Biotic material explained

Biotic material or biological derived material is any material that originates from living organisms. Most such materials contain carbon and are capable of decay.

The earliest form of life on Earth arose at least 3.5 billion years ago.^{[1] [2] [3]} Earlier physical evidences of life include graphite, a biogenic substance, in 3.7 billion-year-old metasedimentary rocks discovered in southwestern Greenland,^[4] as well as, "remains of biotic life" found in 4.1 billion-year-old rocks in Western Australia.^{[5] [6]} Earth's biodiversity has expanded continually except when interrupted by mass extinctions.^[7] Although scholars estimate that over 99 percent of all species of life (over five billion)^[8] that ever lived on Earth are extinct,^{[9] [10]} there are still an estimated 10–14 million extant species,^{[11] [12]} of which about 1.2 million have been documented and over 86% have not yet been described.^[13]

Examples of biotic materials are wood, straw, humus, manure, bark, crude oil, cotton, spider silk, chitin, fibrin, and bone.

The use of biotic materials, and processed biotic materials (bio-based material) as alternative natural materials, over synthetics is popular with those who are environmentally conscious because such materials are usually biodegradable, renewable, and the processing is commonly understood and has minimal environmental impact. However, not all biotic materials are used in an environmentally friendly way, such as those that require high levels of processing, are harvested unsustainably, or those that are used to produce carbon emissions.

When the source of the recently living material has little importance to the product produced, such as in the production of biofuels, biotic material is simply called biomass. Many fuel sources may have biological sources, and may be divided roughly into fossil fuels, and biofuel.

In soil science, biotic material is often referred to as organic matter. Biotic materials in soil include glomalin, Dopplerite and humic acid. Some biotic material may not be considered to be organic matter if it is low in organic compounds, such as a clam's shell, which is an essential component of the living organism, but contains little organic carbon.

Examples of the use of biotic materials include:

• Alternative natural materials
• Building material, for a stylistic reasons, or to reduce allergic reactions
• Clothing
• Energy production
• Food
• Medicine
• Ink
• Composting and mulch

Notes and References

1. Schopf, JW, Kudryavtsev, AB, Czaja, AD, and Tripathi, AB. (2007). Evidence of some Archean life: Stromatolites and microfossils. Precambrian Research 158:141–155.
2. Schopf, JW (2006). Fossil evidence of Archaean life. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 29;361(1470) 869-85.
3. Book: Peter . Hamilton Raven . George . Brooks Johnson . Biology . registration . 2002 . . 978-0-07-112261-0 . 68 . 7 July 2013 .
4. Ohtomo . Yoko . Kakegawa . Takeshi . Ishida . Akizumi . Nagase . Toshiro . Rosing . Minik T. . 3 . January 2014 . Evidence for biogenic graphite in early Archaean Isua metasedimentary rocks . . London . . 7 . 1 . 25–28 . 2014NatGe...7...25O . 10.1038/ngeo2025 . 1752-0894.
5. News: Borenstein . Seth . Hints of life on what was thought to be desolate early Earth . 19 October 2015 . . Yonkers, NY . . . 2015-10-20.
6. Bell . Elizabeth A. . Boehnike . Patrick . Harrison . T. Mark . Mao . Wendy L. . 3 . 19 October 2015 . Potentially biogenic carbon preserved in a 4.1 billion-year-old zircon . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. . Washington, D.C. . . 10.1073/pnas.1517557112 . 1091-6490 . 2015-10-20 . 26483481 . 4664351 . 112 . 47 . 14518–21. 2015PNAS..11214518B . free . Early edition, published online before print.
7. Sahney, S.. Benton, M.J.. Ferry, P.A.. amp. 27 January 2010. Links between global taxonomic diversity, ecological diversity and the expansion of vertebrates on land. Biology Letters. 10.1098/rsbl.2009.1024. 6 . 544–47 . 4 . 20106856 . 2936204.
8. Book: Kunin, W.E. . Gaston, Kevin . The Biology of Rarity: Causes and consequences of rare—common differences. 31 December 1996 . Springer . 978-0412633805 . 26 May 2015 .
9. Book: Stearns . Beverly Peterson . Stearns . S. C. . Stearns . Stephen C. . Watching, from the Edge of Extinction . 2000 . . 978-0-300-08469-6. preface x . 30 May 2017 .
10. News: Novacek . Michael J.. Prehistory's Brilliant Future. 8 November 2014. The New York Times. 25 December 2014 .
11. May . Robert M. . How many species are there on earth? . Science . 1988 . 241 . 4872 . 1441–1449 . 1988Sci...241.1441M . 10.1126/science.241.4872.1441 . 17790039. 34992724 .
12. Book: Miller . G. . Spoolman . Scott. Environmental Science. Biodiversity and Evolution. https://books.google.com/books?id=NYEJAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA62. 1 January 2012. Cengage Learning. 978-1-133-70787-5 . 62. 27 December 2014 .
13. Mora . C. . Tittensor . D.P. . Adl . S. . Simpson . A.G. . Worm . B. . How many species are there on Earth and in the ocean? . 23 August 2011 . . 10.1371/journal.pbio.1001127 . 21886479 . 3160336 . 9 . 8 . e1001127 . free .