Bibliography of water clocks explained

This is a bibliography of water clocks.

Overview of water clocks and other time instruments

• Book: Barnett, Jo Ellen . Time's Pendulum: From Sundials to Atomic Clocks, the Fascinating History of Timekeeping and How Our Discoveries Changed the World . Plenum Press . New York . 1998 . 0-15-600649-9 .
• Book: Bruton, Eric . The History of Clocks and Watches . 1979 . Rizzoli . 0-8478-0261-2 .
• Book: Cowan, Harrison J. . 1958 . Time and Its Measurement: From the stone age to the nuclear age . Ohio . The World Publishing Company . 1958tmfs.book.....C .
• Book: Dohrn-van Rossum, Gerhard . Thomas . Dunlap . History of the Hour: Clocks and Modern Temporal Orders . 1996 . The University of Chicago Press . 0-226-15510-2 . 33440282.
• Web site: K. . Higgins . D. . Miner . C.N. . Smith . D.B. . Sullivan . 2004 . A Walk Through Time (version 1.2.1) . October 13, 2022 . National Institute of Standards and Technology . Gaithersburg, MD.
• Book: Jespersen . James . Fitz-Randolph . Jane . From Sundials to Atomic Clocks: Understanding Time and Frequency . Second revised . 1999 . Courier Corporation . 0-486-40913-9.
• King . David A. . Towards a History from Antiquity to the Renaissance of Sundials and Other Instruments for Reckoning Time by the Sun and Stars . Annals of Science . 61 . 3 . July 2004 . 375–388 . 10.1080/00033790310001642795. .
• Book: Landes, D . David Landes . Revolution in Time . Harvard University Press . 1983.
• McNown . J.S. . When Time Flowed: The Story of the Clepsydra . La Houille Blanche . 62 . 5 . 1976 . 347–353 . 0018-6368. 10.1051/lhb/1976021 . free . 1976LHBl...62..347M .
• Book: Milham, Willis I. . Time & Timekeepers including The History, Construction, Care, and Accuracy of Clocks and Watches . The Macmillan Company . New York . 1945.
• Book: Rees, Abraham . Abraham Rees . Rees's Clocks, Watches, and Chronometers 1819–20 . Charles E. Tuttle Company . 1970.
• Book: Richards, E.G. . Mapping Time: The Calendar and Its History . Oxford University Press . 1998.
• Book: Toulmin . Stephen . Goodhead . J. . The Discovery of Time . University of Chicago Press . 1999 . 0-226-80842-4 .
• Book: Turner, Anthony J. . 1984 . The Time Museum . I: Time Measuring Instruments; Part 3: Water-clocks, Sand-glasses, Fire-clocks . 0-912947-01-2 . The Museum . Rockford, IL . 159866762.

Arabic & Islamic water clocks

• Book: Hill . Donald Routledge . 1976 . Archimedes' On the Construction of Water-Clocks . Turner & Devereux . Paris.
• Book: Hill, D.R. . Donald Routledge Hill . 1981 . Arabic Water–Clocks . Syria . University of Aleppo.
• Book: al-Hassan . Ahmad Y. . Ahmad Y Hassan . Hill . Donald R. . Donald Routledge Hill . 1986 . Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History . Cambridge University Press . 0-521-26333-6 . 13332728 . registration .
• Book: Hill, Donald Routledge . Studies in Medieval Islamic Technology: From Philo to Al-Jazari - from Alexandria to Diyar Bakr . Collected Studies Series 555 . Aldershot, England . Ashgate . 1998 . 978-0860786061.
• Book: King, David A. . 'Mikat', Astronomical Timekeeping . The Encyclopaedia of Islam . 7 . Brill . 1990 . http://www.academia.edu/attachments/54540329/download_file?s=portfolio. (Reprinted in Book: King, David A . Astronomy in the Service of Islam Variorum . Chapter V . 1993.)

Babylonian water clocks

• Englund . R.K. . Administrative Timekeeping in Ancient Mesopotamia . Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient . XXXI . 31 . 1988 . 121–185. 10.1163/156852088X00070 .
• Fermor . John . Steele . John M. . The design of Babylonian waterclocks: Astronomical and experimental evidence . Centaurus . 42 . 3 . 210–222 . July 2000. 2000Cent...42..210F . 10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420303.x .
• Høyrup . J. . A Note on Waterclocks and the Authority of Texts . Archiv für Orientforschung . 44/45 . 1997–1998 . 192–194.
• Michel-Nozières . C. . Second Millennium Babylonian Water Clocks: a physical study . Centaurus . 42 . 3 . 180–209 . July 2000. 10.1034/j.1600-0498.2000.420302.x . 2000Cent...42..180M .
• Neugebauer . Otto . Otto E. Neugebauer . 1947 . Studies in Ancient Astronomy. VIII. The Water Clock in Babylonian Astronomy . Isis . 37 . 1/2 . 37–43 . 10.1086/347965 . 20247883 . 120229480 . (Reprinted in Book: Neugebauer, Otto . Astronomy and History: Selected Essays . 1983 . 239–245.)
• Book: Price, Derek deSolla . Derek J. de Solla Price . Science Since Babylon . Yale University Press . New Haven . 1976.
• Book: Teresi, Dick . Lost Discoveries: The Ancient Roots of Modern Science – from the Babylonians to the Maya . Simon & Schuster . New York . 2002.
• van der Waerden . Bartel Leendert . Babylonian Astronomy: III. The Earliest Astronomical Computations . Journal of Near Eastern Studies . 10 . 1951 . 20–34 . 10.1086/371009 . 222450259 .

Chinese water clocks

• Lorch . Richard P. . Al-Khazini's Balance-clock and the Chinese Steelyard Clepsydra . Archives Internationales d'Histoire des Sciences . June 1981 . 31 . 183–189.
• Book: Needham . Joseph . Ling . W. . de Solla Price . D.J. . Heavenly Clockwork: The Great Astronomical Clocks of Medieval China . 2nd . 1986 . CUP Archive . 0-521-32276-6.
• Book: Needham, Joseph . Joseph Needham . 1986 . Science & Civilization in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering . Taipei . Caves Books.
• Book: Needham, Joseph . Joseph Needham . 1995 . Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 3, Mathematics and the Sciences of the Heavens and the Earth . Cambridge University Press . 0-521-05801-5 . 153247126.
• Book: Needham, Joseph . Joseph Needham . 2000 . Science & Civilisation in China: Volume 4, Physics and Physical Technology, Part 2, Mechanical Engineering . Cambridge University Press . 0-521-05803-1 . 153247141.
• Quan . He Jun . Research on scale and precision of the water clock in ancient China . History of Oriental Astronomy . 57–61 . Proceedings of the International Astronomical Union Colloquium No. 91, New Delhi . November 13–16, 1985 . G. Swarup . A. K. Bag . K. S. Shukla . Cambridge University Press . Cambridge . 1987 . 0-521-34659-2.
• Walsh . Jennifer Robin . Ancient Chinese Astronomical Technologies . http://flux.aps.org/meetings/YR04/NWS04/baps/Program.html . American Physical Society, 6th Annual Northwest Section Meeting, 21–22 May 2004 . Pullman, WA . May 21, 2004 . Poster.

Egyptian water clocks

• Book: Clagett, Marshall . Ancient Egyptian Science . II: Calendars, Clocks, and Astronomy . 1995 . 457–462 . American Philosophical Society . 0-87169-214-7.
• Cotterell . B. . Dickson . F.P. . Kamminga . J. . Ancient Egyptian Water-clocks: A Reappraisal . Journal of Archaeological Science . 13 . 31–50 . 1986. 1 . 10.1016/0305-4403(86)90025-7 . 1986JArSc..13...31C .
• Book: Cotterell . Brian . Kamminga . Johan . Mechanics of pre-industrial technology: An introduction to the mechanics of ancient and traditional material culture . Cambridge University Press . 1990 . 0-521-42871-8 . 18520966.
• Fermor . John . Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia . Vistas in Astronomy . 41 . 1 . 1997 . 157–167 . 10.1016/S0083-6656(96)00069-4. 1997VA.....41..157F .
• Book: Neugebauer . Otto . Parker . Richard A. . Egyptian Astronomical Texts . III: Decans, Planets, Constellations, and Zodiacs . 1969 . Brown University Press/Lund Humphries . Providence, RI.
• Pogo . Alexander . Egyptian water clocks . Isis . 25 . 2 . 403–425 . 1936. 10.1086/347090 . 122385803 . (Reprinted in Book: Mayr . Otto . Philosophers and Machines . Science History Publications . 1976.)
• Sloley . R.W. . Ancient Clepsydrae . Ancient Egypt . 1924 . 43–50.
• Sloley . R.W. . Primitive methods of measuring time . JEA . 17 . 1931 . 174–176.

European water clocks

• Bedini . S.A. . The Compartmented Cylindrical Clepsydra . Technology and Culture . 3 . 2 . 115–141 . 1962 . 0040-165X. 10.2307/3101437 . 3101437 . 112844914 .
• Drover . C.B. . A Medieval Monastic Water Clock . Antiquarian Horology . I . 5 . 1954 . 54–58.
• Book: Hill, Donald Routledge . A History of Engineering in Classical and Medieval Times . La Salle, IL . Open Court . 1996 . 0-415-15291-7.
• Hill . D.R . The Toledo Water-Clocks of c.1075 . History of Technology . 16 . 1994 . 62–71.
• Maddison, Francis; Scott, Byan; Kent, Allan . An early medieval water-clock . Antiquarian Horology . 3, n. 12. 1962 . 348–353.
• Scattergood . John. . Writing the clock: the reconstruction of time in the late Middle Ages . European Review . 4 . October 2003 . 11 . 453–474. 10.1017/S1062798703000425 . 145056908 .

Greek and Alexandrian water clocks

• Book: Hill . Donald Routledge . 1976 . Archimedes' On the Construction of Water-Clocks . Turner & Devereux . Paris.
• Lepschy . Antonio M. . Feedback Control in Ancient Water and Mechanical Clocks . IEEE Transactions on Education . 35 . 1 . 3–10 . February 1992. 1992ITEdu..35....3L . 10.1109/13.123411 .
• Book: Lewis , Michael . 2000 . Theoretical Hydraulics, Automata, and Water Clocks . Wikander . Örjan . Örjan Wikander . Handbook of Ancient Water Technology . Technology and Change in History . Leiden . 2 . 343–369 (356f.) . 90-04-11123-9.
• Noble . J.V. . de Solla Price . D. J. . The Water clock in the Tower of the Winds . American Journal of Archaeology . 72 . 4 . 1968 . 345–355. 10.2307/503828 . 503828 . 193112893 .
• Book: Woodcroft . Bennet . The Pneumatics of Hero of Alexandria . London . Taylor Walton and Maberly . 1851. 1851phal.book.....W .
• Book: Vitruvius, P. . The Ten Books on Architecture . M.H. . Morgan . New York . Dover Publications . 1960.

Indian water clocks

• Achar . N . On the Vedic origin of the ancient mathematical astronomy of India . Journal of Studies on Ancient India . 1 . 95–108 . 1998.
• Fleet . J. F. . The ancient Indian water clock . Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society . 213–230 . 1915.
• Book: Kumar, Narendra . Science in Ancient India . 2004 . Anmol Publications . 81-261-2056-8.
• Pingree . D. . The Mesopotamian origin of early Indian mathematical astronomy . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 4 . 1–12 . 1973. 10.1177/002182867300400102 . 1973JHA.....4....1P . 125228353 .
• Pingree . D. . The recovery of early Greek astronomy from India . Journal for the History of Astronomy . 7 . 2 . 109–123 . 1976. 10.1177/002182867600700202 . 1976JHA.....7..109P . 68858864 .

Korean water clocks

• Hong . Sungook . Book Review: Korean Water-Clocks: "Chagyongnu", the Striking Clepsydra, and the History of Control and Instrumentation Engineering . Technology and Culture . 39 . 3 . July 1998 . 553–555.
• Nam . Moon-Hyon . Chagyongnu: The Automatic Striking Water clock . Korea Journal . 30 . 7 . 1990 . 9–21.
• Nam . Moon-Hyon . Jeon . San-Woon . Timekeeping Systems of Early Choson Dynasty . First International Conference on Oriental Astronomy, From Guo Shoujing to King Sejong, Seoul . October 6–11, 1993 . Seoul . Yonsei University Press . 1997 . 305–324.
• Book: Needham . Joseph . Major . John S. . Gwei-Djen . Lu . Hall of Heavenly Records: Korean Astronomical Instruments and Clocks, 1380–1780 . Cambridge University Press . 1986 . 0-521-30368-0.
• From the Veritable Records of the Joseon Dynasty:
  • Hyeonjong Shillock (Veritable Records of King Hyeonjong), 1669
  • Jungjong Shillok (Veritable Records of King Jungjong), 1536.
  • Sejong Shillock (Veritable Records of King Sejong), Chapter. 65, AD 1434 and Chapter. 80, AD 1438.

Mesopotamian water clocks

• Brown . David R. . Fermor . John . Walker . Christopher B.F. . The Water Clock in Mesopotamia . Archiv für Orientforschung . 46/47 . 1999–2000.
• Chadwick . R. . The Origins of Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia . Archaeoastronomy. BULL. CTR ARCH. . 7 . 1–4 . 89 . 1984. 1984Arch....7...89C .
• Fermor . John . Timing the Sun in Egypt and Mesopotamia . Vistas in Astronomy . 41 . 1 . 1997 . 157–167 . 10.1016/S0083-6656(96)00069-4. 1997VA.....41..157F .
• Book: Walker . Christopher . Britton . John . Astronomy and Astrology in Mesopotamia . 1996 . 42–67 . C. . Walker . Astronomy Before the Telescope . London . British Museum Press.

Russian ancient water clocks

• Clepsydra of the Bronze Age from the Central Donbass . Vodolazhskaya . Larisa N. . Usachuk . Anatoliy N. . Nevsky . Mikhail Yu . Archaeoastronomy and Ancient Technologies . 2015 . 3 . 1 . 65–87. 10.24411/2310-2144-2015-00010. free.

Present-day water clocks

• Gitton . Bernard . "Time, like an everflowing stream." Trans. Mlle. Annie Chadeyron. Ed. Anthony Randall . Horological Journal . 131 . 12 . June 1989 . 18–20.
• Taylor . Robert . Taiwan's Biggest Cuckoo Clock?: Recreating an Astronomical Timepiece . Sinorama Magazine . March 15, 2006 . October 14, 2021 . March 5, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160305093705/http://sinorama.com.tw/en/print_issue.php3?id=199668506116e.txt&mag=past . dead .
• Xuan . Gao . Principle Research and Reconstruction Experiment of the Astronomical Clock Tower in Ancient China . 11th World Congress in Mechanism and machine Science . August 18–21, 2003 . Tianjin, China.

Other topics on water clocks and related material

• • Landels . John G. . Water-Clocks and Time Measurement in Classical Antiquity . Endeavour . 3 . 1 . 32–37 . 1979 . 0160-9327. 10.1016/0160-9327(79)90007-3 .
• Mills . A. A. . Newton's Water Clocks and the Fluid Mechanics of Clepsydrae . Notes and Records of the Royal Society of London . 37 . 1 . 35–61 . 1982 . 0035-9149 . 531476. 10.1098/rsnr.1982.0004 . 145355791 .
• Book: Neugebauer, Otto . 2 . . Otto E. Neugebauer . The Exact Sciences in Antiquity . Acta Historica Scientiarum Naturalium et Medicinalium . 1957 . 1969 . 9 . 1–191 . 14884919 . 978-0-486-22332-2.
• Encyclopedia: Sarma . S.R. . Setting up the Water Clock for Telling the Time of Marriage . Studies in the History of the Exact Sciences in Honour of David Pingree . Ch. Burnett . J.P. Hogendijk . K. Plofker . M. Yano . Leiden . Brill . 2004 . 302–330 . 978-9004132023.
• Book: Snell, Daniel . Life in the Ancient Near East, 3100-332 B.C.E. . 0-300-07666-5 . 1997 . Yale University Press .

Non-English resources

• Book: Bilfinger, Gustav . Die babylonische Doppelstunde: Eine chronologische Untersuchung . Wildt . Stuttgart . 1888 . de.
• Book: Borchardt, Ludwig . 1920 . Die Altägyptische Zeitmessung . Old Egyptian time measurement . Berlin . Leipzig . de.
• Daressy . G. . Deux clepsydres antiques . BIE . 5 . 9 . 1915 . 5–16 . fr.
• Ginzel . Friedrich Karl . Friedrich Karl Ginzel . Die Wassermessungen der Babylonier und das Sexagesimalsystem . Klio: Beiträge zur alten Geschichte . 16 . 1920 . 234–241 . de.
• Hahn . Young-Ho . Nam . Moon-Hyon . Reconstruction of the Armillary Spheres of Mid-Chosun: The Armillary Clocks of Yi Minchol . Hanguk Kwahaksa Hakhoeji (Journal of the Korean History of Science Society) . 19 . 1 . 1997 . 3–19 . ko.
• Hahn . Young-Ho . Astronomical Clocks of Chosun Dynasty: King Sejong's Heumgyonggaknu. Kisulgwa Yoksa (Journal of the Korean Society for the History of Technology and Industry) . 1 . 1 . 2000 . 99–140 . ko.
• Book: Nam, Moon-Hyon . Korean Water Clocks: Jagyongnu, The Striking Clepsydra and The History of Control and Instrumentation Engineering . Seoul . Konkuk University Press . 1995 . ko.
• Nam . Moon-Hyon . On the BORUGAKGI of Kim Don—Principles and Structures of JAYEONGNU . Hanguksa Yeongu (Studies on Korean History) . 101 . 1998 . 75–114 . ko.
• Book: Nam, Moon-Hyon . Jang Yeong-Shil and Jagyeongnu – Reconstruction of Time Measuring History of Choseon Period . Seoul National University Press . 2002 . ko.
• Planchon . L'Heure Par Les Clepsydres . La Nature . 55–59 . fr.
• Thureau-Dangin . François . La clepsydre chez les Babyloniens (Notes assyriologiques LXIX) . Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale . 29 . 1932 . 133–136 . fr.
• Thureau-Dangin . François . Clepsydre babylonienne et clepsydre égyptienne . Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale . 30 . 1933 . 51–52 . fr.
• Thureau-Dangin . François . Le clepsydre babylonienne . Revue d'assyriologie et d'archéologie orientale . 34 . 1937 . 144 . fr.