Big Four (Indian snakes) explained

The four venomous snake species responsible for causing the greatest number of medically significant human snake bite cases on the Indian subcontinent (majorly in India and Sri Lanka) are sometimes collectively referred to as the Big Four. They are as follows:^{[1] [2]}

1. Russell's viper, Daboia russelii
2. Common krait, Bungarus caeruleus
3. Indian cobra, Naja naja
4. Indian saw-scaled viper, Echis carinatus

According to a 2020 study that did a comprehensive analysis of snake bites in India, Russell's viper accounted for 43% of the snakebites in India, followed by kraits (18%), cobras (12%), hump nose viper (4%), saw-scaled viper (1.7%), and water snake (0.3%). The rest (21%) were of unidentified species.

Treatment

A polyvalent serum that effectively neutralizes the venom of the Big Four is widely available in India, and is frequently administered to save lives.

Notes and References

1. Green medicine as a harmonizing tool to antivenom therapy for the clinical management of snakebite: The road ahead . Indian J Med Res . 2012 . 136. 1. 10–12 . Ashis K. . Mukherjee . 22885258 . 3461710.
2. Whitaker Z. 1990. Snakeman. Penguin Books Ltd. 192 pp. .