Bibliotheca (Photius) Explained

The Bibliotheca (Greek, Modern (1453-);: Βιβλιοθήκη) or Myriobiblos (Μυριόβιβλος, "Ten Thousand Books") was a ninth-century work of Byzantine Patriarch of Constantinople Photius, dedicated to his brother and composed of 279 reviews of books which he had read.

Overview

Bibliotheca was not meant to be used as a reference work, but was widely used as such in the 9th century, and is one of the first Byzantine works that could be called an encyclopedia.[1] Reynolds and Wilson call it "a fascinating production, in which Photius shows himself the inventor of the book-review,"[2] and say its "280 sections... vary in length from a single sentence to several pages". The works he notes are mainly Christian and pagan authors from the 5th century BC to his own time in the 9th century AD. Almost half the books mentioned no longer survive. These would have disappeared in the Sack of Constantinople by the Fourth Crusade in 1204, in the final Fall of Constantinople to the Ottomans in 1453, or in the following centuries of Ottoman rule, during which wealth and literacy contracted dramatically in the subordinate Greek community.

Possible Abbasid link

Some older scholarship had speculated that Bibliotheca might have been composed in Baghdad at the time of Photius' embassy to the Abbasid court, since many of the mentioned works are rarely cited during the period before Photius, i.e. the so-called Byzantine "Dark Ages" (630–800),[3] and since it was known that the Abbasids were interested in translating Greek science and philosophy.[4] However, modern specialists of the period, such as Paul Lemerle, have pointed out that this cannot be the case, since Photius himself clearly states in his preface and postscript to the Bibliotheca that after he was chosen to take part in the embassy, he sent his brother a summary of the works he had read previously "since the time that I learned how to understand and evaluate literature," i.e. from his youth.[5] A further difficulty with supposing that Bibliotheca was composed during rather than before the embassy, besides Photius' own explicit statement, is that the majority of the works in Bibliotheca are of Christian patristic theology, and most of the secular works are histories, grammars, and works of literature, particularly rhetoric, rather than works of philosophy or science, and the Abbasids showed no interest in having Greek history or Greek high literature like rhetoric translated, nor were they interested in translating Greek Christian works. Their interest in Greek texts was confined almost exclusively to science, philosophy and medicine.[6] In fact, "there is almost no overlap (other than some Galen, Dioscorides, and Vindonius Anatolius) between the inventory of secular works in Photius's Bibliotheca and those works that were translated into Arabic"[7] in the Abbasid period.

Editions

Contents

AuthorTitleReligionCons.
1Theodore of MopsuestiaOn the Genuineness of the works of Dionysius the AreopagiteChristianLost
2Hadrian the monkIntroduction to the ScripturesChristianExtant 6527
3NonnosusHistoryChristianLost
4Theodore of MopsuestiaFor Basil Against EunomiusChristianLost3859
5Sophronius For Basil Against EunomiusChristianLost
6Gregory of NyssaFor Basil Against Eunomius 1ChristianExtant3135?
7Gregory of NyssaFor Basil Against Eunomius 2ChristianLost3136?
8OrigenDe PrincipiisChristianExtant1482
9EusebiusPraeparatio EvangelicaChristianExtant3486
10EusebiusDemonstratio EvangelicaChristianExtant3487
11EusebiusPraeparatio EcclesiasticaChristianLost
12EusebiusDemonstratio EcclesiasticaChristianLost
13EusebiusRefutation and defenceChristianLost
14ApollinariusAgainst the HeathenChristianLost
14ApollinariusOn PietyChristianLost
14ApollinariusOn TruthChristianLost
15Gelasius of CyzicusActs of the First Council – NicaeaChristianExtant
16VariousActs of the Third Council – EphesusChristianLost
17VariousActs of the Fourth Council – ChalcedonChristianLost
18VariousActs of the Fifth Council – ConstantinopleChristianLost
19VariousActs of the Sixth Council – Constantinople IIChristianLost
20VariousActs of the Seventh Council – Nicaea IIChristianLost
21John PhiloponusOn the ResurrectionChristianLost7272
22Theodosius the MonkRefutation of John PhiloponusChristianLost
23CononRefutation of John PhiloponusChristianLost7283
23EugeniusRefutation of John PhiloponusChristianLost
23ThemistiusRefutation of John PhiloponusPaganLost
24anonymousActs of a disputation between Tritheites and HesitatorsChristianLost
25John ChrysostomNotes on DeathChristianLost4343
25John ChrysostomHomilies on the AscensionChristianExtant4343
25John ChrysostomHomilies on PentecostChristianExtant
26Synesius of CyreneOn ProvidenceChristianExtant630-1
26Synesius of CyreneOn the KingdomChristianLost5640
27EusebiusEcclesiastical HistoryChristianExtant3495
28SocratesEcclesiastical HistoryChristianExtant6028
29Evagrius ScholasticusEcclesiastical HistoryChristianExtant7500
30SozomenEcclesiastical HistoryChristianExtant6030
31TheodoretEcclesiastical HistoryChristianExtant6222
32AthanasiusLettersChristian Extant
33Justus of TiberiasChronicle of the Kings of the JewsJewishLost
34Julius AfricanusChronographyChristianLost1690
35Philip of SideChristian HistoryChristianLost6026
36Cosmas IndicopleustesChristian TopographyChristianExtant7468
37anonymousOn GovernmentChristianLost
38Theodore of MopsuestiaCommentary on GenesisChristianLost3827
39EusebiusAgainst HieroclesChristianExtant3485
40PhilostorgiusEcclesiastical HistoryChristianLost6032
41John of AegaeEcclesiastical HistoryChristianLost
42Basil of CiliciaEcclesiastical HistoryChristianLost
43John PhiloponusOn the HexaemeronChristianExtant7265
44PhilostratusLife of Apollonius of TyanaPaganExtant
45AndronicianusAgainst the EunomiansChristianLost
46TheodoretAgainst Heresies6215
TheodoretEranistesChristianLost
TheodoretPolymorphosChristianLost
47JosephusThe Jewish WarJewishExtant
48HippolytusOn the UniverseChristianLost1898
49Cyril of AlexandriaAgainst NestoriusChristianExtant5217
50Nicias the MonkAgainst the Seven Chapters of PhiloponusChristianLost
51HesychiusOn the Brazen SerpentChristianLost
52anonymousActs of the synod of Side, 383, against the MessaliansChristianLost
53anonymousActs of the synod of Carthage, 412 or 411, against the PelagiansChristianLost
54VariousCopy of the Proceedings taken against the Doctrines of NestoriusChristian Lost
55John PhiloponusAgainst the Fourth CouncilChristianLost7271
56TheodoretAgainst HeresiesChristianExtant6223
57AppianRoman HistoryPaganExtant
58ArrianParthicaPaganLost
59VariousActs of the Synod of the Oak, 403ChristianLost
60HerodotusHistoryPaganExtant
61AeschinesAgainst TimarchusPaganExtant
61AeschinesOn the False EmbassyPaganExtant
61AeschinesAgainst CtesiphonPaganExtant
62Praxagoras of AthensHistory of Constantine the GreatPaganLost
Praxagoras of AthensThe Kings of AthensPaganLost
Praxagoras of AthensAlexander King of MacedonPaganLost
63ProcopiusHistoryChristianExtant
64Theophanes of ByzantiumHistoryChristianLost
65Theophylact SimocattaHistoriesChristian Extant
66NicephorusHistorical EpitomeChristianLost
67Sergius the ConfessorHistoryChristian Lost
68CephalionHistorical EpitomePaganLost
69HesychiusHistoryChristianLost
Hesychius On JustinChristianLost
70Diodorus SiculusHistorical LibraryPaganExtant
71Cassius DioHistoryPaganExtant
72CtesiasPersicaPaganLost
72CtesiasHistory of IndiaPaganLost
73HeliodorusAethiopicaPaganExtant
74ThemistiusPolitical OrationsPaganLost
74LesbonaxSpeechesPaganLost
75John PhiloponusOn the Trinity against John ScholasticusChristian Extant7268
76JosephusAntiquities of the JewsJewishExtant
77EunapiusChroniclePaganExtant
78MalchusByzantine HistoryPaganLost
79CandidusHistoryChristian Extant
80OlympiodorusHistoriesPaganLost
81Theodore of MopsuestiaOn Persian MagicChristianLost6213
82DexippusHistoryPaganLost
82DexippusHistorical EpitomePaganLost
DexippusScythiaPaganLost
83Dionysius of HalicarnassusHistoriesPaganExtant
84Dionysius of HalicarnassusSynopsisPaganLost
85HeraclianAgainst the ManichaeansChristianLost6801
86John ChrysostomLettersChristianExtant4402-3. 4405
87Achilles TatiusLeucippe and ClitophonPaganExtant
88Gelasius of CyzicusProceedings of the Synod of NicaeaChristian Extant6034
89Gelasius of CaesareaContinuation of the History of Eusebius PamphiliChristian Lost3521
90LibaniusVarious worksPaganExtant
91ArrianHistory of the Reign of AlexanderPaganExtant
92ArrianContinuationPaganLost
93ArrianBithynicaPaganLost
94IamblichusDramaticonPaganLost
95John ScythopolitaAgainst SchismaticsChristian Lost
John ScythopolitaAgainst Eutyches and DioscorusChristianLost
96George of AlexandriaLife of St. ChrysostomChristianExtant7979
97Phlegon of TrallesCollection of Chronicles and List of Olympian VictorsPaganLost
98ZosimusNew HistoryPaganExtant
99HerodianHistoryPaganExtant
100The Emperor HadrianDeclamationsPaganExtant
101VictorinusPanegyrics on the Emperor ZenoChristianLost
102Gelasius of CaesareaAgainst the AnomoeansChristian Lost3520
103Philo JudaeusAllegories of the Sacred LawsJewishLost
103Philo JudaeusOn the Civil LifeJewishLost
104Philo JudaeusOn the Essenes and TherapeutaeJewishExtant
105Philo JudaeusAgainst FlaccusJewishExtant
105Philo JudaeusAgainst GaiusJewishExtant
106Theognostus of AlexandriaOutlinesChristianLost1626
107Basil of CiliciaAgainst John ScythopolitaChristianLost
108Theodore of AlexandriaAgainst ThemistiusChristianLost7295
109Clement of AlexandriaOutlinesChristianLost1380
110Clement of AlexandriaThe TutorChristianExtant1376
111Clement of AlexandriaThe MiscellaniesChristianExtant1377
112-3Clement of RomeApostolic Constitutions and RecognitionsChristianExtant1730
114Leucius CharinusCircuits of the ApostlesChristianLost
115anonymousAgainst the QuartodecimansChristianLost
115MetrodorusOn the date of EasterChristianLost
116anonymousA Third Volume on the Holy Easter FeastChristianLost
117anonymousIn Defense of OrigenChristianLost
118Pamphilus of CaesareaDefense of OrigenChristianExtant1715
119PieriusHomiliesChristianLost
120IrenaeusAgainst HeresiesChristian Extant1306
121HippolytusAgainst HeresiesChristianExtant1897
122EpiphaniusPanarionChristianExtant3745
123EpiphaniusAncoratusChristianExtant3744
124EpiphaniusOn Weights and MeasuresChristianExtant
125Justin MartyrApologyChristianExtant1073, 1076, 1084
126Clement of RomeLetters to the CorinthiansChristianExtant
126PolycarpLetter to the PhilippiansChristianExtant
127EusebiusLife of ConstantineChristianExtant3496
128LucianDialoguesPaganExtant
129Lucius of PatraeMetamorphosesPaganLost
130DamasciusIncredible StoriesPaganLost
131AmyntianusOn AlexanderPaganLost
132-5Palladius et.al.DeclamationsPaganLost
136Cyril of AlexandriaThesauriChristianExtant5215
137Eunomius of CyzicusApologyChristianLost3455
138Eunomius of CyzicusAgainst BasilChristianLost3456
138Eunomius of CyzicusLettersChristian Lost3456
139AthanasiusCommentary on EcclesiastesChristianLost2141
139AthanasiusCommentary on the Song of SongsChristianLost2141
140AthanasiusAgainst Arius and his doctrines2093
141BasilThe Six Days' Work2835
142BasilMoral Discourses2877
143BasilLetters 2900
144BasilAscetica2876 or 2875
145HelladiusLexicon
146anonymous Lexicon of the 'pure style
147anonymous Lexicon of the 'serious style
148anonymous Lexicon of the 'political style
149Valerius PollioLexicon
150JulianLexicon --
150PhilostratusLexicon --
150Valerius DiodorusLexicon
151TimaeusLexicon to Plato
152Aelius Dionysius of HalicarnassusLexicon of Attic Words
153PausaniasLexicon
154List of Platonic Words
155BoethusOn the Words of Doubtful Meaning in Plato
156DorotheusOf New and Foreign Words in Plato
157MoerisAttic Words
158Phrynichus the ArabianRhetorical Equipment
159IsocratesOrations, Letters
160ChoriciusDeclamations
161SopaterVarious Extracts
162Eusebius of ThessalonicaAgainst the Aphthartodocetae
163Vindanius Anatolius of BerytusA Collection of Agricultural Precepts
164GalenOn Medical Schools
165HimeriusDeclamations
166Antonius DiogenesThe Wonders Beyond ThulePaganLost2877
167Joannes StobaeusAnthologyPaganExtant2900
168Basil of SeleuciaSermonsChristianExtant
170anonymousPrecursors of ChristianityChristianLost
171Eustratios of ConstantinopleOn the Status of Souls after DeathChristianExtant
172-4John ChrysostomHomilies on GenesisChristianExtant
175Pamphile of EpidaurusHistorical CommentariesPaganLost
176TheopompusPhilippicaPaganLost
177Theodore of MopsuestiaAgainst those who say that men sin by nature and not by intentionChristianLost
178Pedanius DioscoridesDe materia medicaPaganExtant
179Agapius (Manichaean)Manichaean pamphletsManichaeanLost
180John the LydianOn ProdigiesChristianExtant
180John the LydianOn the monthsChristianExtant
180John the LydianOn the Public MagistraciesChristian Extant
181DamasciusLife of IsidorePaganLost
182Eulogios of AlexandriaAgainst Navatus
183EudociusParaphrase of the Octateuch6022
184Eudocius Paraphrase of Zechariah, etc6023-4
185Dionysius of Aegae'Dictyaques' (?)
186Conon etcNarrations
187Nicomachus of GerasaArithmetical Theology
188Collection of marvels
ProtagorasUniversal Geography
189SotionStrange Stories about water
Nicolas of DamascusStrange customs
AcestoridesUrban Fables
190Ptolemy HephaestionNew HistoryLost
191Basil of CaesareaAscetics 2875
192AMaximus the ConfessorQuestions to Thalassios7688
192BMaximus the ConfessorLetters (27)7699
193Maximus the ConfessorVarious7692-3
194Maximus the ConfessorVarious letters and theological centuries7699, 7694, 7700, 7705
195Maximus the ConfessorLetter and dialogue between Pyrrhos and Maximus7698
196Ephrem of NisibisVarious 'parénèses 3905, 3906, 3933, 3936, 3942
197CassianThree works
198anonymousSummary of a spiritual prayer
199John MoschosSpiritual prayer
200Mark the MonkVarious works6090-4, 6097-6100
201Diadochus of PhoticiaVarious works
202Hippolytus of RomeCommentary on Daniel and On Christ1872-3
203Theodoret of CyrCommentary on Daniel 6027
204Theodoret of CyrrhusQuestions on the Octateuch6200
205Theodoret of CyrrhusCommentaries on the 12 prophets6208
206Procopius of GazaVarious scholia
207Procopius of Gaza Commentary on Isaiah 7434
208Eulogios of AlexandriaAgainst the Navatians6976
209Dion of PrusaDiscourses (80)
210Caesarius of NazianzenQuestions and responses7482
211Dionysius of Aegae'Dictyaques' (?)
212AenesidemusPyrrhonian writings
213Agatharchidus of CnidosOn the Red Sea
214HieroclesOn providence and destiny
215John PhiloponosAgainst the treatise on the statues of Jamblichus
216OribasiusEpitome of the works of Galen
217OribasiusMedical collection
218OribasiusEpitome of the Medical collection
219OribasiusEuphoristes
220Theon of AlexandriaThe man
221Aetius of AmidaWork on medicine
222Job the MonkOn the incarnation6984
223Diodorus of TarsusAgainst destiny3821
224Memnon of HeracleaHistory of Heraclea
225Eulogios of AlexandriaAgainst Severus and Theodosius6976
226Eulogios of AlexandriaAgainst Theodosius and Severus6976
227Eulogois of AlexandriaAgainst the Theodosians and Gaianites 6976
228Ephrem of AntiochLetters and sermons 6908
229Ephrem of Antioch Four works6908
230Eulogios of AlexandriaVarious treatises6976
231Sophronius of JerusalemSynodical letter to Sergius of Constantinople7635
232Miscellany 7300
233Germain of ConstantinopleOn the true and legitimate retribution8022
234Methodius of OlympusOn the resurrection1812
235Methodius of OlympusOn creatures1817
236Methodius of Olympus On arbitrary freedom1811
237Methodius of Olympus Banquet of 10 virgins1810
238Flavius JosephusAntiquities of the Jews
239ProclusManual of Literature
240John PhiloponusOn the Hexameron7265
241Philostratus of TyreLife of Apollonius of Tyana
242Damascius of DamascusLife of the Philosopher Isidore
243Himerius,Declamations
244Diodorus SiculusHistorical Library
245Plutarch of ChaeroneaParallel Lives
246Aelius AristidesPanathenaicus
247Aelius AristidesFor rhetoric against Plato
248Aelius AristidesGeneral apology
249anonymous Life of Pythagoras
250Agatharchidus of CnidosOn the Red Sea
251HieroclesOn providence
252anonymousLife of St. Gregory the Great
253anonymousMartyrology of the Seven Sleepers of Ephesus
254anonymousMartyrology of the apostle Timothy
255anonymousMartyrology of St. Demetrius
256anonymousLife of the holy fathers Metrophanus and Alexander
>257anonymousLife of Paul of Constantinople
258anonymousLife of Athanasius of Constantinople
259AntiphonOrations
260IsocratesOrations
261AndocidusOrations
262LysiasOrations
263IsaeusOrations
264AeschinesOrations
265DemosthenesOrations
266HyperidusOrations
267DinarchusOrations
268LycurgusLife
269Hesychius of JerusalemEulogy of St. Andrew6571
270John ChrysostomSermon on St. Paul
271Asterius of AmaseusHomilies 3260-1
272Leontius of ArabissosOn the creation and on Lazarus
273Theodoret of CyrrhusOn St. John Chrysostom6225
274John Chrysostom Various sermons
275Hesychius of Jerusalem, etc, Homily on James the brother of the Lord6574
276Nilus of AncyraFragments of homilies6078
277John ChrysostomExtracts of various homilies
278Theophrastus of EresosExtracts of various treatises
279HelladiusChrestomathy
280Eulogios of AlexandriaAgainst the Navatians 6976

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Jenkins . Romilly J. H. . The Hellenistic Origins of Byzantine Literature . Dumbarton Oaks Papers . JSTOR . 17 . 1963 . 0070-7546 . 10.2307/1291189 . 47 . 1291189 .
  2. Book: Reynolds , L. D. and N.G. Wilson . 3rd. Clarendon Press. 0-19-872145-5. Scribes and Scholars: A Guide to the Transmission of Greek and Latin Literature. Oxford. 1991. 321.
  3. Paul Lemerle, Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase: Notes and Remarks on Education and Culture in Byzantium from its Origins to the 10th century. Canberra: Australian Association for Byzantine Studies, 1986, 81–84.
  4. Jokisch, Islamic Imperial Law (2007), pp. 364–386)
  5. As Lemerle says "it is clear that this was written, and therefore that the collection has been composed, before the completion of the embassy (Lemerle, Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase, 40).
  6. As Paul Lemerle puts it, "while the renaissance in Hellenism in Byzantium extended progressively and more or less rapidly to all spheres of ancient literature including poetry, theatre, rhetoric, history, etc., Islam took an interest only in the sciences on the one hand, and philosophy on the other, Byzantine Humanism: The First Phase, 26–27
  7. Dmitri Gutas, Greek thought, Arab Culture, 1998, 186.