Beverley McLachlin explained

Honorific-Prefix:The Right Honourable
Beverley McLachlin
Office2:Non-Permanent Judge of the
Court of Final Appeal of Hong Kong
Term Label2:in office
Term Start2:July 30, 2018
Term End2:July 29, 2024
Appointer2:Carrie Lam
Office:17th Chief Justice of Canada
Term Start:January 7, 2000
Term End:December 15, 2017
Nominator:Jean Chrétien
Appointer:Adrienne Clarkson
Predecessor:Antonio Lamer
Successor:Richard Wagner
Office3:Puisne Justice of the Supreme Court of Canada
Term Start3:March 30, 1989
Term End3:January 7, 2000
Nominator3:Brian Mulroney
Appointer3:Jeanne Sauvé
Predecessor3:William McIntyre
Successor3:Louis LeBel
Office4:Chief Justice of the
Supreme Court of British Columbia
Term Start4:1988
Term End4:1990
Appointer4:Jeanne Sauvé
Birth Date:7 September 1943
Birth Place:Pincher Creek, Alberta, Canada
Birthname:Beverley Gietz
Spouse:
    Children:Angus McLachlin (b. 1976)
    Alma Mater:University of Alberta (BA, MA, LLB)
    Profession:Judge
    Module:
    Embed:yes
    Child:yes
    Order:ts
    S:麦嘉琳
    J:Mak6 Gaa1 Lam4
    Y:Mahk Gā Làhm
    P:Mài Jiālín

    Beverley Marian McLachlin (born September 7, 1943) is a Canadian jurist and author who served as the 17th chief justice of Canada from 2000 to 2017. She is the longest-serving chief justice in Canadian history and the first woman to hold the position.

    In July 2018, McLachlin began a three-year term as a non-permanent judge on the Hong Kong Court of Final Appeal, the first Canadian jurist nominated to the post. She was re-appointed for a second three-year term in 2021.[1] In June 2024, she announced that she would retire from the court when her term ends on July 29, 2024.[2]

    Early life and education

    McLachlin was born Beverley Gietz in Pincher Creek, Alberta, the eldest child of Eleanora Marian (née Kruschell) and Ernest Gietz. Her parents, who were of German descent, were "fundamentalist Christians"[3] of the Pentecostal Church.[4] She received a B.A. and an M.A. in philosophy as well as an LL.B. degree (winning the gold medal as top student, and serving as notes editor of the Alberta Law Review) from the University of Alberta.[5] She was called to the bar of Alberta in 1969, and to the Bar of British Columbia in 1971. McLachlin practised law from 1969 until 1975. From 1974 to 1981, she was a professor at the University of British Columbia.

    McLachlin has one son, Angus (born 1976), from her first marriage to Roderick McLachlin, who took care of much of Angus's upbringing.[6] Roderick McLachlin died of cancer in 1988, a few days after she was appointed chief justice of the B.C. Supreme Court.[6] In 1992, McLachlin married Frank McArdle, a lawyer and the executive director of the Canadian Superior Courts Judges Association.[6]

    Judicial career

    Canada

    See also: Reasons of the Supreme Court of Canada by Beverley McLachlin. In April 1981, McLachlin was appointed to the County Court of Vancouver. Five months later, in September 1981, she was appointed to the Supreme Court of British Columbia.[7] In December 1985, McLachlin was appointed to the British Columbia Court of Appeal.[7] In September 1988, McLachlin was appointed Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of British Columbia.[7] She was nominated by Brian Mulroney to be made a puisne justice to the Supreme Court of Canada on March 30, 1989.[6] On the advice of Jean Chrétien, McLachlin was appointed the chief justice of Canada on January 7, 2000.[7]

    Upon being sworn into the Supreme Court of Canada, she also became a deputy of the Governor General of Canada together with the other justices of the Supreme Court. When Governor General Adrienne Clarkson was hospitalized for a cardiac pacemaker operation on July 8, 2005, McLachlin performed the duties of the governor general as the administrator of Canada.[8] In her role as administrator, she gave royal assent to the Civil Marriage Act which legalized same-sex marriage nationally in Canada. She relinquished that task when the governor general returned to good health in late July.

    While she was Chief Justice, McLachlin chaired the Canadian Judicial Council. She is also on the board of governors of the National Judicial Institute and on the advisory council of the Order of Canada. She is a member of the Queen's Privy Council for Canada. McLachlin was made a commander of the Legion of Honour by the government of France in 2008.[9] [10] On December 15, 2006, she was appointed a commander of the Venerable Order of Saint John.[11]

    In July 2013, during the consultation period prior to appointment for Marc Nadon, Chief Justice McLachlin contacted justice minister Peter MacKay and the Prime Minister's Office regarding the eligibility of Marc Nadon for a Quebec seat on the Supreme Court.[12] Prime Minister Stephen Harper stated that he had refused a phone call from McLachlin on the attorney general's advice. Harper's comments were criticized by the legal community and a complaint was forwarded to the International Commission of Jurists in Switzerland.[13] [14] The International Commission of Jurists concluded that Beverly McLachlin deserved an apology from Harper, but none had been given as of July 2014.[15]

    In May 2015, McLachlin was invited to speak at the Global Centre for Pluralism, and said that Canada attempted to commit "cultural genocide" against aboriginal peoples in what she called the worst stain on Canada's human-rights record.[16] University of Regina academic Ken Coates supported McLachlin, and said that she was "only stating what is clearly in the minds of judges, lawyers and aboriginal people across the country".[17] Others were less sympathetic. Columnist Lysiane Gagnon called the comments "unacceptable" and "highly inflammatory" and suggested that McLachlin had opened herself up to accusations of prejudice.[18] Gordon Gibson, another columnist, said the use of the word "genocide" was incendiary and disproportionate and that the Chief Justice's comments made her sound like a legislator.[19]

    McLachlin retired from the Supreme Court on December 15, 2017, nine months before reaching the mandatory retirement age of 75.[20] Her successor as Chief Justice of Canada is Richard Wagner, who was nominated by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau in 2017.[21] Her successor as a justice of the court is Sheilah Martin, who was nominated by Prime Minister Justin Trudeau through a new process for judicial appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada that permitted, "any Canadian lawyer or judge who fits a specified criteria" to apply.[22] [23] [24]

    Hong Kong

    McLachlin was nominated in March 2018 to become a non-permanent member of the Court of Final Appeal in Hong Kong. The court appoints foreign judges from common-law jurisdictions outside of Hong Kong, of which McLachlin is the first Canadian, to sit as non-permanent members of the court.[25] Her three-year appointment was approved by the Hong Kong Legislative Council,[26] and the chief executive gazetted the appointment effective July 30, 2018.[27] McLachlin's appointment was accompanied by those of Brenda Hale, also as non-permanent judge, and Andrew Cheung, as permanent judge, at the court.[28] [29] She was reappointed to the court in 2021 for a second three-year term.[1]

    Her service on the court has been criticized amidst the Hong Kong pro-democracy protests and imposition of the National Security Law, which is seen by Western observers as threatening civil liberties in the city. As a Court of Final Appeal judge, McLachlin would be required to uphold the law in appellate judgements.[1] A motion at the Law Society of Ontario to condemn her appointment was defeated 28–17 in February 2021.[1] In June 2022, she announced her decision to remain on the court which she believes to still be independent.[30] McLachlin has stated her intention to retire once her term in Hong Kong expires in July 2024.[31]

    Other courts

    McLachlin also serves as an international judge on the Singapore International Commercial Court.[32]

    Judicial philosophy

    McLachlin has defined the judicial function as one that requires conscious objectivity, which she has described as follows:

    McLachlin has argued that courts may be justified in changing the law where such a change would accord with changes in society's values.[33] She regards Edwards v Canada (Attorney General), in which the Judicial Committee of the Privy Council found that women were entitled to sit in the Senate of Canada, as a paradigm case in Canadian law.[34] She has stated "courts are the ultimate guardians of the rights of society, in our system of government."[35] [36] She has also stated, "I think the court belongs to the Canadian people and it should reflect the Canadian people."

    McLachlin has defended the view that "legal certainty"—the notion that there is one correct answer to a legal question, which judges can discover with diligence—is a "myth".[37] [38]

    Mahmud Jamal, now a puisne justice of the Supreme Court of Canada, has argued that McLachlin's jurisprudence on the law of federalism is consistent with her "self-described judicial philosophy", namely that judges are to be "scrupulously non-partisan and impartial".[39]

    Writing

    In 2018, McLachlin published a legal thriller novel titled Full Disclosure.[40] Her memoir Truth Be Told: My Journey Through Life and the Law, was published in 2019. It won the Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing in 2020.[41] McLachlin's second novel, Denial, was published in 2021 by Simon & Schuster.[42]

    Honours and awards

    Escutcheon:Per fess Gules and Argent four pallets counterchanged overall a bezant charged with a balance Sable within a bordure compony Argent and Gules on a chief Or a pen nib between two lyres Sable.
    Crest:A great horned owl Proper perched on a pair of pincers fesswise Or set on a hockey stick Proper.
    Supporters:Two Labrador retrievers Sable each gorged of a collar compony Argent and Sable pendent therefrom a closed book Or charged with a livestock brand composed of the letter E and the letter G contourné both ensigned by a quarter arc embowed Gules and standing on a rocky mount set with Pacific dogwood flowers and pine trees Proper all above barry wavy Argent and Gules.
    Motto:Wisdom Compassion Justice[43]

    McLachlin is the honorary patron of the Institute of Parliamentary and Political Law. From 2016 to 2020, she was a college visitor at Massey College.[44] In 2017, she was elected Visitor of Queens' College, Cambridge. She has been awarded with over 31 honorary degrees from various universities, which include:

    Honorary degrees
    LocationDateSchoolDegree
    27 September 1990 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[45]
    1991 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[46]
    June 1995 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[47]
    Spring 1999 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[48]
    2000 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[49]
    2000 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[50]
    2000 [51]
    8 June 2000 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[52]
    November 2000 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[53]
    Spring 2001 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[54]
    2002 Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[55]
    2002 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) [56]
    2003 Doctorate [57]
    2004 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[58]
    Northern Ireland 2004 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[59]
    27 May 2004 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[60]
    14 November 2004 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[61]
    7 May 2005 Doctor of Humane Letters (DHL)[62]
    2006 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[63]
    18 June 2010 Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)[64]
    2010 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[65]
    2010 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[66]
    2011 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[67]
    June 2011 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[68]
    26 October 2012 Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)[69]
    2012 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[70]
    2014 Doctorate[71]
    2015 Doctor of Civil Law (DCL)[72]
    31 May 2016 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[73]
    1 June 2016 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[74]
    28 April 2017 Bachelor of Applied Arts[75]
    19 October 2017 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.) [76]
    2019 Doctor of Laws (LL.D.)[77]

    Memberships and fellowships

    CountryDateOrganisationPosition
    March 2011Royal Heraldry Society of CanadaVice Patron[78]
    Honorary Fellow[79]

    See also

    Selected publications

    Books

    Articles

    Further reading

    Notes and References

    1. News: Blackwell. Tom. 2021-08-02. Canada's ex-chief justice renews job on top Hong Kong court despite Beijing's tightening grip. National Post. 2021-09-26.
    2. News: Former chief justice Beverley McLachlin to step down from controversial Hong Kong court . June 10, 2024 . CBC News . June 10, 2024.
    3. Book: Slayton. Philip . Philip Slayton. Mighty Judgment: How the Supreme Court of Canada Runs Your Life. 2011-04-11. 978-0-14-318051-7. 145. .
    4. News: Religious upbringing influences Chief Justice. The Canadian Press. The Canadian Press. May 25, 2000. The Globe and Mail. April 5, 2020. September 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200923044920/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/religious-upbringing-influences-chief-justice/article1039974/. live.
    5. Book: McLachlin, Beverley. Truth Be Told: The Story of My Life and My Fight for Equality. 2020-09-15. Simon & Schuster. 978-1-9821-0497-9. en. 112.
    6. News: Brean. Joseph. May 23, 2015. 'Conscious objectivity': That's how the chief justice defines the top court's role. Harper might beg to differ. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20201216030553/https://nationalpost.com/news/conscious-objectivity-thats-how-the-chief-justice-defines-the-top-courts-role-harper-might-beg-to-differ. December 16, 2020. 2016-02-17. National Post.
    7. Web site: Beverley McLachlin. 2018-07-06. 2020-01-14. July 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180722214153/https://scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/bio-eng.aspx?id=beverley-mclachlin. live. Supreme Court of Canada.
    8. News: Grittani-Livingston. Megan. January 17, 2007. Canada's Chief Justice lays down the law. 2020-12-16. The Queen's Journal. en. October 29, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201029200158/https://www.queensjournal.ca/story/2006-01-17/features/canadas-chief-justice-lays-down-law/. live.
    9. Web site: Canada Gazette Part I. 141. Gazette.gc.ca. 47. 2016-02-17. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130522213038/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2007/2007-11-24/pdf/g1-14147.pdf. May 22, 2013. mdy-all.
    10. Web site: La France décore la Juge en chef du Canada. La France au Canada/France in Canada. September 8, 2008. May 21, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20110521102834/http://www.ambafrance-ca.org/spip.php?article1876&var_recherche=Beverley%20McLachlin. live.
    11. Web site: Canada Gazette Part I. 141. Gazette.gc.ca. 17. 2016-02-17. dead. https://web.archive.org/web/20130522213631/http://www.gazette.gc.ca/archives/p1/2007/2007-04-28/pdf/g1-14117.pdf. May 22, 2013. mdy-all.
    12. Web site: February 5, 2014. News Release. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20150702073406/http://scc-csc.lexum.com/scc-csc/news/en/item/4602/index.do. July 2, 2015. 2016-02-17. Supreme Court of Canada.
    13. News: MacCharles. Tonda. May 2, 2014. Stephen Harper lashes out at top judge on Supreme Court. Toronto Star. live. August 24, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171208211719/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/05/02/stephen_harper_lashes_out_at_top_judge_on_supreme_court.html. December 8, 2017.
    14. News: MacCharles. Tonda. May 13, 2014. Legal community demands Stephen Harper withdraw criticism of Beverley McLachlin. Toronto Star. live. August 24, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170429185410/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2014/05/13/canadas_legal_community_steps_up_its_demand_that_stephen_harper_withdraw_criticism_of_chief_justice.html. April 29, 2017.
    15. News: Fitz-Morris. James. July 25, 2014. International Commission of Jurists demands Stephen Harper apologize to Beverley McLachlin. CBC News. live. October 20, 2014. https://web.archive.org/web/20141028145402/http://www.cbc.ca/m/news/politics/beverley-mclachlin-chief-justice-deserves-apology-from-pm-international-jurists-say-1.2718342. October 28, 2014.
    16. News: Fine. Sean. May 28, 2015. Chief Justice says Canada attempted 'cultural genocide' on aboriginals. The Globe and Mail. live. 2016-02-17. https://web.archive.org/web/20170826090619/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/news/national/chief-justice-says-canada-attempted-cultural-genocide-on-aboriginals/article24688854/. August 26, 2017.
    17. News: McLachlin said what many have long known. Ken Coates. 2016-02-17. The Globe and Mail. October 12, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151012113047/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/mclachlin-said-what-many-have-long-known/article24704812/. live.
    18. News: McLachlin's comments a disservice to her court, and to aboriginals. Lysiane. Gagnon. June 10, 2015. The Globe and Mail. June 10, 2015. November 21, 2015. https://web.archive.org/web/20151121080123/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/globe-debate/mclachlins-comments-a-disservice-to-her-court-and-to-aboriginals/article24879482/. live.
    19. News: Gibson. Gordon. Gordon Gibson (politician, born 1937). June 10, 2015. It is bad for democracy when nine unelected people can make law. National Post. live. June 10, 2015. December 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201216030556/https://nationalpost.com/opinion/gordon-gibson-it-is-bad-for-democracy-when-nine-unelected-people-can-make-law.
    20. News: MacCharles. Tonda. June 12, 2017. Chief Justice Beverley McLachlin to retire from Supreme Court of Canada. Toronto Star. live. June 12, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170612212517/https://www.thestar.com/news/canada/2017/06/12/chief-justice-beverley-mclachlin-to-step-down-from-supreme-court-of-canada.html. June 12, 2017.
    21. Prime Minister names the Honourable Richard Wagner as new Chief Justice of Canada. pm.gc.ca. PMO. December 12, 2017. en. December 12, 2017. July 23, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20190723110727/https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2017/12/12/prime-minister-names-honourable-richard-wagner-new-chief-justice-canada. live.
    22. News: Justin Trudeau. Justin Trudeau. August 2, 2016. Why Canada has a new way to choose Supreme Court judges. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20170518100914/http://www.theglobeandmail.com/opinion/why-canada-has-a-new-way-to-choose-supreme-court-judges/article31220275/. May 18, 2017. April 24, 2017. The Globe and Mail.
    23. New process for judicial appointments to the Supreme Court of Canada. August 2, 2016. Government of Canada. July 14, 2017. July 13, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20170713224832/http://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2016/08/02/new-process-judicial-appointments-supreme-court-canada. live.
    24. Prime Minister announces nomination of the Honourable Sheilah L. Martin to the Supreme Court of Canada. November 29, 2017. PMO. pm.gc.ca. November 29, 2017. November 29, 2017. https://web.archive.org/web/20171129150217/https://pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2017/11/29/prime-minister-announces-nomination-honourable-sheilah-l-martin-supreme-court-canada. live.
    25. News: Fine. Sean. March 21, 2018. Former chief justice Beverley McLachlin nominated for Hong Kong's top court. The Globe and Mail. live. March 22, 2018. https://web.archive.org/web/20180322091219/https://www.theglobeandmail.com/canada/article-beverley-mclachlin-nominated-for-hong-kongs-top-court/. March 22, 2018.
    26. Web site: Lum. Alvin. April 28, 2018. Pro-Beijing lawmakers voice concerns over foreign judges' support for gay rights. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180429093003/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/politics/article/2143767/pro-beijing-lawmakers-speak-out-against-two-female-foreign. April 29, 2018. 2018-04-29. South China Morning Post.
    27. Web site: Hong Kong Gazette Notice GN5815/2018. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180904052542/https://www.gld.gov.hk/egazette/pdf/20182231/egn201822315815.pdf. September 4, 2018. September 3, 2018.
    28. Web site: March 21, 2018. Appointment of non-permanent judges from other common law jurisdictions of the Court of Final Appeal. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180322020821/http://www.info.gov.hk/gia/general/201803/21/P2018032100305.htm. March 22, 2018. March 21, 2018. Government of Hong Kong.
    29. Web site: Lum. Alvin. March 21, 2018. Hong Kong's top court gets two female foreign judges in historic first. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20180321121811/http://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/law-crime/article/2138271/two-female-foreign-judges-appointed-hong-kongs-top-court. March 21, 2018. March 21, 2018. South China Morning Post.
    30. Web site: Raycraft . Richard . Former chief justice McLachlin says she'll stay on Hong Kong court despite crackdown on human rights . CBC News . 16 June 2022 . 16 June 2022.
    31. Web site: Top Canadian judge will step down from Hong Kong’s top court following other resignations . AP News . 11 June 2024 . 11 June 2024.
    32. Web site: Judges . 2024-05-24 . Default . en.
    33. Web site: Makin. Kirk. Yarhi. Eli. July 3, 2018. Beverley McLachlin. 2020-12-15. The Canadian Encyclopedia. October 7, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201007065929/https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/beverley-mclachlin. live.
    34. Web site: Cruickshank. Ainslie. 2016-02-15. Scalia's judicial philosophy in sharp contrast to SCC. live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200813005345/http://ipolitics.ca/2016/02/15/scalias-judicial-philosophy-in-sharp-contrast-to-scc/. August 13, 2020. 2020-12-15. iPolitics. en-US.
    35. Barak. Aharon. Aharon Barak. November 2002. A Judge on Judging: The Role of a Supreme Court in a Democracy. Harvard Law Review. 116. 1. 42. December 15, 2020. July 9, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200709033441/https://digitalcommons.law.yale.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4694&context=fss_papers. live.
    36. McLachlin. Beverley. 1990. The Role of the Court in the Post-Charter Era: Policy-Maker or Adjudicator?. University of New Brunswick Law Journal. 39. 57.
    37. Bell. Evan. March 2012. Reflecting on the judicial role: how valid is the analogy that 'judges are like umpires'?. Commonwealth Law Bulletin. en. 38. 1. 3–29. 10.1080/03050718.2012.646732. 0305-0718. Chief Justice McLachlin of Canada has referred to 'the myth of legal certainty'. This, she describes, is the myth that, if the judges look hard enough, long enough and wisely enough, they will find in the law the single clear answer to a question.. 145465046.
    38. McLachlin. Beverley. Judging in a Democratic State. June 3, 2004. December 15, 2020. October 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201023091409/https://scc-csc.ca/judges-juges/spe-dis/bm-2004-06-03-eng.aspx. live.
    39. Jamal. Mahmud. 2019. Chief Justice McLachlin and the Division of Powers. Supreme Court Law Review. 88. 342. 88 SCLR (2d) 241; 2019 CanLIIDocs 4066. December 15, 2020. December 16, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201216030603/https://digitalcommons.osgoode.yorku.ca/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1372&context=sclr. live.
    40. News: Carter. Sue. 2018-05-11. How Beverley McLachlin wrote her first thriller while holding a full-time job as Chief Justice of Canada. en. Toronto Star. live. 2020-12-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20180513054305/https://www.thestar.com/entertainment/books/2018/05/11/how-beverley-mclachlin-wrote-her-first-thriller-while-holding-a-full-time-job-as-chief-justice-of-canada.html. May 13, 2018.
    41. News: 2020-09-24. Beverley McLachlin wins $25K Shaughnessy Cohen Prize for Political Writing for memoir Truth Be Told. en-US. CBC Books. live. 2020-12-16. https://web.archive.org/web/20200926124127/https://www.cbc.ca/books/beverley-mclachlin-wins-25k-shaughnessy-cohen-prize-for-political-writing-for-memoir-truth-be-told-1.5736870. September 26, 2020.
    42. Web site: July 12, 2021 . Denial . November 14, 2023 . CBC.
    43. Web site: Beverley Marian McLachlin . Canadian Heraldic Authority . 11 March 2022.
    44. Web site: Governance. 2020-12-16. Massey College. en-US. November 2, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201102111943/https://www.masseycollege.ca/about/governance/. live.
    45. Web site: UBC Archives - Honorary Degree Citations - 1989-1991 . . 2016-02-17 . March 3, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160303185943/http://www.library.ubc.ca/archives/hdcites/hdcites9.html#mclachlin . live .
    46. Web site: Past Honorary Degree Recipients. 2020-12-16. University of Alberta. October 23, 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201023105714/https://www.ualberta.ca/chancellor-and-senate/honorary-degrees/past-honorary-degree-recipients.html. live.
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    52. Web site: Brock University Honorary Degree and Award Recipients . . 2020-12-15 . December 16, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201216030558/https://brocku.ca/university-secretariat/wp-content/uploads/sites/82/1-HonoraryDegreeandAwardRecipients-RevisedtoSpring2020.pdf . live .
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