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 179,130 | 29.31 | –4.07 | 3 | –1 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) | 162,323 | 26.56 | –3.08 | 3 | –1 |
| Popular Unity (HB) | 97,252 | 15.91 | +2.80 | 2 | +1 |
| People's Coalition (AP–PDP–PL)1 | 65,212 | 10.67 | –1.35 | 1 | ±0 |
| Basque Country Left (EE) | 51,090 | 8.36 | +1.80 | 1 | +1 |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 30,286 | 4.95 | +3.47 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| United Left (IU) | 9,638 | 1.58 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) | 6,863 | 1.12 | –1.07 | 0 | ±0 |
| Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 2,659 | 0.44 | –0.13 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) | 1,397 | 0.23 | +0.05 | 0 | ±0 |
| Internationalist Socialist Workers' Party (POSI) | 981 | 0.16 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (FE–JONS) | 751 | 0.12 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Republican Popular Unity (UPR)2 | 704 | 0.12 | +0.05 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK) | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 |
| Revolutionary Communist League (LKI) | 0 | 0.00 | ±0.00 | 0 | ±0 |
| Party of the Communists of Catalonia (PCC) | 0 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 2,935 | 0.48 | –0.02 | |
|
| Total | 611,221 | | 10 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 611,221 | 97.99 | +0.16 | |
| Invalid votes | 12,549 | 2.01 | –0.16 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 623,770 | 68.32 | –11.20 |
| Abstentions | 289,194 | 31.68 | +11.20 |
| Registered voters | 912,964 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
1982 general election
Summary of the 28 October 1982 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 221,801 | 33.38 | +4.20 | 4 | ±0 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) | 196,974 | 29.64 | +10.58 | 4 | +2 |
| Popular Unity (HB) | 87,100 | 13.11 | –1.40 | 1 | –1 |
| Democratic Coalition (AP–PDP–PDL–UCD)1 | 79,866 | 12.02 | –8.20 | 1 | –1 |
| Basque Country Left–Left for Socialism (EE) | 43,591 | 6.56 | +0.71 | 0 | ±0 |
|
| Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) | 14,537 | 2.19 | –3.58 | 0 | ±0 |
| Democratic and Social Centre (CDS) | 9,815 | 1.48 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Workers' Socialist Party (PST) | 3,815 | 0.57 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| New Force (FN)2 | 1,289 | 0.19 | –1.17 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Unification of Spain (UCE) | 1,225 | 0.18 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Unity Candidacy (CUC) | 761 | 0.11 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of Spain (Marxist–Leninist) (PCE (m–l)) | 478 | 0.07 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Revolutionary Communist League (LKI) | 0 | 0.00 | –0.55 | 0 | ±0 |
| Socialist Party (PS)3 | 0 | 0.00 | –0.75 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist League–Internationalist Socialist Workers' Coalition (LC (COSI)) | 0 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Movement of the Basque Country (EMK) | 0 | 0.00 | –1.32 | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 3,318 | 0.50 | +0.30 | |
|
| Total | 664,570 | | 10 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 664,570 | 97.83 | +0.04 | |
| Invalid votes | 14,728 | 2.17 | –0.04 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 679,298 | 79.52 | +14.19 |
| Abstentions | 174,906 | 20.48 | –14.19 |
| Registered voters | 854,204 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
1979 general election
Summary of the 1 March 1979 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 161,480 | 29.18 | –1.74 | 4 | ±0 |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE)1 | 105,481 | 19.06 | –8.38 | 2 | –1 |
| Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | 88,431 | 15.98 | –0.43 | 2 | ±0 |
| Popular Unity (HB)2 | 80,280 | 14.51 | +10.97 | 2 | +2 |
| Basque Country Left (EE) | 32,363 | 5.85 | +0.42 | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) | 31,942 | 5.77 | +0.38 | 0 | ±0 |
| Foral Union of the Basque Country (UFPV)3 | 23,484 | 4.24 | –2.40 | 0 | –1 |
|
| National Union (UN) | 7,521 | 1.36 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Communist Movement–Organization of Communist Left (MC–OIC) | 7,292 | 1.32 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Spanish Socialist Workers' Party (historical) (PSOEh)4 | 4,131 | 0.75 | –0.37 | 0 | ±0 |
| Revolutionary Communist League (LCR)5 | 3,039 | 0.55 | –0.26 | 0 | ±0 |
| Workers' Revolutionary Organization (ORT)6 | 2,932 | 0.53 | +0.02 | 0 | ±0 |
| Carlist Party (PC) | 1,380 | 0.25 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Republican Left of the Basque Country (IR–E) | 1,229 | 0.22 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Spanish Phalanx of the CNSO (Authentic) (FE–JONS(A)) | 795 | 0.14 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Proverist Party (PPr) | 500 | 0.09 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Union for the Freedom of Speech (ULE) | 0 | 0.00 | New | 0 | ±0 |
| Blank ballots | 1,127 | 0.20 | –0.01 | |
|
| Total | 553,407 | | 10 | ±0 |
|
| Valid votes | 553,407 | 97.79 | +0.64 | |
| Invalid votes | 12,478 | 2.21 | –0.64 |
| Votes cast / turnout | 565,885 | 65.33 | –11.05 |
| Abstentions | 300,300 | 34.67 | +11.05 |
| Registered voters | 866,185 | |
|
| Sources |
| |
1977 general election
Summary of the 15 June 1977 Congress of Deputies election results in Biscay| Parties and alliances | Popular vote | Seats |
|---|
| Votes | % | ±pp | Total | +/− |
|---|
| Basque Nationalist Party (EAJ/PNV) | 171,991 | 30.92 | n/a | 4 | n/a |
| Socialist Party of the Basque Country (PSE–PSOE) | 140,643 | 25.28 | n/a | 3 | n/a |
| Union of the Democratic Centre (UCD) | 91,262 | 16.41 | n/a | 2 | n/a |
| People's Alliance (AP) | 36,934 | 6.64 | n/a | 1 | n/a |
| Basque Country Left (EE) | 30,209 | 5.43 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Communist Party of the Basque Country (PCE/EPK) | 29,968 | 5.39 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
|
| Basque Socialist Party (ESB/PSV) | 15,079 | 2.71 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| People's Socialist Party–Socialist Unity (PSP–US) | 12,038 | 2.16 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Democratic Socialist Alliance (ASDCI) | 6,224 | 1.12 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Basque Christian Democracy (DCV) | 6,034 | 1.08 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Basque Nationalist Action (EAE/ANV) | 4,617 | 0.83 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Front for Workers' Unity (FUT) | 4,478 | 0.81 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Workers' Electoral Group (AET) | 2,825 | 0.51 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Democratic Left Front (FDI) | 2,767 | 0.50 | n/a | 0 | n/a |
| Blank ballots | 1,166 | 0.21 | n/a | |
|
| Total | 556,235 | | 10 | n/a |
|
| Valid votes | 556,235 | 97.15 | n/a | |
| Invalid votes | 16,313 | 2.85 | n/a |
| Votes cast / turnout | 572,548 | 76.38 | n/a |
| Abstentions | 177,024 | 23.62 | n/a |
| Registered voters | 749,572 | |
|
| Sources | |
Notes and References
- Boletín Oficial del Estado . 305 . 21 December 2022 . es . Real Decreto 1037/2022, de 20 de diciembre, por el que se declaran oficiales las cifras de población resultantes de la revisión del Padrón municipal referidas al 1 de enero de 2022 . 0212-033X . 178928–178933.
- Ley 1/1977, de 4 de enero, para la Reforma Política] ]. Law . 1 . es . 4 January 1977 . 27 December 2016.
- Constitución Española] ]. es . 29 December 1978 . 27 December 2016.
- Web site: Reig Pellicer . Naiara . 16 December 2015 . Spanish elections: Begging for the right to vote . cafebabel.co.uk . 17 July 2017.
- News: Araque Conde . Pilar . 8 June 2022 . El Congreso acaba con el voto rogado: diez años de trabas burocráticas para los residentes en el extranjero . es . Público . Madrid . 31 July 2022.
- Real Decreto-ley 20/1977, de 18 de marzo, sobre Normas Electorales . Royal Decree-Law . 20 . es . 18 March 1977 . 14 December 2019.
- Ley Orgánica 5/1985, de 19 de junio, del Régimen Electoral General . Organic Law . 5 . es . 19 June 1985 . 30 January 2020.
- Web site: Gallagher . Michael . 30 July 2012 . Effective threshold in electoral systems . https://web.archive.org/web/20170730092518/http://www.tcd.ie/Political_Science/staff/michael_gallagher/ElSystems/Docts/effthresh.php . dead . 30 July 2017 . Trinity College, Dublin . 22 July 2017.
- Boletín Oficial del Estado . 209 . 1 September 2023 . es . Resolución de 30 de agosto de 2023, de la Presidencia de la Junta Electoral Central, por la que se publica el resumen de los resultados de las elecciones al Congreso de los Diputados y al Senado convocadas por Real Decreto 400/2023, de 29 de mayo, y celebradas el 23 de julio de 2023, conforme a las actas de escrutinio general y de proclamación de electos remitidas por las correspondientes Juntas Electorales Provinciales y por las Juntas Electorales de Ceuta y de Melilla . 0212-033X . 122201–122274.
- Web site: Elecciones celebradas. Resultados electorales . es . . 15 April 2022.
