Bheki Cele Explained

Honorific-Prefix:The Honourable
Bheki Cele
Office1:Minister of Police
Term Start1:26 February 2018
Term End1:17 June 2024
President1:Cyril Ramaphosa
Predecessor1:Fikile Mbalula
Successor1:Senzo Mchunu
Office2:Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries
President2:Jacob Zuma
Cyril Ramaphosa
Minister2:Senzeni Zokwana
Term Start2:26 May 2014
Term End2:24 February 2018
Predecessor2:Pieter Mulder
Order3:National Commissioner of the South African Police Service
Term Start3:July 2009
Term End3:October 2011
President3:Jacob Zuma
Minister3:Nathi Mthethwa
Predecessor3:Jackie Selebi
Successor3:Riah Phiyega
Office4:Deputy Provincial Secretary of the African National Congress in KwaZulu-Natal
Term Start4:1996
Term End4:1998
1Blankname4:Provincial Chairperson
1Namedata4:Jacob Zuma
2Blankname4:Provincial Secretary
2Namedata4:Sipho Gcabashe
Predecessor4:Sifiso Nkabinde
Successor4:Senzo Mchunu
Birth Name:Bhekokwakhe Hamilton Cele
Birth Date:1952 4, df=yes
Birth Place:Umzumbe, Natal, Union of South Africa
Spouse:
Profession:Teacher
Party:African National Congress
Module:
Embed:yes
Nocat Wdimage:yes
Department:South African Police Service
Department of Police (South Africa)
Serviceyears:2009present
Rank:General
Commissioner
Allegiance:Union of South Africa
Branch:Umkhonto We Sizwe
Serviceyears:19841994
Unit:Underground unit
Commands:South African National Defence Force

Bhekokwakhe "Bheki" Hamilton Cele (born 22 April 1952)[2] was the South African Minister of Police from February 2018 to 17 June 2024.[3] He was National Commissioner of the South African Police Service for two years, until misconduct allegations led to his suspension in October 2011 and removal in June 2012.[4] He has also served as Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries, on the KwaZulu-Natal Executive Council, and in the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature. He is a member of the National Executive Committee of the African National Congress, and was imprisoned on Robben Island during apartheid.[5] [6]

Life and career

Cele was born on 22 April 1952 in Umzumbe, Natal (now KwaZulu-Natal).[7] [8] He holds a teacher's diploma, and in 1980 became a founding member of the progressive, non-racial National Education Union of South Africa.[9] [10] In exile in Angola in the mid-1980s, he joined Umkhonto we Sizwe, and he was imprisoned on Robben Island from 1987 until he was released, along with other political prisoners, in 1990.

1994-2009: KwaZulu-Natal government

In the 1994 elections, Cele was elected to the KwaZulu-Natal Provincial Legislature. During his time in the legislature, he served as Chairperson of the Portfolio Committee on Safety and Security and later as the chairperson of chairpersons. From 2004, he was member of the Executive Council (MEC) for Transport, Community Safety and Liaison in KwaZulu-Natal.[11] [12]

2009-present: National government

In July 2009, he was appointed National Commissioner of the South African Police Service (SAPS).[13] He was fired in June 2012, following allegations that he had been involved in unlawful property deals.[14] Thereafter, he was Deputy Minister of Agriculture, Forestry and Fisheries from May 2014 until late February 2018, when President Cyril Ramaphosa appointed him Minister of Police in his first cabinet reshuffle. Reaction to Cele's appointment was mixed.[15] [16] He was reappointed as police minister following the 2019 general election. Cele lost his seat in the National Assembly at the 2024 general election.[17]

ANC membership

Cele remains a member of the African National Congress (ANC), and currently serves in its chief executive organ, the National Executive Committee.[18] For a period in the mid-1990s, he was safety and security spokesman for the party's KwaZulu-Natal branch, and in the 2000s he served as party chairman in the eThekwini region.[19] [20] [21] In the 2000s, Cele was characterised as an ally of Jacob Zuma.[22] [23] [24] [25] However, during the hotly contested ANC leadership elections of 2017, he aligned himself with Cyril Ramaphosa and against Nkosazana Dlamini-Zuma.[26] [27]

Controversies

"Shoot-to-kill" remarks and use of deadly force

In July 2007, the Sowetan reported that Cele, then MEC for safety in KwaZulu-Natal, had told a meeting in Durban that police should "shoot to kill" when confronting criminals, as well as making other remarks endorsing the use of deadly force.[28] [29] Although Cele denied that he used the words "shoot to kill," he admitted to having made other similar remarks, including, "We cannot allow police to be killed by criminals. Once criminals pull their guns, police must aim for the head." In 2010, Cele sued the Sowetan for defamation, and R200 000 in damages, on the basis of two of its 2007 reports on the saga, including one published alongside a digitally altered photograph of Cele holding a gun. The case was dismissed. A reporter from the Sowetan testified that he was personally present at the meeting in Durban and had heard Cele utter the remarks; and the court pointed out that the only other newspaper to send a reporter to the meeting, the Citizen, had also reported that Cele had called for police to shoot to kill.

In August 2009, shortly after taking office as National Commissioner of SAPS, Cele caused a national controversy when he allegedly repeated the "shoot to kill" remarks to the Weekend Argus. Speaking about a proposed amendment to Section 49 of the Criminal Procedure Act, which outlines grounds for the justifiable use of deadly force, Cele reportedly said that police should be able to "shoot to kill" criminals without worrying about "what happens after that."[30] [31] [32] Speaking to the Los Angeles Times, Cele denied that he had said the police should shoot to kill – instead, his point had been that it was dangerous for police officers to be unsure about whether they were permitted to use deadly force in a confrontation with an armed criminal. Elsewhere he clarified that police should not shoot innocent people, but should "decisively defend themselves" against armed and dangerous criminals.[33] Asked about his remarks in 2018, after his appointment as Minister of Police, he again denied that he had used the phrase "shoot to kill," but said, "I’ve said that... when [police] deal with the tough brutal criminals, they must not die with their guns in their hands and I still say so."[34] Since then, he has on several occasions reminded SAPS officers that they should use deadly force when necessary.[35] [36] [37] [38]

Conflict with Inkatha Freedom Party

In January 2009, in the run-up to the elections, Cele was present at a stand-off between ANC supporters and Inkatha Freedom Party (IFP) supporters at an ANC rally in Nongoma, KwaZulu-Natal. The IFP accused Cele of provoking police to "brutalize" IFP supporters.[39] [40] Cele claimed that these claims were defamatory and, in February, filed a court application to interdict their publication.[41] The application was dismissed.[42]

Roux Property Fund property deals

In early 2011, when Cele was National Commissioner of SAPS, the Public Protector, Thuli Madonsela, found that the government had leased office buildings in Pretoria and Durban – intended to serve as police headquarters – at vastly inflated rates. The leases were worth more than R1.5 billion and were signed with Roux Property Fund. Madonsela said that the deals were "unlawful" and "illegitimate," and she held Cele – along with the Minister of Public Works, Gwen Mahlangu-Nkabinde – responsible.[24] She deemed his conduct "improper, unlawful and amounting to maladministration."[43] Although he had not signed the lease for the Pretoria building personally, he had signed a memorandum authorising funding for the lease.[44] Cele denied any wrongdoing.

In October 2011, the then President Jacob Zuma suspended Cele with pay, pending the outcome of an inquiry, chaired by former judge Jake Moloi,[45] [46] into his possible misconduct.[47] One of the questions pursued by the board of inquiry was the extent of Cele's relationship with Roux Shabangu of the Roux Property Fund[48] – that is, whether Cele's conduct had been not only unlawful but also corrupt, as some have suggested.[49] The board of inquiry found that Cele had been dishonest and was unfit for office, and recommended his dismissal.[50] [51] [52] On 12 June 2012, Zuma announced that he had fired Cele on the basis of these findings.[53] [54] [55] Nearly seven years later, however, in April 2019, the Pretoria High Court set aside the inquiry's report, following a protracted legal struggle by Cele to clear his name.[56] [57] [58]

Whistleblower protection

In 2018 the Public Protector, Busisiwe Mkhwebane, claimed that Cele and SAPS had failed to provide personal protection to two whistleblowers who had reported corruption in the Umzimkulu municipality in KwaZulu-Natal.[59] However, Cele took the report under judicial review, and in 2020 the Gauteng North High Court declared it invalid, clearing Cele of all wrongdoing. The court said that, as set out in legislation, it is not the responsibility of the police to ensure that witnesses and whistleblowers receive personal protection.[60]

COVID-19 pandemic

During the 2020 COVID-19 pandemic, Cele's leadership of the police was criticised, with Cele accused of "excessive policing" of compliance with lockdown regulations.[61] [62]

Gun control

Cele supports strict gun control, and has said that he does not think that private citizens should be permitted to own firearms.[63] A piece of gun control legislation introduced under his police ministry in 2021, the Firearms Control Amendment Bill, has encountered opposition from some civil society groups.[64] [65] [66] [67] [68] Under the proposed law, self-defence would not be considered a valid reason for seeking a firearm license.[69] Cele has defended the Bill on the grounds that most murders in South Africa are committed with firearms.

Incident with Ian Cameron

In an event in Gugulethu, Police Minister Bheki Cele had a confrontation with Ian Cameron, director of community safety for Action Society, a non-profit organisation focusing on violent crime. The incident occurred during a community policing engagement where Cameron made comments regarding the community having to do the work of the police, which appeared to agitate Cele. Cele responded with remarks about his experiences during apartheid and shouted "shut up" at Cameron before officials removed Cameron from the premises.[70] Cameron later expressed that his issue was not with Cele personally but with the position he occupied and his handling of crime-related matters.[71] This incident highlighted tensions and differing perspectives on community safety, police efficacy, and responsibility in addressing crime.[72]

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Naidoo . Alicia . 2022-01-03 . Bheki Cele: A young wife, baby mama, and 'forgotten' love child . 2022-10-15 . The South African . en-ZA.
  2. Web site: Bheki Cele, Gen . South African Government . 2022-10-16 . www.gov.za.
  3. Web site: Plessis. Carien du. 2018-02-27. Cabinet Reshuffle: SA government gets a full makeover. 2021-11-10. Daily Maverick. en.
  4. News: 2012-06-12. South Africa police chief Bheki Cele fired by Jacob Zuma. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-11-10.
  5. Web site: 2018-04-23. The National Executive Committee. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180423034635/http://anc.org.za/officials/national-executive-committee-0. 2018-04-23. 2021-11-10. African National Congress.
  6. Web site: Dixon. Robyn. Robyn Dixon (journalist). 2009-09-27. South Africa struggles with rising crime. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20210228221320/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2009-sep-27-fg-crime-police27-story.html. 28 February 2021. 2021-11-10. Los Angeles Times. Johannesburg. en.
  7. Web site: 2004. Bheki Cele. live. 2021-11-10. KwaZulu-Natal Department of Transport. https://web.archive.org/web/20090810205318/http://www.kzntransport.gov.za:80/reading_room/prev_features/2004/b_cele.htm . 10 August 2009.
  8. Web site: Mbanjwa. Bheki. 2009-07-30. Ex-MEC known as man of action. live. 2021-11-10. The Cape Argus. https://web.archive.org/web/20191113083429/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/cape-argus/20090730/281612416407367 . 13 November 2019.
  9. Web site: Bheki Cele, Gen.. live. 2020-12-17. South African Government. https://web.archive.org/web/20210321184925/https://www.gov.za/about-government/contact-directory/bheki-cele-gen?gclid=CjwKCAiAoOz-BRBdEiwAyuvA6xy2MSlWBkeaogRAYWRgiXUi8I8GsNcKzKLdcBH9lNT8PMdFZoNZrBoCSxYQAvD_BwE . 21 March 2021.
  10. Web site: National Education Union of South Africa information sheet. English.
  11. Web site: 2009-07-29. Why I chose Bheki Cele - Jacob Zuma. live. 2021-11-10. Politicsweb. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175554/https://www.politicsweb.co.za/documents/why-i-chose-bheki-cele--jacob-zuma . 10 November 2021.
  12. Web site: Bheki Cele. 2021-11-10. People's Assembly. en.
  13. Web site: 2016-04-23 . The Presidency Announcement of new National Police Commissioner . 2022-10-16 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160423041746/http://www.thepresidency.gov.za/pebble.asp?relid=1149 . 23 April 2016 .
  14. Web site: Conway-Smith. Eric. 2012-06-12. South Africa: Police chief Bheki Cele fired by President Jacob Zuma. live. 2021-11-10. The World from PRX. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175554/https://theworld.org/stories/2012-06-12/south-africa-police-chief-bheki-cele-fired-president-jacob-zuma . 10 November 2021.
  15. Web site: Mbhele. Zakhele. 2018-02-27. Bheki Cele's appointment is a sham. live. 2021-11-10. Politicsweb. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175555/https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/bheki-celes-appointment-is-a-sham--zakhele-mbhele . 10 November 2021.
  16. Web site: Kock. Chris De. 2018-02-27. Op-Ed: Bheki Cele – the proof of the pudding is in the eating. 2021-11-10. Daily Maverick. en.
  17. Web site: Merten . Marianne . 2024-06-05 . The ANC haemorrhaging continues — Cele, Modise, Zulu and Pandor won't return as MPs . 2024-06-05 . Daily Maverick . en.
  18. Web site: 2018. NEC subcommittees. live. 2021-11-10. African National Congress. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20211109154226/https://www.anc1912.org.za/nec-subcommittees/ . 9 November 2021.
  19. Web site: 1996-11-20. TRC hearing in PMB adjourned for second time due to protestors. live. 2021-11-10. South African Press Association. https://web.archive.org/web/20110303160309/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1996/9611/s961120g.htm . 3 March 2011.
  20. Web site: 1996-09-04. Individuals, and not the ANC against me: Holomisa. live. 2021-11-10. South African Press Association. https://web.archive.org/web/20110303162922/http://www.justice.gov.za/trc/media/1996/9609/s960904f.htm . 3 March 2011.
  21. Web site: Munusamy. Ranjeni. 2012-06-11. Bheki Cele: Zuma's rock, hard and complicated place. 2021-11-10. Daily Maverick. en.
  22. Web site: 2021-07-07. Once they were comrades, now Cele arrests Zuma, who fired him as police commissioner. 2021-11-10. The Mail & Guardian. en-ZA.
  23. Web site: Jasson da Costa. Wendy. 2009-07-30. Cele shoots from the hip. live. 2021-11-10. IOL. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175557/https://www.iol.co.za/news/politics/cele-shoots-from-the-hip-453292 . 10 November 2021.
  24. News: 2011-07-14. South Africa police chief Bheki Cele in 'unlawful deal'. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-11-10.
  25. Web site: Plessis. Carien du. 2011-09-23. Zuma to Cele: Tell me why you shouldn't leave. 2021-11-10. Daily Maverick. en.
  26. Web site: 2017-10-20. Cele poised to intensify role in #CR17. 2021-11-10. The Mail & Guardian. en-ZA.
  27. Web site: Head. Tom. 2017-12-11. "Dlamini-Zuma will keep ANC under Gupta control" - Minister Bheki Cele. live. 2021-11-10. The South African. en-ZA. https://web.archive.org/web/20201021210204/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/dlamini-zuma-will-lead-anc-to-the-guptas-bheki-cele/ . 21 October 2020.
  28. Web site: Nhlabathi. Hlengiwe. 2014-12-20. 'Shoot to kill' rant to haunt Bheki Cele - ex police boss loses court case against Sowetan. live. 2021-11-10. The Sowetan. en-ZA. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175556/https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2014-12-20-shoot-to-kill-rant-to-haunt-bheki-cele-ex-police-boss-loses-court-case-against-sowetan2/ . 10 November 2021.
  29. Web site: 2013-02-14. Cele v Avusa Media Ltd (08/10831). live. 2021-11-10. SAFLII. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175606/http://www.saflii.org/za/cases/ZAGPJHC/2013/15.html . 10 November 2021.
  30. Web site: Goldstone. Carvin. 2009-08-01. Police must shoot to kill, worry later - Cele. live. 2021-11-10. IOL. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180307172304/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/police-must-shoot-to-kill-worry-later-cele-453587 . 7 March 2018.
  31. Web site: Smith. David. 2009-09-16. South Africa considers 'shoot to kill' policing ahead of World Cup. live. 2021-11-10. The Guardian. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20130907133222/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/sep/16/south-africa-police-world-cup . 7 September 2013.
  32. Web site: 2009-08-05. Cele calls for greater powers for cops. 2021-11-10. The Mail & Guardian. en-ZA.
  33. Web site: 2013-02-28. Cele takes a jab at media on "shoot-to-kill" statement. live. 2021-11-10. South African Government News Agency. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20160302205609/http://www.sanews.gov.za/south-africa/cele-takes-jab-media-shoot-kill-statement . 2 March 2016.
  34. Web site: Thapelo. Lekabe. 2018-03-01. Bheki Cele denies ever calling for police to 'shoot to kill'. live. 2021-11-10. The Citizen. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20180301130458/https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/1841001/bheki-cele-denies-ever-calling-for-police-to-shoot-to-kill/ . 1 March 2018.
  35. Web site: Nkosi. Nomazina. 2019-12-24. Use deadly force – Bheki Cele. live. 2021-11-10. The Sunday Times. en-ZA. https://web.archive.org/web/20191224105623/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-12-24-use-deadly-force-cele/ . 24 December 2019.
  36. Web site: 2019-02-22. Police allowed to use deadly force when under attack: Cele. live. 2021-11-10. SABC News. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20190222140515/http://www.sabcnews.com/sabcnews/police-allowed-to-use-deadly-force-when-under-attack-cele/ . 22 February 2019.
  37. Web site: Nair. Nivashni. 2019-11-06. 'Criminals don't carry feather dusters' - Cele tells cops not to die with a gun in their hands. live. 2021-11-10. The Sunday Times. en-ZA. https://web.archive.org/web/20191106172652/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-11-06-criminals-dont-carry-feather-dusters-cele-tells-cops-not-to-die-with-a-gun-in-their-hands/ . 6 November 2019.
  38. Web site: 2020-12-18. Cele tells police officers to use 'deadly force' to protect South Africans, themselves. live. 2021-11-10. East Coast Radio. https://web.archive.org/web/20201218073603/https://www.ecr.co.za/news/news/cele-tells-police-officers-use-deadly-force-protect-south-africans-themselves/ . 18 December 2020.
  39. Web site: Buthelezi. Mangosuthu. 2009-02-09. Bheki Cele to blame for Nongoma violence. live. 2021-11-10. Politicsweb. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175556/https://www.politicsweb.co.za/politics/bheki-cele-to-blame-for-nongoma-violence--buthelez . 10 November 2021.
  40. Web site: 2009-02-02. IFP blames Nongoma violence on Safety MEC. live. 2021-11-10. EWN. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175554/https://ewn.co.za/2009/02/02/IFP-blames-Nongoma-violence-on-Safety-MEC . 10 November 2021.
  41. Web site: 2009-08-21. Cele waits on outcome of court bid. 2021-11-10. The Mail & Guardian. en-ZA.
  42. Web site: Kuppan. Irene. 2009-09-09. Cele demands an apology. live. 2021-11-10. Independent Online. South Africa. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175554/https://www.iol.co.za/news/south-africa/cele-demands-an-apology-457973 . 10 November 2021.
  43. Web site: 2011-06-24. Cele 'fingerprints' all over KZN lease. 2021-11-10. The Mail & Guardian. en-ZA.
  44. Web site: 2011-02-23. Cele found guilty. live. 2021-11-10. IOL. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20200502023335/https://www.iol.co.za/news/cele-found-guilty-1030995 . 2 May 2020.
  45. Web site: Sidimba. Loyiso. 2019-04-10. Court clears Bheki Cele. live. 2021-11-10. The Star. South Africa. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175556/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-star-south-africa-early-edition/20190410/281547997270724 . 10 November 2021.
  46. Web site: 2014-05-29. Cele still challenging his axing. live. 2021-11-10. The Sowetan. en-ZA. https://web.archive.org/web/20190213143255/https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/2014-05-29-cele-still-challenging-his-axing/ . 13 February 2019.
  47. Web site: 2011-10-24. Bheki Cele suspended over lease saga. live. 2021-11-10. News24. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20201218192540/https://www.news24.com/News24/Bheki-Cele-suspended-over-lease-saga-20111024 . 18 December 2020.
  48. Web site: 2012-03-06. Inquiry hears of Cele-Shabangu meeting. live. 2021-11-10. The Sunday Times. en-ZA. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175556/https://www.timeslive.co.za/politics/2012-03-06-inquiry-hears-of-cele-shabangu-meeting/ . 10 November 2021.
  49. Web site: Hoffman. Paul. 2019-05-02. Cyril's shocking side-step of Cele's impunity - Paul Hoffman. live. 2021-11-10. BizNews. en-GB. https://web.archive.org/web/20190502172557/https://www.biznews.com/thought-leaders/2019/05/02/cyril-ramaphosa-bheki-cele-hoffman . 2 May 2019.
  50. Web site: Hawker. Dianne. Khanyile. Gcwalisile. 2012-05-27. Top cops lied for commissioner, Roux Shabangu manipulated him. live. 2021-11-10. Sunday Independent. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175553/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/the-sunday-independent/20120527/282239482674574 . 10 November 2021.
  51. Web site: 2012. Criminal probe of Cele actions recommended. live. 2021-11-10. LegalBrief. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175556/https://legalbrief.co.za/diary/legalbrief-today/story/criminal-probe-of-cele-actions-recommended/print/ . 10 November 2021.
  52. Web site: De Lange. Deon. Mpofu. Michael. 2012-05-25. Cele rubbishes inquiry. live. 2021-11-10. Daily News. https://web.archive.org/web/20211110175554/https://www.pressreader.com/south-africa/daily-news-south-africa/20120525/281479273461595 . 10 November 2021.
  53. News: 2012-06-12. South Africa police chief Bheki Cele fired by Jacob Zuma. en-GB. BBC News. 2021-11-10.
  54. Web site: 2012-06-12. Bheki Cele fired. live. 2021-11-10. News24. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20201021214733/https://www.news24.com/News24/Bheki-Cele-fired-20120612 . 21 October 2020.
  55. Web site: 2012-09-30. Zuma fired Cele for being 'dishonest'. 2021-11-10. The Mail & Guardian. en-ZA.
  56. Web site: 2019-04-09. Zuma's decision to fire Bheki Cele in 2012 set aside. 2021-11-10. The Citizen. en.
  57. Web site: Bateman. Barry. 2019-04-09. High Court sets aside 2012 decision to fire Bheki Cele as police commissioner. live. 2021-11-10. EWN. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20190409193341/https://ewn.co.za/2019/04/09/high-court-sets-aside-2012-decision-to-fire-bheki-cele-as-police-commissioner . 9 April 2019.
  58. Web site: Mabuza. Ernest. 2019-04-09. Court sets aside Jacob Zuma's 2012 decision to axe Bheki Cele as top cop. live. 2021-11-10. The Sunday Times. en-ZA. https://web.archive.org/web/20190409180510/https://www.timeslive.co.za/news/south-africa/2019-04-09-court-sets-aside-jacob-zumas-2012-decision-to-axe-bheki-cele-as-top-cop/ . 9 April 2019.
  59. News: Maphanga. Canny. 2018-08-16. Cele to challenge Public Protector's findings that SAPS failed to protect whistleblowers News24. en-US. News24. 2021-11-10.
  60. Web site: Mahlangu. Thato. 2020-06-11. Cele cleared of wrongdoing by court, PP's report set aside. live. 2021-11-10. Corruption Watch. en-GB. https://web.archive.org/web/20200905091808/https://www.corruptionwatch.org.za/cele-cleared-of-wrongdoing-by-court-pps-report-set-aside/ . 5 September 2020.
  61. Web site: Thebus. Shakirah. 2021-01-08. Crime-riddled communities criticise excessive policing of Cape Town beaches. live. 2021-11-10. IOL. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20210108093049/https://www.iol.co.za/capeargus/news/crime-riddled-communities-criticise-excessive-policing-of-cape-town-beaches-897e6d5b-552e-4e23-9145-ddc86c0a7e00 . 8 January 2021.
  62. Web site: 2021-06-17. Police union slams Cele as it asks Ramaphosa to intervene in 'feud' with national commissioner. live. 2021-11-10. The Sowetan. en-ZA. https://web.archive.org/web/20210617184414/https://www.sowetanlive.co.za/news/south-africa/2021-06-17-police-union-slams-cele-as-it-asks-ramaphosa-to-intervene-in-feud-with-national-commissioner/ . 17 June 2021.
  63. Web site: Selisho. Kaunda. 2019-04-18. Bheki Cele expresses wish to disarm all private citizens in SA. live. 2021-06-02. The Citizen. en-US. https://web.archive.org/web/20190418145852/https://citizen.co.za/news/south-africa/crime/2120550/bheki-cele-expresses-wish-to-disarm-all-private-citizens-in-sa/ . 2019-04-18.
  64. Web site: Meyer. Dan. 2021-06-07. Firearms: SAPS accused of 'giving guns to gangs while disarming citizens'. live. 2021-11-10. The South African. en-ZA. https://web.archive.org/web/20210607170718/https://www.thesouthafrican.com/news/firearms-control-amendment-bill-saps-gun-laws-vearey-latest-bheki-cele/ . 7 June 2021.
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