Acaena novae-zelandiae explained

Acaena novae-zelandiae, commonly known as red bidibid,[1] bidgee widgee,[2] buzzy[3] and piri-piri bur,[4] is a small herbaceous, prostrate perennial, native to New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea,[5] of the family Rosaceae.

Description

Acaena novae-zelandiae is a small herbaceous perennial. It is stoloniferous with prostrate stems of 1.5 – 2 mm diameter. Damage to stolons encourages new shoots to be produced.It has imparipinnate leaves, with 9–15 toothed, oblong leaflets, which are approximately 2 –11 cm long. The adaxial surface of the leaves is dark green and shiny, and the abaxial surface is hairy and glaucous green in colouration.[6] The rachis of the leaves is often red.

The scape is 10 – 15 cm long and bears a globular, terminal inflorescence, of 20 – 25 mm diameter, with 70 – 100 flowers. The flowers lack petals and can range in colour from green to white or purple.[7] The flowers are wind pollinated.[8] Each flower produces one achene, bearing four approximately 10 mm long spines, tipped with barbs, which aid dispersal by attaching to wool, feathers and various clothing materials.[9] When the fruit are ripe, these spines are red in colouration, later becoming brown.

Taxonomy and naming

Acaena novae-zelandiae was first formally described in 1871 by Thomas Kirk who published the description in Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute.[10] [11] The genus name (Acaena) is derived from the Ancient Greek word akaina meaning "thorn" or "spine",[12] referring to the spiny calyx of many species of Acaena. The specific epithet (novae-zelandiae) refers to New Zealand.

Distribution and habitat

Red bidibid is native to New Zealand, Australia and New Guinea. It has also become naturalised in California, Great Britain and Ireland. It is regarded as invasive in Great Britain where it has established itself in places such as dune habitats on Lindisfarne.[13] [14]

It occurs within a wide range of habitats, including woodlands, shrublands and grasslands, from coastal areas to alpine areas. It grows in freely draining soils such as silty and sandy loams, typically on sites which receive a high amount of sunlight.

It also establishes readily on disturbed sites such as roadsides.

Uses

Acaena novae-zelandiae may be used for ground cover in gardens or as a lawn substitute. This plant can be prevented from spreading by limiting disturbance to stolons, thus reducing vegetative propagation, and by mowing flowers before the burrs form.[15]

It has also been suggested that dried "tiny tips"[16] of young succulent leaves may be brewed as tea.[17] [18]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Acaena novae-zelandiae . New Zealand Plant Conservation Network . 12 August 2018.
  2. Web site: Bidgee-widgee. Australia. Victorian Resources Online, Agriculture Victoria. vro.agriculture.vic.gov.au. en-AU. 2018-03-12.
  3. Web site: View By Common Name Tamar Valley Weed Strategy. weeds.asn.au. en-US. 2018-03-12.
  4. Web site: Pirri-pirri-bur. IWSL. en-GB. 2018-03-12.
  5. Book: Webb, C. Flora of New Zealand : Volume IV, Naturalised Pteridophytes, Gymnosperms, Dicotyledons. Sykes. W. Garnock-Jones. P. Given. D. Botany Division, D.S.I.R.. 1988. Christchurch, NZ. 1062.
  6. Gynn. E. Richards. A. 1985. Acaena Novae-Zelandiae T. Kirk. 2260167. Journal of Ecology. 73. 3. 1055–1063. 10.2307/2260167.
  7. Web site: Bidgee-widgee. Grains Research and Development Corporation. en-AU. 2018-03-12. 30 June 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180630162016/https://grdc.com.au/archive/ute-guides/weeds/multiple-leaflets/south/bidgee-widgee. dead.
  8. Web site: CDFA > PLANT > INTEGRATED PEST CONTROL > Encycloweedia > Noxious Weed Photographic Gallery > Acaena genus. Agriculture. California Department of Food and. cdfa.ca.gov. en. 2018-03-12. https://web.archive.org/web/20171219182005/https://www.cdfa.ca.gov/plant/IPC/encycloweedia/weedinfo/acaena.htm. 19 December 2017. dead.
  9. Mount. A. Pickering. C. 2009. Testing the capacity of clothing to act as a vector for non-native seed in protected areas. Journal of Environmental Management. 91. 1. 168–179. 10.1016/j.jenvman.2009.08.002. 19717222. 10072/29656. free.
  10. Web site: Acaena novae-zelandiae. APNI. 12 August 2018.
  11. Kirk . Thomas . Descriptions of new plants . Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute . 1871 . 3 . 177–178 . 12 August 2018.
  12. Book: Brown. Roland Wilbur. The Composition of Scientific Words. 1956. Smithsonian Institution Press. Washington, D.C.. 796.
  13. Web site: Pirri-pirri-bur . Plant Life . 12 August 2018.
  14. Web site: Pirri-pirri burr (Acaena novae-zelandiae) . GB non-native secretariat . 12 August 2018.
  15. News: Bidgee-widgee – Victorian Native Seed. Victorian Native Seed. 2018-03-12. en-US.
  16. Web site: Plants for the water friendly garden. City of Clarence. 12 March 2018. 12 March 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180312204959/https://www.ccc.tas.gov.au/contentFile.aspx?filename=PlantBkFINAL3.pdf. dead.
  17. Web site: Plants of Tasmania Nursery & Gardens. potn.com.au. 2018-03-12.
  18. Web site: Edible Native Plants of Tasmania. Hopkins. Kat. Alexander. Mark.

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