Bethesda Game Studios Explained

Bethesda Game Studios
Type:Division
Industry:Video games
Hq Location City:Rockville, Maryland
Hq Location Country:US
Num Employees:>450
Num Employees Year:2023
Parent:Bethesda Softworks

Bethesda Game Studios is an American video game developer and a studio of ZeniMax Media based in Rockville, Maryland. It is best known for its action role-playing franchises, including The Elder Scrolls, Fallout, and Starfield. Bethesda Game Studios was established in 2001 as the development unit of Bethesda Softworks, separating from publishing operations. Todd Howard serves as the studio's executive producer, leading it with managing director Ashley Cheng and studio director Angela Browder. As of November 2023, Bethesda Game Studios had 450 employees.[1]

History

Bethesda Game Studios was established in 2001. Previously, Bethesda Softworks, then a developer and publisher, had been reorganized as a subsidiary of ZeniMax Media. ZeniMax's Robert A. Altman sought to grow the development unit, which was spun off from Bethesda Softworks as Bethesda Game Studios, starting out with roughly 40 people.[2] [3]

By 2008, Bethesda Game Studios was considered one of the industry's top developers on the reputation of The Elder Scrolls fantasy universe and the critically acclaimed Fallout 3. Bethesda had created a unique role for itself, “spending years to create massive, open-world, single-player RPGs — hardly a booming genre in the industry at large — to great success, bringing a once-niche PC genre to a broad multiplatform audience,” wrote Gamasutra in their year-end best-of list.[4]

In December 2015, Bethesda Game Studios opened a satellite studio in Montreal under the leadership of Yves Lachance, the former head of Behaviour Interactive.[5] In 2018, two ZeniMaxi-owned studios became part of Bethesda Game Studios: BattleCry Studios was renamed Bethesda Game Studios Austin in March, and Escalation Studios was turned into Bethesda Game Studios Dallas in August.[6] [7] Microsoft acquired ZeniMax in March 2021.[8] [9]

See main article: Microsoft and unions.

All four studios of Bethesda Game Studios have union representation with Communications Workers of America which represent all employees in both the United States and Canada. These are the first "wall to wall" unions within a Microsoft bargaining unit.[10]

241 US employees unionized as "OneBGS" on July 20, 2024. The bargaining unit includes employees at three studios in Austin, Dallas, Texas and Rockville, Maryland.[11] The unit includes artists, developers, and engineers; unlike its parent company ZeniMax, which exclusively represents QA testers.[12] The Montreal studio of Bethesda Game Studios was certified on August 13, 2024 with support of Communications Workers of America Canada.[13]

Technology

See main article: Creation Engine.

Satellite studios

Bethesda Game Studios Austin

ZeniMax Media announced the opening of BattleCry Studios in Austin, Texas, on October 3, 2012, with Rich Vogel as its president.[14] The studio immediately began hiring developers with experience in microtransactions and free-to-play games, growing to roughly 35 employees by November 2013.[15] [16] It announced its first project, the multiplayer combat game BattleCry, in May 2014.[17] However, the studio laid off a significant portion of its staff in September 2015, followed by the cancellation of BattleCry in October to focus on different projects.[18] [19] Among these projects, it was tasked with modifying Bethesda Game Studios's Creation Engine to support multiplayer functionality for Fallout 76, working with another sister studio, id Software, and repurposed some netcode from Quake.[20] BattleCry Studios then assisted Bethesda Game Studios on the game itself and in August 2016 replaced Certain Affinity in assisting id Software to develop multiplayer components for Doom.[21] [22] Vogel left BattleCry Studios by September 2017 to join Certain Affinity.[23] In March 2018, BattleCry Studios, now under studio director Doug Mellencamp, was integrated into Bethesda Game Studios and renamed Bethesda Game Studios Austin.[24]

Bethesda Game Studios Dallas

Tom Mustaine, Marc Tardif, and Shawn Green founded Escalation Studios in 2007.[25] [26] Mustaine had previously co-founded Ritual Entertainment, while Tardif had been an executive producer and the senior vice president of business development at Gearbox Software.[27] [28] In January 2012, the social gaming company 6waves Lolapps (6L) announced its acquisition of the studio on undisclosed terms.[29] Mustaine and Tardif became Escalation Studios's design directors, while Green acceded to 6L as its director of engineering. At the time, Escalation had around 30 employees.[30] However, in March 2012, 6L announced it was laying off all of its development staff, keeping Escalation Studios active "in some capacity".[31] The studio spun off from 6L by May 2012.[32] ZeniMax Media then acquired it on February 1, 2017. In August 2018, it was integrated with Bethesda Game Studios and renamed Bethesda Game Studios Dallas.[33] It immediately began assisting the studio on Starfield.[34]

Bethesda Game Studios Montreal

Bethesda Game Studios announced the opening of a Montreal, Canada, office on December 9, 2015. At the time of the announcement, the studio employed 40 developers under studio director Yves Lachance.[35] [36] Bethesda Game Studios had previously worked with Lachance on several projects while he was at Behaviour Interactive, including Fallout Shelter, which Bethesda Game Studios Montreal immediately took over.[37] In June 2024, the studio's developers announced their intent to unionize with support from the Canadian branch of the Communications Workers of America.[38] Lechance left the studio in July to lead WB Games Montréal.[39]

Games developed

Bethesda Game Studios has principally been involved in the development of role-playing video games with their The Elder Scrolls and Fallout series for consoles and personal computers, most of which have been commercially and critically successful.[40] [41]

In 2015, the studio entered into the mobile gaming market with Fallout Shelter based on the same franchise, which gained 50 million players by mid-2016. In February 2017, Howard said that they are in development of another mobile title following onto the success of Fallout Shelter.[42] This was revealed in 2018 to be .

In 2016, Howard confirmed that while they are developing The Elder Scrolls VI, it was still a long way to the game's release. Meanwhile, two other significant projects are in development which are expected to be released prior to The Elder Scrolls VI.[43] On May 30, 2018, Fallout 76 was announced.[44] On June 10, 2018, during Bethesda's E3 2018 conference, the other project in development was revealed to be the company's first new intellectual property in 25 years, Starfield. During the 2021 Xbox/Bethesda Games Showcase, Starfield was announced to be releasing exclusively for PC and Xbox Series X/S. Starfield released on September 6, 2023.[45] [46] On June 14, 2022, Howard confirmed that Fallout 5 would start development after the completion of The Elder Scrolls VI, with the latter currently in the pre-production phase of development.[47]

YearTitlePlatform(s)
2002Windows, Xbox
2004IHRA Professional Drag Racing 2005PlayStation 2, Xbox
2006PlayStation 2, Windows, Xbox
PlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360
2008Fallout 3
2011Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 3, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox 360, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
2015Fallout ShelterAndroid, iOS, Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Fallout 4PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
2016Nintendo Switch, PlayStation 4, PlayStation 5, Windows, Xbox One, Xbox Series X/S
2017PlayStation 4, Windows
Fallout 4 VRWindows
2018Fallout 76PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
2020Android, iOS, Nintendo Switch[48]
2023The Elder Scrolls: CastlesAndroid[49]
StarfieldWindows, Xbox Series X/S
The Elder Scrolls VI

Expansion packs

YearTitleGamePlatform(s)
2002TribunalWindows, Xbox
2003Bloodmoon
2006Knights of the NinePlayStation 3, Windows, Xbox 360
2007Shivering Isles
2009Operation: AnchorageFallout 3
The Pitt
Broken Steel
Point Lookout
Mothership Zeta
2012Dawnguard
Hearthfire
Dragonborn
2016AutomatronFallout 4PlayStation 4, Windows, Xbox One
Wasteland Workshop
Far Harbor
Contraptions Workshop
Vault-Tec Workshop
Nuka-World
2020The Pitt[50] Fallout 76
Steel Reign[51]
Steel Dawn[52]
Wastelanders[53]
2024Shattered SpaceStarfieldWindows, Xbox Series X/S

Awards

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Todd Howard Breaks Down His Video Game Career. YouTube. 15:05. November 15, 2023. November 16, 2023.
  2. Web site: March 11, 2021 . Bethesda Joins Xbox – Roundtable . live . https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211215/YJneU_qBMPM . 2021-12-15 . March 13, 2021 . . 1:02:27.
  3. Web site: June 5, 2018 . The History of Bethesda Game Studios - Elder Scrolls / Fallout Documentary . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20181210202955/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QKn9yiLVlMM . December 10, 2018 . November 12, 2018 . YouTube.
  4. News: Carless . Simon . Remo . Chris . Nutt . Christian . Alexander . Leigh . Eric . Caoili . December 31, 2008 . Gamasutra's Best Of 2008 . Gamasutra . 29 December 2020 . August 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210823175753/https://www.gamasutra.com/view/feature/132286/gamasutras_best_of_2008.php?page=10 . live .
  5. Kato . Matthew . December 9, 2015 . Bethesda Opens New Studio In Montreal . dead . . https://web.archive.org/web/20151212021556/http://www.gameinformer.com/b/news/archive/2015/12/09/bethesda-opens-new-studio-in-montreal.aspx . December 12, 2015 . December 10, 2015.
  6. Web site: Dring . Christopher . March 9, 2018 . BattleCry Studios becomes third Bethesda Game Studios office . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180309212407/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-03-09-battlecry-studios-becomes-third-bethesda-game-studios-office . March 9, 2018 . March 9, 2018 . GamesIndustry.biz.
  7. Web site: Fogel . Stefanie . August 10, 2018 . Escalation Studios Is Now Bethesda Game Studios Dallas . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180810192251/https://variety.com/2018/gaming/news/bethesda-game-studios-dallas-announcement-1202901832/ . August 10, 2018 . August 10, 2018 . Variety.
  8. Web site: Bass . Dina . Schreier . Jason . September 21, 2020 . Microsoft to Buy Bethesda for $7.5 Billion to Boost Xbox . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921143256/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-09-21/microsoft-to-buy-bethesda-studios-for-7-5-billion-to-boost-xbox . September 21, 2020 . September 21, 2020 . Bloomberg News.
  9. Web site: Robinson . Andy . March 9, 2021 . Microsoft confirms its Bethesda acquisition is complete and 'some games' will be exclusive . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20210309164348/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/microsoft-confirms-its-bethesda-acquisition-is-complete-and-some-games-will-be-exclusive/ . March 9, 2021 . March 9, 2021 . Video Games Chronicle.
  10. Web site: Peters . Jay . 2024-07-19 . Bethesda Game Studios workers have unionized . 2024-07-20 . The Verge . en.
  11. News: Reuben . Nic . 2024-07-22 . Bethesda Game Studios developers 'ecstatic' to announce a 241-strong 'wall to wall' union . 2024-08-16 . . en.
  12. News: Wilde . Tyler . 2024-07-20 . Bethesda Game Studios developers form 'wall to wall' union that includes artists, designers, and programmers . 2024-07-21 . . en.
  13. Web site: 2024-08-16 . Bethesda Game Studios Workers Win Labour Board Certification, Officially Join CWA Canada . 2024-08-19 . . en.
  14. Web site: Battlecry Studios is new Austin-based developer from Bethesda Softworks . Alexander . Sliwinski . October 3, 2012 . . September 17, 2016 . September 27, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170927000247/https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/03/battlecry-studios-is-new-austin-based-studio-from-bethesda-softw/ . live.
  15. Web site: Bethesda's new Battlecry Studios looking for F2P experts . Jef . Reahard . October 4, 2012 . . September 17, 2016 . September 27, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170927000112/https://www.engadget.com/2012/10/04/bethesdas-new-battlecry-studios-looking-for-f2p-experts/ . live.
  16. Web site: Gaar: After dry spell, some Austin gaming studios staffing up . Brian . Gaar . November 2, 2013 . . August 14, 2023 . August 14, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230814120901/https://www.statesman.com/story/business/2013/11/02/gaar-after-dry-spell-some-austin-gaming-studios-staffing-up/10150722007/ . live.
  17. Web site: Bethesda unveils free-to-play game 'Battlecry' . Brett . Molina . May 28, 2014 . . September 17, 2016 . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108190541/https://www.usatoday.com/story/tech/gaming/2014/05/28/bethesda-battlecry/9665925/ . live.
  18. Web site: BattleCry Studios lays off unknown number of staff in Austin . Lani . Rosales . September 10, 2015 . The American Genius . September 17, 2016 . September 12, 2015 . https://web.archive.org/web/20150912185822/http://theamericangenius.com:80/business-news/battlecry-studios-lays-off-unknown-number-of-staff-in-austin/ . live.
  19. Web site: Bethesda has 'concerns' about Battlecry and is 'evaluating' it . Shaun . Prescott . October 8, 2015 . . September 17, 2016 . September 17, 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160917014833/http://www.pcgamer.com/bethesda-has-concerns-about-battlecry-and-is-evaluating-it/ . live.
  20. The Making of Fallout 76 – Noclip Documentary . Danny . O'Dwyer . June 12, 2018 . . . June 17, 2018 . June 13, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180613161143/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gi8PTAJ2Hjs . live.
  21. Web site: Bethesda Announces Fallout: 76 . Jason . Schreier . Jason Schreier . May 30, 2018 . . May 30, 2018 . June 3, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180603165145/https://kotaku.com/bethesda-announces-fallout-76-1826417383 . live.
  22. Web site: BattleCry devs now working with id on Doom multiplayer . Mike . Holmes . August 6, 2016 . . December 19, 2016 . March 10, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180310043203/https://www.gamereactor.eu/news/443533/BattleCry+devs+now+working+with+id+on+Doom+multiplayer/ . live.
  23. Web site: Rich Vogel joins Certain Affinity . Brendan . Sinclair . September 22, 2017 . . September 26, 2017 . September 25, 2017 . https://web.archive.org/web/20170925131009/http://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2017-09-22-rich-vogel-joins-certain-affinity . live.
  24. Web site: BattleCry Studios becomes third Bethesda Game Studios office . Christopher . Dring . March 9, 2018 . . March 9, 2018 . March 9, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180309212407/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/articles/2018-03-09-battlecry-studios-becomes-third-bethesda-game-studios-office . live.
  25. Web site: Bethesda's parent company ZeniMax acquires Doom co-developer Escalation Studios . Jeff . Grubb . February 1, 2017 . . June 13, 2023 . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108175237/https://venturebeat.com/2017/02/01/bethesdas-parent-company-zenimax-acquires-doom-co-developer-escalation-studios/ . live.
  26. Web site: 6waves Lolapps Buys Mobile Games Developer Escalation Studios . Robin . Wauters . January 18, 2012 . . August 12, 2018 . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108175236/https://techcrunch.com/2012/01/18/6waves-lolapps-buys-mobile-games-developer-escalation-studios/ . live.
  27. Web site: Doom helpers Escalation Studios join ZeniMax . Alice . O'Connor . February 1, 2017 . . February 2, 2017 . January 21, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210121135724/https://www.rockpapershotgun.com/2017/02/01/zenimax-buys-escalation-studios/ . live.
  28. Web site: ZeniMax acquires Doom SnapMap team Escalation Studios . Katharine . Byrne . February 1, 2017 . . June 13, 2023 . May 14, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210514171605/https://www.mcvuk.com/zenimax-acquires-doom-snapmap-team-escalation-studios/ . live.
  29. Web site: 6waves Lolapps acquires mobile developer Escalation Studios . Tom . Curtis . January 18, 2012 . . June 13, 2023 . August 26, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210826190451/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/129143/6waves_Lolapps_acquires_mobile_developer_Escalation_Studios.php . dead.
  30. Web site: 6waves Lolapps acquires mobile game maker Escalation Studios . Dean . Takahashi . Dean Takahashi . January 18, 2012 . . June 13, 2023 . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108175237/https://venturebeat.com/2012/01/18/6waves-lolapps-acquires-mobile-game-maker-escalation-studios/ . live.
  31. Web site: 6waves Lolapps lays off dev staff to focus on publishing business . Tom . Curtis . March 19, 2012 . . June 13, 2023 . August 27, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210827033210/https://gamasutra.com/view/news/166457/6waves_Lolapps_lays_off_dev_staff_to_focus_on_publishing_business.php . dead.
  32. Web site: We're back baby! . May 15, 2012 . Escalation Studios . August 12, 2018 . August 7, 2012 . https://web.archive.org/web/20120807201043/http://www.escalationstudios.com/escalation-studios/were-back-baby . dead.
  33. Web site: Escalation Studios Rebranded As Bethesda Game Studios Dallas . Matt . Bertz . August 10, 2018 . . June 13, 2023 . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108175236/https://www.gameinformer.com/quakecon-2018/2018/08/10/escalation-studios-rebranded-as-bethesda-game-studios-dallas . dead.
  34. Web site: Bethesda Has A New Studio And It's Working On Starfield . Tamoor . Hussain . August 10, 2018 . . November 17, 2020 . November 8, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211108175236/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/bethesda-has-a-new-studio-and-its-working-on-starf/1100-6461088/ . live.
  35. Web site: Bethesda launches Montreal studio . Brendan . Sinclair . December 9, 2015 . . June 1, 2024 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601123235/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/bethesda-launches-montreal-studio . live.
  36. Web site: Bethesda Game Studios sets up shop in Montreal . December 9, 2015 . . June 1, 2024 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601123656/https://montrealgazette.com/business/bethesda-game-studios-sets-up-shop-in-montreal . live.
  37. Web site: Behaviour closes Santiago studio . Brendan . Sinclair . November 20, 2017 . . June 1, 2024 . June 1, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240601123237/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/behaviour-closes-santiago-studio . live.
  38. Web site: Bethesda Game Studios Montreal workers are trying to unionize . Chris . Kerr . June 27, 2024 . . June 27, 2024 . June 27, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240627120308/https://www.gamedeveloper.com/production/bethesda-game-studios-montreal-workers-are-trying-to-unionize . live.
  39. Web site: Warner Bros hires Bethesda studio director to lead WB Games Montreal . James . Batchelor . July 31, 2024 . . July 31, 2024 . July 31, 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240731190822/https://www.gamesindustry.biz/warner-bros-hires-bethesda-studio-director-to-lead-wb-games-montreal . live.
  40. Web site: Petty . Jared . June 14, 2016 . Bethesda Says Two Upcoming Games Are as Big as Skyrim and Fallout . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20161031181534/http://uk.ign.com/articles/2016/06/15/bethesda-says-two-upcoming-games-are-as-big-as-skyrim-and-fallout . October 31, 2016 . September 2, 2016 . IGN.
  41. Web site: Davidson . John . February 18, 2017 . Bethesda's Todd Howard Hints at 3 New Games . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170218195539/http://www.glixel.com/news/bethesdas-todd-howard-hints-at-3-new-games-w467778 . February 18, 2017 . February 18, 2017 . Glixel.
  42. Web site: Makuch . Eddie . February 17, 2017 . Skyrim Director Teases Next Mobile Game . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170222173018/http://www.gamespot.com/articles/skyrim-director-teases-next-mobile-game/1100-6447976/ . February 22, 2017 . February 17, 2017 . GameSpot.
  43. Web site: Chalk . Andy . The Elder Scrolls 6 is in development, Todd Howard confirms . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180501093903/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-elder-scrolls-6-is-in-development-todd-howard-confirms/ . May 1, 2018 . April 30, 2018 . PC Gamer. June 14, 2016 .
  44. Web site: Schreier . Jason . May 30, 2018 . Bethesda Announces Fallout: 76 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20180603165145/https://kotaku.com/bethesda-announces-fallout-76-1826417383 . June 3, 2018 . June 5, 2018 . Kotaku.
  45. Web site: Makuch . Eddie . June 13, 2021 . Starfield Release Date Set For November 11, 2022 As Exclusive To Xbox And PC . . June 13, 2021 . June 23, 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210623191612/https://www.gamespot.com/articles/starfield-release-date-revealed-in-e3-for-november-11-2022-exclusive-to-xbox-and-pc/1100-6492795/ . live .
  46. Web site: Of course Starfield is delayed—what did you expect? . PC Gamer . May 12, 2022 . Stanton . Rich . June 12, 2022 . June 12, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220612013854/https://www.pcgamer.com/of-course-starfield-is-delayedwhat-did-you-expect/ . live .
  47. Web site: Skrebels . Joe . 2022-06-14 . Todd Howard Confirms Fallout 5 Is Coming After Elder Scrolls 6 . 2022-06-14 . IGN . en . June 20, 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220620103701/https://www.ign.com/articles/todd-howard-bethesda-fallout-5-elder-scrolls-6-starfield . live .
  48. News: Fenlon . Wes . June 11, 2018 . The Elder Scrolls: Blades is a free-to-play RPG coming to PC and mobile this fall . PC Gamer . live . June 12, 2018 . https://web.archive.org/web/20180611184007/https://www.pcgamer.com/the-elder-scrolls-blades-is-a-free-to-play-rpg-coming-to-pc-and-mobile-this-fall/ . June 11, 2018.
  49. Web site: Tom. Ivan. Bethesda has surprise launched The Elder Scrolls: Castles. https://web.archive.org/web/20230929140807/https://www.videogameschronicle.com/news/bethesda-has-surprise-launched-the-elder-scrolls-castles/. Video Games Chronicle. September 29, 2023. September 29, 2023. October 13, 2023.
  50. Web site: The Pitt . 2023-01-04 . Fallout 76 . January 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230104010017/https://fallout.bethesda.net/en/thepitt . live .
  51. Web site: Steel Reign . 2023-01-04 . Fallout 76 . January 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230104010021/https://fallout.bethesda.net/en/steelreign . live .
  52. Web site: Steel Dawn . 2023-01-04 . Fallout 76 . January 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230104010019/https://fallout.bethesda.net/en/steeldawn . live .
  53. Web site: Wastelanders . 2023-01-04 . Fallout 76 . January 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230104010018/https://fallout.bethesda.net/en/wastelanders . live .
  54. Web site: SpikeTV Video Game Awards 2011 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20130927112411/http://www.spike.com/press/2011/12/10/spike-tv-announces-2011-%E2%80%9Cvideo-game-awards%E2%80%9D-winners/ . September 27, 2013 . October 22, 2016 . Spike (TV network).
  55. Web site: November 12, 2015 . Nominees The Game Awards 2015 . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20151114024126/http://thegameawards.com/nominees/ . November 14, 2015 . November 13, 2015 . . Ola Balola.

This article is licensed under the GNU Free Documentation License. It uses material from the Wikipedia article "Bethesda Game Studios".

Except where otherwise indicated, Everything.Explained.Today is © Copyright 2009-2024, A B Cryer, All Rights Reserved. Cookie policy.