1984 New York City Subway shooting explained

1984 New York City Subway shooting
Location:New York City, New York, U.S.
Type:Mass shooting[1]
Motive:Disputed; Goetz claimed self-defense
Convicted:Bernhard Hugo Goetz
Injuries:4
Convictions:Third-degree criminal possession of a weapon
Charges:
Child:yes
Sentence:1 year in jail (released after months)
Verdict:
  • Guilty of third-degree criminal possession of a weapon
  • Not guilty on remaining charges
Weapon:Smith & Wesson Model 38
Litigation:Goetz ordered to pay $43 million ($ million today) to Cabey in civil trial for reckless and deliberate infliction of emotional distress[3]

On December 22, 1984, Bernhard Goetz ([4]) shot four youths on a New York City Subway train in Manhattan after they allegedly tried to rob him.[5] [6] [7] All four victims survived, though one, Darrell Cabey, was paralyzed and suffered brain damage as a result of his injuries.[8] Goetz fled to Bennington, Vermont, before surrendering to police nine days after the shooting. He was charged with attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment, and several firearms offenses. A jury subsequently found Goetz guilty of one count of carrying an unlicensed firearm and acquitted him of the remaining charges. For the firearm offense, he served eight months of a one-year sentence. In 1996, Cabey obtained a $43 million civil judgment against Goetz after a civil jury ruled Goetz as liable, equivalent to $ million today.[8]

The incident sparked a nationwide debate on crime in major U.S. cities, the legal limits of self-defense, and the extent to which the citizenry could rely on the police to secure their safety. Questions of what impact race—and racism—had on Goetz, the public reaction, and the criminal verdict were hotly contested. Goetz was dubbed the "Subway Vigilante" by the New York press; to his supporters, he came to symbolize frustrations with the high crime rates of the 1980s. The incident has been cited as leading to successful National Rifle Association campaigns to loosen restrictions for concealed carrying of firearms.[9]

Incident

In the early afternoon of December 22, 1984, four youths from the Bronx—19-year-olds Barry Allen, Troy Canty, and Darrell Cabey, and 18-year-old James Ramseur—boarded a downtown 2 train (a Broadway–Seventh Avenue express). Canty would later testify that the victims were en route to steal from a video arcade machine in Manhattan. 37-year-old Bernhard Goetz boarded the train at the 14th Street station in Manhattan.[10] At the time, about fifteen to twenty other passengers were in a R22 subway car, the seventh car of the ten-car train.[11] [12] Those involved and witnesses disagree what happened next.

Troy Canty asked Goetz how he was,[13] and shortly thereafter stood up, approached Goetz, and made some overture for money:[14] According to Canty he alone approached Goetz, and said, "Can I have $5?"[15] According to Goetz, Canty was joined by another of the teens and Canty said, "Give me five dollars" in a "normal tone" of voice with a smile on his face.[16] In 1986, the NY Court of Appeals concluded from grand jury evidence that Goetz pulled a handgun and fired four shots at the four youths, initially striking three of them.[17] After initially opening fire, Goetz then bent down to Cabey, who was cowering on the ground, and said, "You don't look so bad. Here's another," and shot once again.[18] Cabey's spine was severed, resulting in brain damage and partial paralysis.[19] [8]

Shortly after the shooting, the train conductor entered the car and loudly exclaimed, "What's going on?" He approached Goetz and asked what happened. Goetz pointed to the north end of the car and then told him, "I don't know ... they tried to rob me and I shot them." The conductor then went to the passengers to check if they were injured before returning to Goetz and asked if he was a police officer, which Goetz denied, and he then asked Goetz for the gun, which Goetz refused to turn over.

Shooter

Bernhard Hugo Goetz was born November 7, 1947, in the Kew Gardens, Queens neighborhood to German immigrants.[20] [21] [22] His father was Lutheran and his mother was Jewish before converting to Lutheranism.[23] [24] [25] While growing up, Goetz lived with his parents and three older siblings in Upstate New York, where his father ran a dairy farm and a bookbinding business.[26] Goetz attended boarding school in Switzerland[27] before returning to the United States to obtain a bachelor's degree in electrical engineering and nuclear engineering from New York University. Goetz then moved to Orlando, Florida, where his family had relocated, and worked at his father's residential development business. After a divorce, Goetz moved back to New York City, where he started an electronics business out of his Greenwich Village apartment.

According to Goetz, in early 1981, he was the victim of a robbery at the Canal Street subway station.[28] Goetz reported that three Black teenagers had smashed him into a plate-glass door and threw him to the ground, injuring his chest and knee.[29] Goetz was involved in a struggle with one of the teenagers until police arrived; that individual accused Goetz of assaulting him. To his frustration, Goetz was detained for six hours, while the person he accused was released in two and a half hours. Goetz subsequently applied for a permit to carry a concealed handgun, on the basis of routinely carrying valuable equipment and large sums of cash, but his application was denied for insufficient need. He bought the 5-shot .38-caliber revolver he would ultimately use in the shooting during a trip to Florida.

Goetz was known to use racist language: Myra Friedman, Goetz's neighbor, reported overhearing Goetz having said, "The only way we're going to clean up this street is to get rid of the spics and niggers" at a community meeting 18 months before the shooting.[30] Friedman's account was excluded from the criminal jury trial,[31] but in a subsequent civil action, Goetz admitted to having used both epithets at a neighborhood meeting.[32]

Goetz's flight, surrender, and interrogation

After the shooting, Goetz took a cab back to his 14th Street home and, in a rented car, fled north to Bennington, Vermont, where he burned the blue jacket he had been wearing and scattered pieces of the revolver in the woods.[33] He stayed at various hotels in New England for several days.

On December 26, an anonymous hotline caller told New York City police that Goetz matched the gunman's description, owned a gun, and had been assaulted previously.[34] [35] On December 29, Goetz called his neighbor, Myra Friedman, who told him that police had come by his apartment looking for him and had left notes asking to be contacted as soon as possible. Goetz told Friedman he had felt as though he was in a "combat situation", needing to "think more quickly than [his] opposition."

Goetz returned to New York City on December 30, turned in the car, picked up some clothing and business papers at his apartment, rented another car, and drove back to New England. Shortly after noon the next day, he walked into the Concord, New Hampshire, police headquarters and told the officer on duty, "I am the person they are seeking in New York." Once the officer realized that Goetz was a genuine suspect, Goetz was Mirandized and elected to talk to the police.[26] The Concord police made an audio recording of Goetz's interview. New York police detectives Susan Braver, Michael Clark, and Dan Hattendorf subsequently interviewed Goetz, and a two-hour video recording of that interview was made. Both interviews were played at the criminal trial.[36] [37]

Goetz told police that he felt that he was being robbed and was at risk of violence, and he explained he had been both mugged once before and nearly mugged several times: "I've been in situations where I've shown the gun. ... The threat, when I was surrounded, and at that point, showing the gun would have been enough, but when I saw this one fellow [Canty], when I saw the gleam in his eye ... and the smile on his face ... and they say it's a joke and lot of them say it's a joke."[38] Asked what his intentions were when he drew his revolver, Goetz replied, "My intention was to murder them, to hurt them, to make them suffer as much as possible."[39] Goetz also said that, after firing four shots, he moved to Cabey and said, "You seem to be doing all right, here's another," before shooting him again.

Later in the tape, Goetz said, "If I had more bullets, I would have shot them all again and again. My problem was I ran out of bullets." He added, "I was gonna', I was gonna' gouge one of the guys' [Canty's] eyes out with my keys afterwards", but said he stopped when he saw the fear in his eyes.[40] He denied any premeditation for the shooting, something that had been speculated on by the press.

Legal aftermath

Criminal case

Goetz was brought back to Manhattan on January 3, 1985, and arraigned on four charges of attempted murder, with bail set at $50,000. He was held in protective custody at the Rikers Island prison hospital.[41] Refusing offers of bail assistance from the public and from his family, he posted bail with his own funds and was released on bond January 8.[42]

Indictments

Manhattan District Attorney Robert Morgenthau asked a grand jury to indict Goetz on four counts of attempted murder, four of assault, four of reckless endangerment, and one of criminal possession of a weapon.[43] [44] [45] On January 25, the grand jury refused to indict Goetz on the more serious charges, voting indictments only for unlawful gun possession—one count of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree, for carrying in public the loaded unlicensed gun used in the subway shooting, and two counts of possession in the fourth degree, for keeping two other unlicensed handguns in his home.[43]

In March 1985, Morgenthau announced that the state had obtained new evidence—an unnamed witness—and sought leave to convene a second grand jury; Judge Stephen Crane granted Morgenthau's motion.[46] Morgenthau granted immunity to Troy Canty and James Ramseur, which he had previously declined to do, allowing them to testify before the second grand jury.[14] The second grand jury indicted Goetz on charges of attempted murder, assault, reckless endangerment and weapons possession.[47] In January 1986, Judge Crane granted a motion by Goetz to dismiss these new indictments.[48] Judge Crane dismissed the charges on two grounds: First, he held that the prosecutor had erred when instructing the grand jury that, for Goetz's actions to be protected by New York's self-defense statute, they would have to be objectively reasonable.[48] Second, he found that Canty and Ramseur "strongly appeared" to have perjured themselves.[48] [49] [50]

The prosecution appealed the case, maintaining that a self-defense justification required objective reasonableness and that the statements Judge Crane relied on did not indicate perjury or require dismissal.[48] In July 1986, after an appellate division upheld Judge Crane's dismissal, the New York Court of Appeals reversed the appellate division and reinstated the charges. The high court clarified that a defendant's subjective perception of imminent danger does not, by itself, justify the use of force; instead, it held, that belief must be both subjectively held and objectively reasonable.[51] [38] Additionally, the court held that Judge Crane's perjury finding was "speculat[ive]" and "particularly inappropriate": "[A]ll that has come to light is hearsay evidence that conflicts with part of Canty's testimony. There is no statute or controlling case law requiring dismissal of an indictment merely because, months later, the prosecutor becomes aware of some information which may lead to the defendant's acquittal."[38]

Trial

In December 1986, jury selection began and in April 1987, the trial commenced before a Manhattan jury of ten Whites and two Blacks, six of whom had been victims of street crime.[52] [53] Goetz was represented by Barry Slotnick and Mark M. Baker. Goetz conceded that he had shot the four youths, but he asserted that his actions were justified by section 35.15(2) of New York's justification statute, which, with non-relevant exceptions, permitted the use of deadly force when actor "reasonably believes that such other person is using or about to use deadly physical force ... or ... is committing or attempting to commit a kidnapping, forcible rape, forcible sodomy or robbery".[38]

Both prosecution and defense agreed that the jury would be required to consider several factual questions, including (1) whether the teenagers had acted as a group or as individuals, (2) whether Goetz had shot Cabey after the immediate threat was over, and (3) whether Goetz was threatened.[54]

As to whether Goetz had been threatened, Canty testified that he was merely panhandling when he asked Goetz for $5.[15] [55] Ramseur testified that Canty approached Goetz alone and that he, Allen, and Cabey remained seated,[56] [57] but Ramseur's testimony was stricken after he professed his belief that Goetz would be acquitted regardless of the evidence and eventually refused to answer Slotnick's questions.[33] [58] Neither Goetz nor Cabey testified, and Allen took the Fifth Amendment. Amanda Gilbert, a witness, testified that Cabey, after being shot, told her, "I didn't do anything. He shot me for nothing," but her testimony was stricken as hearsay.[33] The defense called police officer Peter Smith, who testified that, after he arrived on the scene, Canty had told him that the group was planning to rob Goetz.[33] On cross examination, the prosecution pointed out that Smith had failed to report the statement to his superiors or to a reporter when giving a television interview.[58] [33]

Another point of contention at trial was whether Goetz had shot at least some of the men in the back.[59] For the defense, Dominick DiMaio, Suffolk County's former medical examiner, testified that Allen, Canty, Cabey, and Ramseur had been standing in a semi-circle around Goetz when he opened fire.[59] But the county's then-current medical examiner, Charles Hirsch, offered rebuttal testimony that it was medically impossible to determine how the victims were positioned when shot, and he also found that the bullets that hit Allen and Cabey had traveled from back to front, suggesting that both had been shot in the back.[59] Ballistics expert Joseph Quirk, for the defense, testified that Allen had been shot while ducking rather than while running away.[33] On cross examination, Quirk conceded that the prosecution's theory was also consistent with the evidence, and, after being shown a photograph of a bullet-entry wound in Allen's back, Quirk admitted that he had based his theory as to Allen on incorrect information provided to him by the defense.[33]

Specifically related to Goetz's shooting of Cabey, the parties contested whether Cabey had been struck by the fourth or fifth shot and whether, if the fifth, Goetz had paused before firing. According to the prosecution, Goetz shot the seated Cabey at point-blank range with his fifth bullet; the defense argued that Goetz had fired all five shots in short order and Cabey had been hit by the fourth shot before collapsing. One witness testified that, consistent with Goetz's since-recanted police statement, Goetz opened fire before approaching to within "two to three feet" of a seated Cabey; the witness demonstrated how Goetz stood directly in front of Cabey and fired downward shooting Cabey in the stomach. But the eight other witnesses who testified on the matter reported that all shots came in "rapid succession"[60] —one said the firing lasted "about a second", and none of those eight testified that they had observed Goetz standing in front of Cabey.

Verdict and post-verdict appeal

Goetz was acquitted of the attempted-murder and first-degree-assault charges and convicted of criminal possession of a weapon in the third degree for carrying a loaded, unlicensed weapon in a public place.[47] Goetz was originally sentenced to 6 months in jail, 1 year's psychiatric treatment, five years' probation, 200 hours community service, and a $5,000 fine.[61] But Goetz appealed the conviction and sentence.[62] As to the conviction, Goetz argued that the judge's jury instructions improperly discouraged jury nullification; the appellate division and New York Court of Appeals rejected that argument.[63] [64] As to the sentence, Goetz argued that the state's gun laws required, at minimum, a one-year sentence.[62] (Under New York's then-existing law, a defendant sentenced to 6 months would have been required to serve, at minimum, 90 days, while a defendant sentenced to 1 year would be eligible for release after 60 days.[62]) On this point, the appellate court agreed, overturning the sentence.[65] On remand, Judge Crane sentenced Goetz to 1-year incarceration and a $5,000 fine. Goetz ultimately served 8 months,[66] receiving credit for good behavior.[67]

Civil litigation

Cabey v. Goetz

A month after the shootings, Cabey, represented by William Kunstler and Ron Kuby, filed a civil suit against Goetz.[68] The civil case was tried in 1996.[69] Unlike Goetz's criminal jury, which was predominantly White and from Manhattan, the civil jury was half African American and entirely from the Bronx.[6] Additionally, crime in New York City had fallen substantially since the criminal trial.[6] [70]

While race had only been subliminally addressed in the criminal trial, Cabey's civil-trial attorneys explicitly argued that Goetz had been motivated by race.[70] Goetz admitted to previous use of racial language and to smoking PCP-laced marijuana during the 1980s.[32] [71] [72] For the defense, Jimmy Breslin testified that, in a 1985 hospital-bed interview, Cabey, while denying his own involvement, said that Allen, Canty, and Ramseur intended to rob Goetz because he looked like "easy bait," but Cabey's attorneys pointed out that Cabey had suffered brain damage prior to the interview and that Breslin's column described Cabey as "confused."[73]

The jury found that Goetz had acted recklessly and had deliberately inflicted emotional distress on Cabey. Jurors awarded Cabey $43 million–$18 million for pain and suffering and $25 million in punitive damages.[74] Goetz subsequently filed for bankruptcy, saying that legal expenses had left him almost penniless. A United States bankruptcy court judge ruled that the $43 million judgment was .[75]

Because Goetz was only "sporadically employed as an electrical engineering consultant," the expectation was that 10% of Goetz's income for the next 20 years would be garnished.[76] Stephen Somerstein, one of Cabey's attorneys, expressed some optimism that a portion of any book deal Goetz signed could contribute to the judgment.[77] In 2000, Kuby told reporters that he had hired a firm specializing in debt collection to pursue Goetz, but he noted that Goetz "appear[ed] to be living in voluntary squalor."[78] Asked in 2004 whether he was making payments on the judgment, Goetz responded "I don't think I've paid a penny on that", and referred any questions on the subject to his attorney.

Goetz's defamation claims

In 1990, Goetz filed a defamation action against Cabey; his mother, Sherry; and his attorneys, Kunstler and Kuby.[79] The suit was dismissed.[80]

In 1994, Goetz filed another defamation action related to My Life as a Radical Lawyer, a book by Kunstler, published by Carol Communications, Inc.[81] [82] Amongst other claims, Goetz objected to the book's description of him as a "paranoid" "murderous vigilante" who had "developed a hatred for blacks."[83] [82] Goetz specifically objected that the book's description of him as a racist hurt his "good name, reputation, feelings, and public standing."[82] The court granted summary judgment in favor of the defendants, finding that the statements complained of were, varyingly, protected opinion (rather than actionable fact statements), not defamatory, or substantially true.[81] [83] [84]

Public reaction

The shootings initially drew considerable support from the public.[85] A Daily News-WABC-TV poll released in January 1985 showed 49 percent of the 515 New Yorkers questioned approved of Goetz's actions, while only 31 percent disapproved.[86] A special hotline set up by police to seek information was swamped by calls supporting the shooter and calling him a hero.[87] In March, Morgenthau reported that the letters his office received were running 3 to 1 in Goetz's favor.[88] The same month, a Gallup poll interviewing 1,009 adults found that 57% of respondents approved of Goetz's shootings and two-thirds said that Goetz had acted in self defense.[89] But, compared to the January poll, Goetz's support among African Americans had dipped considerably: while only 36% of Black respondents disapproved of his actions in the January poll, 53% reported disapproval in the March poll.[89] Questions of what impact race had on Goetz's thinking, the public's reaction, and the verdict by the (predominately White) criminal jury became hotly debated.[90] [91] The Los Angeles Times reported that, during the criminal trial, demonstrators outside the courtroom chanted "Bernhard Goetz, you can't hide; we charge you with genocide."[92]

Initial sources differed in reporting the sequence of shots fired, timing of shots, whether Cabey was shot once or twice, and whether any of the men Goetz shot were armed. Some reports, picking up on Goetz's statement to the police, suggested that Cabey had been shot twice, but later reporting revealed that he had been shot only once, in the left side.[93] Additionally, early reports suggested that the teenagers had approached Goetz carrying "sharpened" screwdrivers;[94] [95] [96] those reports, too, were found to be false: The screwdrivers—Cabey carried two and Ramseur carried one—were not sharpened and, based on the available testimony, were not removed from Cabey's or Ramseur's pockets[94] —no witnesses reported seeing screwdrivers, and Goetz repeatedly denied he was threatened with them.[94] [97] When Canty testified at Goetz's criminal trial, he said they were to be used to break into video arcade change boxes and not as weapons.[98]

Supporters viewed Goetz as a hero for standing up to his attackers and defending himself in an environment where the police were increasingly viewed as ineffective in combating crime.[99] The Guardian Angels, a volunteer patrol group of mostly Black and Hispanic teenagers,[100] collected thousands of dollars from subway riders toward a legal defense fund for Goetz. The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a right-leaning civil rights organization, supported Goetz.[101] CORE's director, Roy Innis (who had lost two of his sons to inner-city gun violence and would later be elected to the executive board of the NRA[102] [103]), offered to raise defense money, saying that Goetz was "the avenger for all of us".[104] A legal group founded by the NRA—the Firearms Civil Rights Legal Defense Fund—donated $20,000 to Goetz's defense.[72] Harvard Professor of Government James Q. Wilson explained the broad sentiment by saying, "It may simply indicate that there are no more liberals on the crime and law-and-order issue in New York City, because they've all been mugged."[104] Professor Stephen L. Carter bemoaned the public's initial reaction to the shooting, arguing, "The tragedy of the Goetz case is that a public barely aware of the facts was rooting for him to get away with it. The tragedy is that a public eager to identify transgressors in advance decided from the start that Mr. Goetz was a hero and that his black victims deserved what they got."[105]

While race was never explicitly mentioned at the criminal trial,[106] Professor George P. Fletcher argued that Goetz's criminal-defense team—which referred to the men Goetz shot as "savages," "predators," and "vultures"[106] —made a "covert appeal to racial bias," which, he argued "came out most dramatically in [a re-enactment] of the shooting."[12] In the courtroom re-enactment, four "fit and muscular" Black members of the Guardian Angels were asked to portray the four teenagers Goetz shot and surround Goetz.[12] Professor Bennett Capers agreed that the use of the four "large black men" to stand in for the "four black youths" was, effectively, a "backdoor race-ing."[107] As to the criminal verdict, Benjamin Hooks, director of the NAACP, called the outcome "inexcusable," adding, "It was proven—according to his own statements—that Goetz did the shooting and went far beyond the realm of self-defense. There was no provocation for what he did." Representative Floyd Flake agreed, saying, "I think that if a black had shot four Whites, the cry for the death penalty would have been almost automatic."[108]

United States Attorney Rudolph Giuliani met with black political and religious leaders calling for a Federal civil-rights investigation.[109] C. Vernon Mason, an attorney and spokesperson for the group, said, "We have come to the Federal Government as [B]lack people traditionally have done to seek redress when it is clear that state and local authorities have either failed to act or are incapable of acting."[109] After an investigation, Giuliani ultimately determined that Goetz had acted out of fear, which he distinguished from a "racial motivation."[110] [111] In a 2007 interview with Stone Phillips of Dateline NBC, Goetz admitted that his fear may have been enhanced due to the fact that the four men he shot were black.[112]

Subsequent developments

After reaching an all-time peak in 1990, crime in New York City dropped dramatically through the rest of the 1990s.[113] New York City crime rates by 2014 were comparable to those of the early 1960s.[114] [115]

Darrell Cabey fell into a coma after the shooting; he suffered irreversible brain damage and was paralyzed from the waist down.[116] In 1985, the Bronx District Attorney determined that Cabey had the mental capacity of an eight-year-old.[116] Goetz accused Cabey of exaggerating his injuries.[116] Goetz questioned Cabey as to his injuries in two depositions and was unable to elicit an answer longer than a single sentence; when asked, Cabey denied having previously heard the name "Bernie Goetz".[116]

Troy Canty entered drug-rehabilitation and vocational-training programs.[117] One of Canty's attorneys, Scott H. Greenfield reported that Canty planned to attend culinary school.[117]

In March 1985, James Ramseur reported to police that two men apparently hired by Goetz kidnapped and attempted to murder him.[118] The following day, after detectives played back to Ramseur the emergency 911 recording reporting the kidnapping, Ramseur admitted it was his voice on the call and to fabricating the report. Ramseur explained it was merely to test police response when a Black person was a crime victim, and was not prosecuted for this hoax. Ramseur was convicted in 1986 of the 1985 rape and robbery of a young pregnant woman.[119] Conditionally released in 2002, Ramseur returned to prison for a parole violation in 2005; he finished his sentence in July 2010.[119] On December 22, 2011, the shooting's 27th anniversary, James Ramseur died at age 45 of a drug overdose in an apparent suicide.[119] [120]

In 1989, Barry Allen was charged with robbing a 58-year-old man of $54.[121] In 1991, he was convicted and sentenced to 3.5 to 7 years.[122]

Goetz achieved celebrity status after the shooting.[123] [124] In 2001, he unsuccessfully ran for mayor of New York City; amongst other issues, Goetz advocated for a vegetarian menu in New York City schools, jails, and hospitals.[125] [126] In 2004, Goetz was interviewed by Nancy Grace on Larry King Live, where he stated his actions were good for New York City and forced the city to address crime.[127] In 2005, Goetz unsuccessfully ran for public advocate;[126] he described the subway shooting on his campaign website.[128] In late 2013, Goetz was arrested for allegedly attempting to sell marijuana to an undercover police officer.[123] [126] After Goetz's attorney moved for dismissal on speedy-trial grounds, a judge agreed that prosecutors took 14 days too long to prosecute the case, and it was dismissed in September 2014.[129]

In 2023, African-American civil rights leader Al Sharpton and former assistant district attorney Mark Bederow compared the Goetz case to the killing of Jordan Neely.[130] [131]

In popular culture

The protagonist (the Joker) of the 2019 film Joker is partly inspired by Goetz.[132] [133] Todd Phillips, who wrote, produced and directed the film, grew up in New York City and remembered the 1984 subway shooting from his youth.

See also

References

Sources

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: WNYC. Subway Attack Update. As an article on Gothamist reminds us today, mass shootings in New York City subway history are extremely rare.
    The last biggest one before this was almost 40 years ago, the infamous shooting by that writer named Bernhard Goetz in the 1980s.. Brian. Lehrer. Brian Lehrer. April 13, 2022. May 1, 2023. May 1, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230501142946/https://www.wnyc.org/story/subway-attack-update/. live.
  2. Web site: The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: Jury Deliberations.
  3. Web site: Jon. Beeman. Evan. Lange. The Bernhard Goetz Trial: A Chronology.
  4. Book: Justified and Philosophy: Shoot First, Think Later. Rod. Carveth. Robert. Arp. December 22, 2014. Open Court. 9780812698886. Google Books.
  5. News: Youth Shot In Subway Says He Didn't Approach Goetz . . May 20, 1987 . Johnson . Kirk . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160810024304/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/20/nyregion/youth-shot-in-subway-says-he-didn-t-approach-goetz.html . August 10, 2016 .
  6. 25112354. Stories and Verdicts: Bernhard Goetz and New York in Crisis. Brooks. Michael. College Literature. 1998. 25. 1. 77–93.
  7. Book: Political Trials in History: From Antiquity to the Present . Ronald. Christenson . 1991 . 0-88738-406-4 . . Piscataway, New Jersey. 162–163.
  8. News: Following up; still seeking payment from Bernard Goetz . The New York Times . Tina . Kelley . September 10, 2000 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170819105229/http://www.nytimes.com/2000/09/10/nyregion/following-up-still-seeking-payment-from-bernard-goetz.html . August 19, 2017 .
  9. News: Richard. Feldman. Bernie Goetz 'The Subway Gunman' 30 Years Later . . Huffington Post. New York City. December 22, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20150711131011/http://www.huffingtonpost.com/richard-feldman/bernie-goetz-the-subway-g_b_6369128.html . July 11, 2015.
  10. News: Village Voice. Bernhard Goetz: Notes From Underground. May 12, 1987. Hamill. Pete. March 9, 2023. March 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230309172853/https://www.villagevoice.com/2020/08/07/bernard-goetz-notes-from-underground/. live.
  11. Book: Lesly, Mark . Subway Gunman: A Juror's Account of the Bernhard Goetz Trial . British American Publishing . 1988 . 0-945167-08-3 . Mark Lesly.
  12. Book: Fletcher, George P. . A Crime of Self-Defense: Bernhard Goetz and the Law on Trial . University of Chicago Press . June 1990 . 0-226-25334-1.
  13. News: Time. Jordan Neely's Death Reminds Some New Yorkers of the 1984 Bernhard Goetz Case. Olivia B.. Waxman. May 4, 2023. May 5, 2023. May 5, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230505162923/https://time.com/6277087/jordan-neely-bernhard-goetz-history/. live.
  14. News: New York Review of Books. Fletcher. George P.. April 23, 1987. Goetz on Trial. George P. Fletcher. March 16, 2023. April 5, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230405025745/https://www.nybooks.com/articles/1987/04/23/goetz-on-trial/?lp_txn_id=1436073. live.
  15. Web site: Famous Trials. The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: Testimony of Troy Canty. [Canty:] "As far as I can remember, I walked up to him and asked him, you know, 'Can I have $5?'.". March 9, 2023. March 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230309172853/https://www.famous-trials.com/goetz/140-cantytestimony. live.
  16. Book: Wu, Tim. Tim Wu. March 2017. Criminal Law / Spring 2017. The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: Goetz's Videotaped Confession. https://opencasebook.org/casebooks/408-criminal-law-revisions-for-future-use/resources/16.10-the-trial-of-bernhard-goetz-goetzs-videotaped-confession/. H20. February 28, 2023. February 28, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230228155733/https://opencasebook.org/casebooks/408-criminal-law-revisions-for-future-use/resources/16.10-the-trial-of-bernhard-goetz-goetzs-videotaped-confession/. live.
  17. Web site: People v. Goetz . July 22, 2023 . Justia Law . en . Goetz responded by standing up, pulling out his handgun and firing four shots in rapid succession..
  18. Web site: Newman . Philip . Goetz to victim: 'You don't look so bad. Here's another' . UPI . February 28, 1985 . June 13, 2024 . After standing up and shooting each of the youths once, Goetz bent over to check each of his victims, the confession said. One of the youths was slumped against a subway seat with no blood visible. Goetz then told police he said, 'You don't look so bad. Here's another,' and fired at him again. That shot missed, police said..
  19. Web site: UPI. Pessin. Esther. A paralyzed, brain-damaged victim of subway gunman Bernhard Goetz.... February 6, 1986.
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  26. Stengel . Richard . Richard Stengel . Gauger . Marcia . Kalb . Barry . April 8, 1985 . A Troubled and Troubling Life . live . Time . https://web.archive.org/web/20150510233718/https://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,141513,00.html . May 10, 2015.
  27. Web site: Bernhard Goetz . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170501200606/http://www.biography.com/people/bernhard-goetz-578520 . May 1, 2017 . June 29, 2017 . Biography.com.
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  29. Friedman . Myra . February 18, 1985 . With Michael Daly . My Neighbor Bernie Goetz . New York.
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  33. Web site: Douglas O.. Linder. Doug Linder. The Trial of Bernhard Goetz: An Account. Famous Trials. March 3, 2023. March 9, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230309172856/https://www.famous-trials.com/goetz/133-home. live.
  34. News: IRT Suspect Is Charged As Fugitive . The New York Times . January 2, 1985 . Daley . Suzanne. Suzanne Daley . https://web.archive.org/web/20170202070515/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/02/nyregion/irt-suspect-is-charged-as-fugitive.html . February 2, 2017 .
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  36. News: New York Times. Jury Watches an Angry Goetz on Tape. Johnson. Kirk. May 14, 1987. March 29, 2023. March 29, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230329153023/https://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/14/nyregion/jury-watches-an-angry-goetz-on-tape.html. live.
  37. News: Everybody Is Edgy As Goetz Trial Opens . The New York Times . May 3, 1987 . Johnson . Kirk . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20160306204855/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/05/03/weekinreview/everybody-is-edgy-as-goetz-trial-opens.html . March 6, 2016 .
  38. http://www.courts.state.ny.us/reporter/archives/p_goetz.htm . People v. Goetz. 68. N.Y.2d. 96 . New York Court of Appeals . July 8, 1986 .
  39. News: ... You Have To Think In A Cold-Blooded Way . The New York Times . April 30, 1987 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170607233032/http://www.nytimes.com/1987/04/30/nyregion/you-have-to-think-in-a-cold-blooded-way.html . June 7, 2017 .
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  59. Web site: UPI. Final Goetz Trial Witness Rebuts Defense Claims. June 9, 1987. February 22, 2023. February 22, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230222183646/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1987-06-09-mn-6045-story.html. live.
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  63. University of Chicago Law Review. Silencing Nullification Advocacy Inside the Jury Room and Outside the Courtroom. Nancy J.. King. 1998. 65. 2. 433–500. 10.2307/1600227. 1600227. 1803/6502. March 7, 2023. March 7, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230307170647/https://chicagounbound.uchicago.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=4964&context=uclrev. live. free.
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  94. Web site: Associated Press. Goetz Jury Asks To See Jacket, Screwdrivers. Jerry. Schwartz. June 15, 1987. After the shootings, there were news reports that the teenagers had approached Goetz with sharpened screwdrivers. But those reports were later found to be untrue. The tools were not sharpened, and the jury heard testimony that the screwdrivers - two of them carried by Cabey, one by Ramseur - were never taken out of their pockets. [And] Goetz, in taped statements, never once mentioned the screwdrivers or any other weapon ..... February 24, 2023. February 24, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230224170108/https://apnews.com/article/e449319c84b17a613e23494f38295af7. live.
  95. News: The Morning Call. The Message About Guns is Very Clear. Editorial. July 31, 1998. Each of the four thugs had a criminal record, and three were armed with screwdrivers sharpened into daggers.. February 24, 2023. February 24, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230224170108/https://www.mcall.com/1998/07/31/the-message-about-guns-is-very-clear/. live.
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  97. Web site: Murray. Andrew. November 11, 2021. Kyle Rittenhouse trial 'a sham at best,' subway vigilante Bernie Goetz says: 'Satisfy a mob'. January 31, 2022. Fox News. en-US. January 30, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220130162228/https://www.foxnews.com/us/kyle-rittenhouse-trial-sham-subway-vigilante-bernie-goetz. live.
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  109. News: U.S. Attorney Meets With Blacks Over Request For Inquiry On Goetz . The New York Times . January 30, 1985 . Chambers . Marcia . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20171127172726/http://www.nytimes.com/1985/01/30/nyregion/us-attorney-meets-with-blacks-over-request-for-inquiry-on-goetz.html . November 27, 2017 .
  110. News: United Press International. Manhattan U.S. Attorney Rudolph Giuliani Monday ruled out. Cates. Ellan. February 25, 1985.
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  112. Web site: Stone Phillips: 15 Years of Dateline . Phillips . Stone . Stone Phillips . NBC News . July 2, 2007 . November 17, 2019 . May 23, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200523141535/http://www.nbcnews.com/id/19562622 . live .
  113. Patrick A. . Langan . Matthew R.. Durose . ,http://www.istat.it/istat/eventi/2003/perunasocieta/relazioni/Langan_rel.pdf--> The Remarkable Drop in Crime in New York City . 2003 International Conference on Crime . December 3–5, 2003 . Rome, Italy . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20090430115832/http://www.scribd.com/doc/322928/Langan-rel . April 30, 2009 .
  114. News: NYC Murder Rate Drops To New Historic Low In 2014 . January 1, 2015 . Jen . Chung . The Gothamist . dead . https://web.archive.org/web/20150118044924/http://gothamist.com/2015/01/01/nyc_murder_rate_drops_to_new_histor.php . January 18, 2015 .
  115. News: Murders in New York Drop to a Record Low, but Officers Aren't Celebrating . The New York Times . J. David . Goodman . Al . Baker . December 31, 2014 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20170225071208/https://www.nytimes.com/2015/01/01/nyregion/new-york-city-murders-fall-but-the-police-arent-celebrating.html . February 25, 2017 .
  116. News: Los Angeles Times. For One Goetz Victim, Suffering Won't End : South Bronx: Youth was immobilized from the waist down, fell into a coma, suffered irreversible brain damage. Now 29, he has the mental capacity of a third-grader.. McShane. Larry. January 8, 1995. March 10, 2023. March 10, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230310172225/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-01-08-mn-17496-story.html. live.
  117. News: New York Times. January 14, 1989. The Teen-Agers Goetz Shot: 4 Years Marked by Struggle. Don. Terry. March 10, 2023. March 10, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230310172226/https://www.nytimes.com/1989/01/14/nyregion/the-teen-agers-goetz-shot-4-years-marked-by-struggle.html. live.
  118. News: A Man Goetz Shot Is Charged With Faking Own Abduction . . March 27, 1985 . Raab . Selwyn . April 15, 2012 . July 29, 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200729121800/https://www.nytimes.com/1985/03/27/nyregion/a-man-goetz-shot-is-charged-with-faking-own-abduction.html . live .
  119. Web site: Weber . Bruce . James Ramseur, Victim of Bernhard Goetz Subway Shooting, Dies at 45 . The New York Times . December 24, 2011 . June 25, 2018 . December 25, 2011 . https://web.archive.org/web/20111225010512/https://www.nytimes.com/2011/12/24/nyregion/james-ramseur-victim-of-bernhard-goetz-subway-shooting-dies-at-45.html . live .
  120. News: 'Subway Vigilante' Victim Killed Himself on Anniversary of Shooting. New York. Coscarelli. Joe. December 23, 2011. March 10, 2023. March 10, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230310172227/https://nymag.com/intelligencer/2011/12/subway-vigilante-victim-killed-himself.html. live.
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  122. News: Los Angeles Times. 3 Other Goetz Victims Move on, Two to Prison. January 8, 1995. Associated Press. March 12, 2023. March 12, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230312214202/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1995-01-08-mn-17495-story.html. live.
  123. News: New York Times. Bernard Goetz, Man in '84 Subway Shooting, Faces Marijuana Charges. November 2, 2013. Schwirtz. Michael. March 26, 2023. March 26, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230326163303/https://www.nytimes.com/2013/11/03/nyregion/bernard-goetz-man-in-84-subway-shooting-faces-marijuana-charges.html. live.
  124. News: Washington Post. Bernhard Goetz and the roots of Kyle Rittenhouse's celebrity on the right. Beumer. Pia. June 15, 2022. March 26, 2023. July 6, 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220706185347/https://www.washingtonpost.com/outlook/2022/06/15/bernhard-goetz-roots-kyle-rittenhouses-celebrity-right/. live.
  125. News: The New Yorker. A Jolly Green Giant. Halpern. Jake. November 10, 2002. March 27, 2023. March 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230327151710/https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2002/11/18/a-jolly-green-giant. live.
  126. News: CBS News. Bernhard Goetz Arrested After Allegedly Selling Pot To Undercover Cop. November 2, 2013. March 27, 2023. March 27, 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230327151710/https://www.cbsnews.com/newyork/news/bernhard-goetz-arrested-after-allegedly-selling-pot-to-undercover-cop/. live.
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  130. Web site: Charges in NYC chokehold death may hinge on 'reasonableness' . May 6, 2023 . Offenhartz . Jake . . May 8, 2023 . May 8, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230508021314/https://apnews.com/article/subway-chokehold-new-york-87807c40386707ed665cfbfb339e08f9 . live .
  131. Web site: Outrage in New York after the killing of Jordan Neely on a subway train . May 4, 2023 . Helmore . Edward . . May 8, 2023 . May 4, 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230504005924/https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2023/may/03/jordan-neely-death-new-york-city-subway . live .
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  133. News: Alex. Godfrey. October 8, 2019. The 'hero' who'd had enough: how subway vigilante Bernhard Goetz inspired Joker. The Telegraph. Telegraph Media Group. London, England. January 7, 2020. December 17, 2019. https://web.archive.org/web/20191217191417/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/films/0/joker-true-crime-story-subway-vigilante-bernhard-goetz/. live.

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