Bernardo Arévalo Explained

Honorific-Prefix:His Excellency
Office1:52nd President of Guatemala
Vicepresident1:Karin Herrera
Term Start1:15 January 2024
Predecessor1:Alejandro Giammattei
Office2:Member of the Congress of Guatemala
Term Start2:14 January 2020
Term End2:14 January 2024
Constituency2:National List
Office3:Guatemalan Ambassador to Spain
Term Start3:1995
Term End3:1996
President3:Ramiro de León Carpio
Birth Date:1958 10, df=y
Birth Place:Montevideo, Uruguay
Nationality:Guatemalan
Party:Movimiento Semilla[1]
Spouse:

Father:Juan José Arévalo
Children:6 (3 stepchildren)
Birth Name:César Bernardo Arévalo de León
Signature:Firma de Bernardo Ar%C3%A9valo.svg

César Bernardo Arévalo de León (pronounced as /es/; born 7 October 1958)[2] is a Guatemalan diplomat, sociologist, writer, and politician who is the 52nd and current president of Guatemala since 2024. A member and co-founder of the Semilla party, he previously served as a deputy in the Congress of Guatemala from 2020 to 2024, as Ambassador to Spain from 1995 to 1996 and as Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs from 1994 to 1995.[3]

Arévalo is the son of former president Juan José Arévalo. He defeated former first lady Sandra Torres in the second round of the 2023 presidential election on 20 August 2023.[4] His electoral triumph makes him the first son of a former Guatemalan president to be elected president, the second president not to be born in Guatemalan territory, and Guatemala's second most voted-for candidate in the 21st century, surpassed only by former president Jimmy Morales (2016–2020).[5] [6]

Early life and education

Arévalo was born on 7 October 1958 in Montevideo, Uruguay, the son of Juan José Arévalo, the former President of Guatemala between 1945 and 1951, and his second wife, Margarita de León. At the time of Arévalo's birth, his father was living in political exile in South America following the 1954 Guatemalan coup d'état.[7]

Arévalo's family left Uruguay when he was less than two years old, and he spent parts of his childhood living in Venezuela, Mexico, and Chile. He went to Guatemala for the first time at the age of 15 to study at the Liceo Guatemala, a private Catholic school in Guatemala City.

While his father was serving as the Ambassador of Guatemala to Israel, Arévalo attended and graduated from the Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel with a bachelor's degree in sociology. At the Hebrew University, he studied the history of Christianity in Latin America.[8] He then obtained a doctorate in philosophy and social anthropology from Utrecht University in the Netherlands.

Diplomatic career

Arévalo joined the Ministry of Foreign Affairs during the 1980s as a diplomat. Between 1984 and 1986, he was the first secretary and consul at the Guatemalan embassy in Israel and subsequently acted as minister counselor from 1987 to 1988.

In 1988, Arévalo returned to Guatemala, where he was appointed deputy director of strategic studies and planning, again within the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. He went on to serve as director of bilateral foreign policy from 1990 to 1991, international bilateral relations from 1992 to 1993, and international economic and multilateral relations from 1993 to 1994.

In 1994, President Ramiro de León Carpio appointed Arévalo Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs, a role Arévalo held until 1995. During his time as deputy minister, Ernesto Zedillo, the President of Mexico, decorated Arévalo with the Order of the Aztec Eagle in 1995.[9]

In 1995, Foreign Minister Alejandro Maldonado appointed Arévalo as Guatemala's ambassador to Spain; that same year, he presented his credentials to King Juan Carlos I. In 1996, Arévalo left his position as ambassador as well as the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.

Professional career

After leaving his career as a diplomat, Arévalo served on the board and acted as its president. From 1999, Arévalo held various roles at Interpeace, including advising on peacebuilding and conflict resolution in Africa, Asia, and Latin America.[10]

In addition to his peacekeeping work, Arévalo also worked as an advisor to organizations, including the United Nations, the United States Institute of Peace, and the University of San Diego. He has written books and articles on history, politics, sociology, and diplomacy.

Political career

In 2015, Arévalo took part in the 2015 Guatemalan protests demanding the resignation of President Otto Pérez Molina. Shortly after the demonstrations, Arévalo was among a group of intellectuals who formed Semilla, a think tank that subsequently was developed into the political party Movimiento Semilla in 2017.[11]

Arévalo was announced as the preferred candidate for Semilla for the 2019 presidential election but ultimately declined the candidacy. He was succeeded by Thelma Aldana, who was eventually prohibited from running.[12] Arévalo instead ran as a candidate for Congress on the national list and was elected as a congressman in the first round of the 2019 general election, becoming one of seven candidates from the Semilla party to win a seat for the IX Congressional legislature. Taking office on 14 January 2020, he served on several committees on foreign affairs, governance, human rights, national security, and national defense and led the Semilla parliamentary bloc between 2020 and 2022. In 2022, he was elected as the Secretary-General Semilla, succeeding Samuel Pérez Álvarez.[13]

During his four years as a Deputy, Arévalo took on the role of a rapporteur for several bills. These bills dealt with various issues such as cutting off cellular connections to prisons, extending social security benefits to migrants, deputies, and workers in the informal sector, providing stricter penalties for those who abuse animals, and regulating the prices of pharmaceutical products.[14] [15] [16] [17] [18]

During the COVID-19 pandemic, Arévalo and the other members of the Semilla party introduced a bill that would have provided temporary relief to the populace. The bill proposed a budget of 10 million quetzals, with each person receiving 1500 quetzals per month for the duration of the pandemic.[19] In March 2022, Arévalo was the rapporteur for a legislative proposal calling on President Alejandro Giammattei to take action against Russia following its invasion of Ukraine. The proposal included the cancellation of the mining license of the Compañía Guatemalteca de Níquel, a nickel-mining company that is owned by the Russian company Solway Investment Group. In addition, the legislation called for the cancellation of the contract with the Russian government regarding the Sputnik V vaccines.[20]

2023 presidential campaign

On 22 January 2023, Arévalo was announced as the presidential candidate for Semilla for the 2023 election, running alongside Karin Herrera as his vice-presidential running mate.[21] He was officially registered by the Supreme Electoral Tribunal on 16 February 2023. During his campaign, his supporters referred to him as Tío Bernie in reference to both his name and his similarity to American politician and former presidential candidate Bernie Sanders.[22]

Arévalo's campaigning focused on addressing state corruption and insecurity in Guatemala, as well as generating employment opportunities and promoting climate change policies.[23]

Initial polling by Prensa Libre in April 2023 showed Arévalo ranked next to last among the candidates, with 0.7% of people polled stating their intention to vote for him.[24] Subsequent polls showed support for Arévalo hovering around 2% in June and May 2023.[25] [26]

During the first round of the 2023 election, Arévalo placed second among candidates with over 600,000 votes and was placed in the second-round run-off with Sandra Torres, a former first lady of Guatemala and candidate of the National Unity of Hope party.[27] Arévalo placing second was described as a "surprise" by El País and BBC News.[28] [29] Semilla also received a large share of the votes, positioning it as the third largest party in the Congress of Guatemala, the Central American Parliament, and the Guatemala City municipal government.

Certification and legal challenges

The certification of the results was delayed due to a controversial appeal granted by the Constitutional Court to nine right-wing parties, including the ruling party, Vamos. These parties challenged the result, alleging "irregularities" and "electoral fraud" in favor of Arévalo, and went as far as to request a new election be held.[30] [31] The Court ordered a new review of the contested results, which was carried out during the first week of July. The new review found no significant changes in the preliminary results.[32] Subsequently, the Supreme Court dismissed the appeal made by the parties and authorized the Supreme Electoral Court to formalize the election results.[33]

On 12 July 2023, the TSE formalized the election results; at the same time, prosecutor Rafael Curruchiche of the Public Prosecution Service announced, at the request of Judge Fedy Orellana, the suspension of Semilla due to allegations of falsifying signatures to establish the party in 2017. Arévalo, in a CNN interview, stated that he would challenge the suspension, claiming that the court had "no legal substance" to make the order.[34] Similarly, legal experts affirmed that Orellana did not act in accordance with the country's election laws.[35] [36]

On 13 July 2023, the Constitutional Court, the highest court for constitutional law, reversed Semilla's suspension, allowing the second round of the presidential election to proceed.[37] Nevertheless, demonstrations were organized calling for the resignation of Attorney General María Consuelo Porras, prosecutor Curruchiche, and Judge Orellana.[38] Arévalo and his vice presidential candidate, Karin Herrera, were present at the demonstration and filed a criminal complaint against Curruchiche and Orellana.[39]

Members of the United States Congress called on Joe Biden to impose sanctions on those responsible for "threatening democracy" in Guatemala and expressed concerns about actions being taken against Arévalo's candidacy.[40] Twenty former leaders from Latin America and Spain issued a joint statement condemning attempts made to disqualify Arévalo from the election, and compared it to the recent disqualification of Venezuelan opposition leader María Corina Machado.[41] [42]

Presidential transition

See main article: Presidential transition of Bernardo Arévalo. The Electoral and Political Party Act restricts a political party's Secretary-General from presiding over the executive branch.[43] Accordingly, on 29 November, Arévalo renounced his affiliation with Semilla and stepped down as the party's Secretary-General.

On 8 January 2024, Arévalo and Vice President-elect Herrera held a press conference at the Centro Cultural Miguel Ángel Asturias to present the individuals who would serve as the Ministers in Arévalo's cabinet.[44] The cabinet would have been composed of seven men and seven women. However, on 10 January, two days after the announcement, Anayté Guardado, Arévalo's candidate for the Ministry of Energy and Mines, declined the nomination due to controversy that arose on X when a 2018 interview of her resurfaced that showed her support for hydroelectric plants—a contributor to deforestation in Guatemala.[45] Allegations would also arise about Guardado's involvement in the imprisonment of Bernardo Caal, an Indigenous rights activist.[46] Ultimately, Víctor Hugo Ventura Ruiz would replace Guardado as the nominee for the Ministry.[47]

Presidency (2024–present)

Inauguration

See main article: Inauguration of Bernardo Arévalo. Arévalo was inaugurated as the 52nd president of Guatemala on 15 January 2024, at 12:20 am CT.[48] His inauguration was scheduled to be on 14 January but was delayed following the failure of the event's overseeing commission to approve the event's congressional delegation.[49] [50] He is the first president to be the son of a former Guatemalan president and the second president to be born outside of Guatemalan territory (after Miguel García Granados).

First 100 days

In his first days in office, Arévalo reversed a government agreement signed by his predecessor that would have granted security and vehicles to former officials from the Giammattei cabinet for six years.[51] [52]

On 18–19 January Arévalo ordered the removal of metal barriers from the presidential residency and National Palace. These barriers were initially installed in 2016 during the Jimmy Morales administration and remained under Alejandro Giammattei's mandate.[53] The Arévalo government characterized the gesture "as a symbol of accessibility and closeness" towards the populace.[54] After the removal of the railings, the Ministry of Culture and Sports reported a 43% increase in visits to the National Palace for the month of February.[55]

Between 17 January to 5 February, Arévalo and his cabinet dismissed several heads of government agencies, including the National Institute of Electrification (INDE), the Institute of Victim, and the General Directorate of Civil Aeronautics. These dissmisals were attributed to the fact that the agency heads were linked to "acts of corruption" or had not "efficiently fulfilled" their duties.[56] [57] [58] A total of 878 government employees were removed from their positions during Arévalo's first 30 days in office.[59]

On 8 February, Arévalo and Francisco Jiménez, the Minister of the Interior, announced the creation of the Special Group Against Extortion (GECE), a special force within the National Civil Police (PNC) aimed at combatting violent crime and extortions.[60] The GECE will consist of 400 motorized officers who will patrol different regions of the country in phases. At the request of Arévalo, the United States government donated equipment to support the new task force.[61] During his first trip as president to Europe, from 15 to 23 February, Arévalo temporarily delegated his duties to Vice President Herrera, as established by the Constitution. His itinerary included various activities and high-level meetings in different European countries. In Germany, he participated in the 60th Munich Security Conference and met with German Chancellor Olaf Scholz, Bulgarian Prime Minister Nikolai Denkov, Israeli President Isaac Herzog and Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelenskyy. Later, on 19 February, he arrived in France to meet with French President Emmanuel Macron at the Élysée Palace. The next day, in Belgium, he held meetings with the President of the European Council Charles Michel, and the European High Representative of Foreign Affairs Josep Borrell, thus marking the first visit by a Guatemalan president to the seat of the European Union. On 21 February, Arévalo moved to Switzerland, where he held a meeting with the president of the International Olympic Committee Thomas Bach, who confirmed the elimination of sanctions on the Guatemalan Olympic Committee. Then, on 22 February, he arrived in Spain to meet with the Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez, and attend a banquet offered by King Felipe VI and Queen Letizia. Finally, on 24 February, Arévalo returned to the country.[62]

On 9 March 2024, Congress passed the Comprehensive Cancer Care Law, a bill that was first introduced in July 2022.[63] The act provides millions of quetzals to the Ministry of Health to boost training and research, establish a specialized hospital, and the promotion of cancer care through early detection, prevention, palliative care, and free treatment. Arévalo signed the bill on 22 March 2024.[64]

Some analysts have detected "slowness in decision-making" during the first days of Arévalo's presidency, as well as a "lack of strategy" to achieve the departure of Attorney General María Consuelo Porras and maintain a stable legislative alliance (which fragmented at the end of March).[65] On 7 April 2024, Arévalo dismissed Minister of Environment María José Iturbide. His decision came after a report was published by Vox Populi on 4 April, which revealed that María Fernanda Iturbide, daughter of Minister Iturbide, had used state vehicles for personal activities.[66] The Secretary General of the Presidency published a statement on behalf of Arévalo, stating that the decision was made to "avoid any doubt about the commitment of his administration and tolerance to the misuse of State resources and corruption". On 11 April, Arévalo appointed Patricia Orantes as Iturbide's replacement.[67]

On 11 April, Arévalo together with the Minister of Infrastructure Jazmín de la Vega, the mayor of Guatemala City Ricardo Quiñónez, the United States ambassador to Guatemala Tobin Bradley and the Guatemala City councilor of Semilla Ninotchka Matute supervised the progress of the construction of the first phase of the Guatemala City Metro, one of the priorities of the Arévalo government.[68]

On 23 April, during a public event marking the first 100 days of his government, Arévalo fulfilled one of his campaign promises by reducing the presidential salary by 25%.[69] As a result of this reduction, the head of state of Guatemala is no longer the highest-paid president in Latin America. Concurrently, Vice President Herrera also announced a 25% reduction in her salary.[70]

Domestic policy

Education

On 4 February 2024, Arévalo announced a school remodeling program through the Ministry of Education with the aim of renovating 10,000 schools by the end of 2024.[71] [72]  In June 2024, the Ministry of Education reported finishing renovating 4,000 schools.[73]

Subsequent dismissals

On 17 May, Arévalo dismissed Minister of Communications, Infrastructure, and Housing Jazmín de la Vega. The decision was prompted by Minister Vega's authorization of payments to several construction companies that went against the terms of the government contract.[74]

Efforts to dismiss Consuelo Porras

On 5 May 2024, Arévalo delivered a nationally televised speech in which he called for the removal of Consuelo Porras from her position as Attorney General. In his speech, he reported his intentions to reform the organic law through Congress, so that the "Public Prosecutor's Office does not again be used as a political weapon by any government."[75] [76] On 6 May, Arévalo alongside members of his cabinet walked from the National Palace to Congress to deliver the bill that allowed for the dismissal of Porras.[77] However, Congress failed to hold a plenary session for the bill, and negotiations for it stalled until August 1, when legislators would return from recess.[78]

Energy subsidy

On 31 May, Arévalo announced the expansion of energy subsidies to individuals who consumed up to 99 kilowatts per month (previously 89 kilowatts).[79] The social tariff is estimated to cover 300,00 more users and will remain in effect until December 2024.[80]

Foreign policy

Palestine

On 10 May 2024, the Arévalo administration voted in favor of upgrading Palestine's rights in the United Nations as an Observer State.[81]

Venezuela

The Arévalo administration rejected the results announced by the National Electoral Council of Venezuela for the 2024 Venezuelan presidential election.[82] In a press conference on August 5th, Arévalo announced that his government would not recognize Nicolás Maduro as the president-elect of Venezuela.[83] He would also condemn the repression made by the Venezuelan government against domestic protests that broke out in the aftermath of the election.

Political positions

Arévalo claims the political legacy of his father, Juan José Arévalo, and former president Jacobo Árbenz. He has described himself as a "social democrat" and favors a republican and democratic system. He believes in a state that guarantees social justice and private property and expresses an interest in establishing a new fiscal pact and strengthening social security.[84]

Education

One of Arévalo's campaign pledges is to adopt a "radically different" public education system. He aims to address the poor conditions found in primary and secondary schools by investing Q110 billion, which would go towards creating 70,000 new classrooms, 29.5 million textbooks, 36,000 new restrooms for faculty and students, and monthly scholarships of 3,600 for students.[85]

Health

Arévalo favors universal healthcare. He proposes a Q61 billion government budget to cover 7 million people by building 400 new health posts and 50 health centers for regions of more than 15,000 residents and isolated rural areas.

Arévalo has also committed to the construction of a public hospital that specializes in cancer treatment.

Foreign policy

Arévalo is in favor of improving trade relations with China[86] but also desires to maintain diplomatic relations with Taiwan. On 20 July, in an interview with República, he reassured his interest in building a relationship with China based on "developing and expanding" economic relations.[87]

Arévalo has condemned the government of Nicaragua[88] and has described the governments of Nicaragua and Venezuela as "dictatorial systems." In March 2022, Arévalo was the rapporteur of a legislative proposal that sought to urge President Alejandro Giammattei to take action against Russia for its invasion of Ukraine. The proposal included the cancellation of the mining license of the Compañía Guatemalteca de Níquel, a nickel-mining company that is owned by the Russian company Solway Investment Group. In addition, the legislation called for the cancellation of the contract with the Russian government regarding the Sputnik V vaccines.[89]

Social issues

Arévalo has ruled out the possibility of legalizing same-sex marriage and abortion (which is only permitted in Guatemala if the mother's life is in danger), but he has also stated that he will not tolerate discrimination due to religion and sexual orientation.

Personal life

Arévalo has been married three times. In 1983, he married Argentine citizen Teresa Lapín Ganman; they divorced in 1992. The following year, Arévalo married Eva Rivara Figueroa, a fellow diplomat, with whom he had two daughters. Since 2011, Arévalo has been married to Lucrecia Peinado.[90] He has three daughters and three stepchildren.[91]

In addition to his native Spanish, Arévalo speaks English, Hebrew, French, and Portuguese. He is a Catholic.[92]

During the election campaign, in a TikTok video, Arévalo referred to the famous 2009 Kanye West–Taylor Swift incident where he revealed to be a fan of Taylor Swift. The video quickly went viral among young voters, which successfully boosted his presidential campaign during the first round.[93]

Honors

External links

Notes and References

  1. News: Comité Ejecutivo Nacional . 15 June 2021 . . 2019 . 5 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230605063804/https://movimientosemilla.gt/cen/ . live .
  2. News: César Bernardo Arévalo De León . 15 June 2021 . . 2019 . 21 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230821130724/https://www.congreso.gob.gt/perfil_diputado/830 . live .
  3. News: 2015 . Bernardo Arevalo de León . International Peacebuilding Advisory Team . 15 June 2021 . 3 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230403233403/http://www.ipat-interpeace.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/04/IPAT_Profile_Bernardo_Arevalo_de_Leon.pdf . live .
  4. Web site: 20 August 2023 . Progressive Arévalo is 'virtual winner' of Guatemala election after corruption angered voters . 21 August 2023 . AP News . 30 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230930165640/https://apnews.com/article/guatemala-election-torres-arevalo-d5bffc895c90570aafa77a0b2056a640 . live .
  5. Web site: Juan José y Bernardo Arévalo, primeros padre e hijo en ser Presidentes de Guatemala . 22 August 2023 . www.soy502.com . es . 9 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231009204631/https://www.soy502.com/articulo/juan-jose-bernardo-arevalo-unicos-padre-e-hijo-ser-electos-101678 . live .
  6. Web site: Bernardo Arévalo se convierte en el candidato más votado de Guatemala . 22 August 2023 . www.soy502.com . es . 22 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230822002913/https://www.soy502.com/articulo/bernardo-arevalo-candidato-mas-votado-todo-siglo-xxi-101678 . live .
  7. News: Actas del Encuentro: Juan José Arévalo. 15 June 2021 . . 2012.
  8. News: Kessler . Jacob . 5 Jewish facts about Guatemala's new Hebrew-speaking president . 16 January 2024 . . 2023-08-22 . 6 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240106002951/https://www.timesofisrael.com/5-jewish-facts-about-guatemalas-new-hebrew-speaking-president/ . live .
  9. Web site: 1999 . Diario Oficial de la Federación . 8 July 2023 . Secretariat of the Interior, Mexico . 27 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230527012030/https://www.dof.gob.mx/nota_detalle.php?codigo=4944046&fecha=17/02/1999&print=true . live .
  10. News: Boche Ventura . Evelyn . Arroyo . Lorena . 26 June 2023 . Bernardo Arévalo, el candidato que rompe el tablero tradicional en Guatemala . es . . 19 August 2023 . 19 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230819101507/https://elpais.com/internacional/2023-06-26/bernardo-arevalo-el-candidato-que-rompe-el-tablero-tradicional-en-guatemala.html . live .
  11. News: Pradilla . Alberto . 7 May 2018 . Cómo pasó Semilla de grupo de análisis a querer competir en las elecciones . es . Plaza Pública . 19 August 2023 . 11 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230811050907/https://www.plazapublica.com.gt/content/como-paso-semilla-de-grupo-de-analisis-querer-competir-en-las-elecciones/ . live .
  12. News: 16 May 2019 . Thelma Aldana: la Corte Constitucional de Guatemala rechaza la candidatura presidencial de la exfiscal . es . . 19 August 2023 . 15 February 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230215182527/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-48290514 . live .
  13. News: Kestler . Carlos . 29 May 2022 . Diputado Bernardo Arévalo asume como nuevo secretario general del Movimiento Semilla . es . . 19 August 2023 . 29 May 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230529212046/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/politica/diputado-bernardo-arevalo-asume-como-nuevo-secretario-general-del-movimiento-semilla/ . live .
  14. Web site: https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9746/2023/2 . 2024-02-09 . www.congreso.gob.gt.
  15. Web site: https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9678/2023/2#gsc.tab=0 . 2024-02-09 . www.congreso.gob.gt.
  16. Web site: https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9018/2022/1#gsc.tab=0 . 2024-02-09 . www.congreso.gob.gt.
  17. Web site: https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/9585/2023/1 . 2024-02-09 . www.congreso.gob.gt.
  18. Web site: https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/7262/2021/2#gsc.tab=0 . 2024-02-09 . www.congreso.gob.gt.
  19. Web site: https://www.congreso.gob.gt/noticias_congreso/4200/2020/2 . 2024-02-09 . www.congreso.gob.gt.
  20. News: García . Manuel . 16 March 2022 . Oficialismo protegió a Giammattei sobre petición de cancelar contrato minero y Sputnik V . 8 July 2023 . La Hora . es . 16 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230416230139/https://lahora.gt/nacionales/mgarcia/2022/03/16/oficialismo-protegio-a-giammattei-sobre-peticion-de-cancelar-contrato-minero-y-sputnik-v/ . live .
  21. News: Montenegro . Henry . Ola . Ana Lucía . 22 January 2023 . El binomio presidencial del partido Movimiento Semilla es Bernardo Arévalo y Karin Herrera . es . . 19 August 2023 . 26 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230626182815/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/el-binomio-presidencial-del-partido-movimiento-semilla-es-bernardo-arevalo-y-karin-herrera/ . live .
  22. News: Móvil . José Carlos . 26 June 2023 . Bernardo Arévalo, el hombre con el que nadie contaba en las elecciones de Guatemala . es . . 19 August 2023 . 27 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230827221433/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/guatemala-elecciones_bernardo-ar%C3%A9valo--el-hombre-con-el-que-nadie-contaba-en-las-elecciones-de-guatemala/48619764 . live .
  23. Web site: 26 June 2023 . Elecciones Guatemala: ex primera dama Sandra Torres y diplomático Bernardo Arévalo irán a segunda vuelta en agosto . 10 August 2023 . Voz de América . es . 29 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629135201/https://www.vozdeamerica.com/a/elecciones-guatemala-exprimera-dama-sandra-torres-y-diplomatico-bernardo-arevalo-iran-a-segunda-vuelta-en-agosto/7152831.html . live .
  24. Web site: Morales . Sergio . 2 May 2023 . Encuesta elecciones Guatemala 2023: Carlos Pineda y Sandra Torres lideran intención de voto entre candidatos presidenciales . 19 August 2023 . . es-GT . 17 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230817170103/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/encuesta-presidencial-2023-guatemala-prensa-libre-carlos-pineda-y-sandra-torres-lideran-intencion-de-voto-entre-candidatos-presidenciales/ . live .
  25. Web site: Bin . Henry . 24 May 2023 . #NuevaEncuesta: sin Pineda en la papeleta, Mulet gana más votos que las candidatas de la UNE y VALOR . 19 August 2023 . Con Criterio . es . 8 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230608052623/https://concriterio.gt/nuevaencuesta-sin-pineda-en-la-papeleta-mulet-gana-mas-votos-que-las-candidatas-de-la-une-y-valor/ . live .
  26. Web site: Contreras Corzantes . Geovanni . 22 June 2023 . Torres, Mulet y Ríos son los candidatos presidenciales que acaparan la intención de voto, según la Encuesta Libre 2023 (y estos son los resultados) . 19 August 2023 . . es-GT . 18 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230818212159/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/ultima-encuesta-presidencial-primera-vuelta-2023-breaking/ . live .
  27. News: González Díaz . Marcos . 26 June 2023 . Quiénes son Sandra Torres y Bernardo Arévalo, la eterna candidata y el aspirante sorpresa que se disputarán la presidencia de Guatemala . es . . 19 August 2023 . 13 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230913052045/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-66016616 . live .
  28. News: Quiénes son Sandra Torres y Bernardo Arévalo, la eterna candidata y el aspirante sorpresa que se disputarán la presidencia de Guatemala . es . BBC News Mundo . 8 July 2023 . 29 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230629175255/https://www.bbc.com/mundo/noticias-america-latina-66016616 . live .
  29. Web site: 27 June 2023 . Sorpresa en Guatemala . 8 July 2023 . El País . es . 28 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230628085334/https://elpais.com/opinion/2023-06-27/sorpresa-en-guatemala.html . live .
  30. Web site: 2 July 2023 . Guatemala's high court steps into election, suspends release of official results . 10 August 2023 . AP News . en . 8 October 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231008092320/https://apnews.com/article/guatemala-election-court-president-35acfbf1a26f905c99f4e05b4578c288 . live .
  31. News: Zuzunaga Ruiz . Roger . 5 July 2023 . Por qué la Corte de Constitucionalidad de Guatemala ordenó no oficializar los resultados de las elecciones . es-PE . El Comercio . 10 August 2023 . 1605-3052 . 27 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230727064632/https://elcomercio.pe/mundo/centroamerica/guatemala-por-que-la-corte-de-constitucionalidad-ordeno-suspender-la-oficializacion-de-los-resultados-de-las-elecciones-presidenciales-y-que-puede-pasar-ahora-sandra-torres-bernardo-arevalo-noticia/ . live .
  32. Web site: Guatemala: cotejo del 93% no arroja cambios en la votación – DW – 07/07/2023 . 10 August 2023 . dw.com . es . 18 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230818204553/https://www.dw.com/es/guatemala-cotejo-del-93-no-arroja-cambios-en-la-votaci%C3%B3n/a-66146150 . live .
  33. Web site: 12 July 2023 . TSE oficializa que Sandra Torres y Bernardo Arévalo disputarán la Presidencia en segunda vuelta y dice desconocer alcance de orden judicial . 10 August 2023 . es-GT . 3 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230803053612/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/tse-oficializa-que-sandra-torres-y-bernardo-arevalo-disputaran-la-presidencia-en-segunda-vuelta-electoral-breaking/ . live .
  34. News: Menchu . Sofia . 13 July 2023 . Fears for Guatemala's democracy after court excludes a top party from election . en . Reuters . 18 July 2023 . 16 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230716150442/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/guatemala-orders-suspension-presidential-candidate-arevalos-party-2023-07-12/ . live .
  35. Web site: 12 July 2023 . Juzgado ordena la suspensión de la personalidad jurídica del Movimiento Semilla . 10 August 2023 . es-GT . 13 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230713002332/https://www.prensalibre.com/ahora/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/juzgado-ordena-la-suspension-de-la-personalidad-juridica-del-movimiento-semilla/ . live .
  36. Web site: 13 July 2023 . Inhabilitación de un partido político es una decisión que no corresponde a un juzgado, afirman expertos en derecho . 10 August 2023 . es-GT . 29 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230729030446/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/inhabilitacion-de-un-partido-politico-es-una-decision-que-no-corresponde-a-un-juzgado-afirman-expertos-en-derecho/ . live .
  37. News: Menchu . Sofia . 13 July 2023 . Guatemala top court reverses ban on anti-graft presidential candidate . en . Reuters . 14 July 2023 . 14 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230714040757/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/guatemala-prosecutors-raid-electoral-court-probe-into-anti-graft-party-2023-07-13/ . live .
  38. Web site: Tzoc . Hedy Quino . 16 July 2023 . Continúan manifestaciones ciudadanas frente al MP; exigen la renuncia de Porras y Curruchiche . 10 August 2023 . La Hora . es . 18 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718175859/https://lahora.gt/nacionales/hquino/2023/07/15/continuan-manifestaciones-ciudadanas-frente-al-mp-exigen-la-renuncia-de-porras-y-curruchiche/ . live .
  39. Web site: 13 July 2023 . Movimiento Semilla denuncia a juez y a fiscal del MP que gestionan suspensión del partido político . 10 August 2023 . es-GT . 18 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718212446/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/movimiento-semilla-denuncia-a-juez-y-a-fiscal-del-mp-que-gestionan-suspension-del-partido-politico/ . live .
  40. Web site: 15 July 2023 . Congresistas estadounidenses piden sancionar a responsables de Guatemala por "amenazas a la democracia" . 19 August 2023 . . es . 17 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230717014822/https://www.europapress.es/internacional/noticia-congresistas-estadounidenses-piden-sancionar-responsables-guatemala-amenazas-democracia-20230715140418.html . live .
  41. Web site: Ola . Ana Lucía . 16 July 2023 . Uribe, Calderón, Aznar y otros 20 expresidentes de España y América comparten su "grave preocupación" por crisis electoral en Guatemala . 19 August 2023 . . es-GT . 20 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230720200111/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/uribe-calderon-aznar-y-otros-20-expresidentes-de-espana-y-america-comparten-su-grave-preocupacion-por-crisis-electoral-en-guatemala/ . live .
  42. Web site: 17 July 2023 . Expresidentes condenan medidas inhabilitantes de candidatos en Guatemala y Argentina . 19 August 2023 . . es . 27 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230827221432/https://www.swissinfo.ch/spa/latinoam%C3%A9rica-elecciones_expresidentes-condenan-medidas-inhabilitantes-de-candidatos-en-guatemala-y-argentina/48668708 . live .
  43. Web site: Bernardo Arévalo renuncia a la afiliación al partido Movimiento Semilla . 2023-12-04 . www.soy502.com . es . 4 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231204045049/https://www.soy502.com/articulo/bernardo-arevalo-renuncia-afiliacion-movimiento-semilla-100931 . live .
  44. Web site: 2024-01-08 . Gabinete de Bernardo Arévalo: Presidente electo presenta a los nuevos ministros de Guatemala . 2024-01-08 . es-GT . 8 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240108231447/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/gabinete-de-bernardo-arevalo-presidente-electo-presenta-a-los-nuevos-ministros-de-guatemala-breaking/ . live .
  45. Web site: 2024-01-10 . Gabinete de Bernardo Arévalo: Anayté Guardado declina a nombramiento como ministra de Energía y Minas por "la coyuntura que atraviesa el país" . 2024-01-18 . es-GT . 17 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240117194621/https://www.prensalibre.com/guatemala/elecciones-generales-guatemala-2023/gabinete-de-bernardo-arevalo-anayte-guardado-pone-a-disposicion-su-nombramiento-como-ministra-de-energia-y-minas-breaking/ . live .
  46. Web site: ¡Renuncia! Anayté Guardado declina nombramiento para dirigir el MEM . 2024-01-18 . www.soy502.com . es . 23 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240123005145/https://www.soy502.com/articulo/anayte-guardado-declina-nombramiento-dirigir-mem-100931 . live .
  47. Web site: Presidente Bernardo Arévalo juramenta a su gabinete de Gobierno . 2024-01-18 . www.soy502.com . es . 15 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240115152618/https://www.soy502.com/articulo/presidente-bernardo-arevalo-juramenta-gabinete-gobierno-32419 . live .
  48. Web site: 2024-01-15 . Discurso de Bernardo Arévalo: "Nunca más el autoritarismo, nunca más a la violencia o la arbitrariedad" . 2024-02-09 . es-GT.
  49. News: Tensions high outside Guatemala Congress as inauguration sessions delayed. Sofia. Menchu. Reuters. 2024-01-14. 2024-01-14. 15 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240115022437/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/guatemalas-arevalo-due-assume-presidency-with-difficult-path-ahead-2024-01-14/. live.
  50. News: Guatemalans angered as president-elect's inauguration delayed by wrangling in Congress. Sonia Pérez. D.. Associated Press. 2024-01-14. 2024-01-14. 14 January 2024. https://web.archive.org/web/20240114145151/https://apnews.com/article/guatemala-arevalo-inauguration-opposition-f968cd763fa6540a784ea9612fc33e38. live.
  51. Web site: Hora . Redacción La . 2024-01-19 . Bernardo Arévalo retira seguridad a exfuncionarios de Giammattei . 2024-01-20 . La Hora . es . 20 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240120064352/https://lahora.gt/nacionales/la-hora/2024/01/19/bernardo-arevalo-retira-seguridad-a-exfuncionarios-de-giammattei/ . live .
  52. Web site: España . Diego . 2023-12-28 . Giammattei cubre a su círculo: ordena a la PNC dar seguridad a quienes dejen el gobierno . 2024-01-20 . La Hora . es . 20 January 2024 . https://web.archive.org/web/20240120065848/https://lahora.gt/nacionales/diego/2023/12/28/giammattei-cubre-a-su-circulo-ordena-a-la-pnc-dar-seguridad-a-quienes-dejen-el-gobierno/ . live .
  53. Web site: Tzoc . Hedy Quino . 2024-01-19 . Bernardo Arévalo retira barreras metálicas frente a Casa Presidencial . 2024-04-02 . La Hora . es.
  54. Web site: 2024-01-19 . Retiran rejas del Palacio Nacional de la Cultura . 2024-04-02 . Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias . es.
  55. Web site: 2024-02-16 . Con el nuevo gobierno aumentaron 43% las visitas al Palacio Nacional . 2024-04-02 . Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias . es.
  56. Web site: 2024-02-05 . Francis Argueta es destituido como director de Aeronáutica Civil y nombran a su sustituta . 2024-02-09 . es-GT.
  57. Web site: Gobierno de Arévalo destituye al director del INDE por "actos de corrupción" . 2024-02-09 . www.soy502.com . es.
  58. Web site: Véliz . Cristobal . 2024-02-02 . Bernardo Arévalo destituye a encargada del Instituto de la Víctima y nombra sustituta . 2024-02-09 . La Hora . es.
  59. Web site: 2024-02-14 . Arévalo informa que 878 personas fueron retiradas de cargos de Estado . 2024-02-25 . es-GT.
  60. Web site: Luna . Astrid . 2024-02-09 . President Arévalo announces a Special Group Against Extortion GTNews - Guatemalan News Agency . 2024-02-09 . en-US.
  61. Web site: 2024-02-08 . Nuevo Grupo Especial contra las Extorsiones operará en zonas 6 y 12 y Villa Nueva . 2024-02-09 . es-GT.
  62. Web site: 2024-02-26 . El viaje de Arévalo: los puntos recorridos en el Viejo Continente . 2024-02-25 . es-GT.
  63. Web site: 2024-03-09 . Guatemalan Congress passes Cancer Care Law - Prensa Latina . 2024-04-02 . en-US.
  64. Web site: 2024-03-22 . Presidente sanciona Ley de Atención Integral del Cáncer en Guatemala . 2024-04-02 . Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias . es.
  65. Web site: 2024-02-11 . Politólogos detectan lentitud en la toma de decisiones por parte del gobierno de Guatemala . 2024-03-18 . Prensa Libre . es-GT.
  66. Web site: Del Cid . Sonny . Figueroa. Marvin . 2024-04-04 . Carros del Estado al servicio de la hija de la ministra de Ambiente . 2024-04-08 . Vox Populi . es.
  67. Web site: 2024-04-07 . Presidente Arévalo destituye a Ministra de Ambiente y Recursos Naturales . 2024-04-08 . es-GT.
  68. Web site: 2024-04-11 . Supervisan avance de construcción del metro de la Ciudad de Guatemala . Prensa Libre . 2024-04-12 . es-GT.
  69. Web site: 2024-04-23 . Tras informe de 100 días de Gobierno, Bernardo Arévalo anuncia que solicitó reducir su salario . La Hora . 2024-04-23 . es-GT.
  70. Web site: Vega . Juan Manuel . 2024-04-23 . Presidente Bernardo Arévalo y vicepresidenta Karin Herrera rebajan 25 % de su salario - Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias . 2024-04-24 . es.
  71. Web site: 2024-02-04 . 4,000 escuelas serán remozadas en 3 meses aseguró el Presidente Bernardo Arévalo – Liberal Gt . 2024-07-09 . es.
  72. Web site: AGN . 2024-02-03 . Gobierno impulsará remozamiento de 10 mil escuelas durante 2024 - Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias . 2024-07-09 . es.
  73. Web site: Vega . Juan Manuel . 2024-06-11 . Antes y después: Las imágenes que muestran el cambio en las escuelas remozadas por el gobierno de Bernardo Arévalo - Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias . 2024-07-09 . es.
  74. Web site: 2024-05-17 . Arévalo destituye a ministra de Comunicaciones Jazmín de la Vega . 2024-05-28 . es-GT.
  75. Web site: España . Diego . 2024-05-06 . Bernardo Arévalo deja en manos del Congreso propuesta de reformas al MP y salida de Porras . 2024-06-02 . La Hora . es.
  76. Web site: Hora . Redacción La . 2024-05-06 . Esgrimiendo que Porras defiende corrupción, Arévalo recurre al Congreso para su remoción . 2024-06-02 . La Hora . es.
  77. Web site: 2024-05-06 . Presidente Arévalo se dirige al Congreso para entregar iniciativa de ley . 2024-06-02 . es-GT.
  78. Web site: Arévalo's Reform Bill to Sack Consuelo Porras Stalls in Gridlocked Congress . 2024-06-02 . Arévalo's Reform Bill to Sack Consuelo Porras Stalls in Gridlocked Congress . en.
  79. Web site: Palomo . Pablo . 2024-06-01 . Ampliación de tarifa social de energía eléctrica es una de las medidas para aliviar situación económica de los guatemaltecos - Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias . 2024-06-02 . es.
  80. Web site: Véliz . Cristobal . 2024-05-31 . Amplían tarifa social de energía eléctrica; accederán consumidores con menos de 100 kilovatios hora al mes . 2024-06-02 . La Hora . es.
  81. Web site: Pérez . Karina . 2024-05-11 . Comunidad palestina califica voto de Guatemala en la ONU como paso hacia la paz . 2024-06-02 . La Hora . es.
  82. Web site: Coromac . Daniel . 2024-08-02 . Guatemala desconoce resultados electorales de Venezuela - Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias . 2024-08-19 . es.
  83. Web site: Larios . AGN-Brenda . 2024-08-05 . Gobierno de Guatemala no reconoce a Nicolás Maduro como presidente electo de Venezuela - Agencia Guatemalteca de Noticias . 2024-08-19 . es.
  84. News: Gonzalez . Luis . Bernardo Arévalo de Semilla dice cómo harán para formalizar a los que "comercian sin tributar" . Bernardo Arévalo de Semilla says how he will formalise those who "trade without taxation" . 14 February 2023 . 8 July 2023 . República.gt . es . 24 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230824163942/https://republica.gt/politica/bernardo-arevalo-de-semilla-dice-como-haran-para-formalizar-a-los-que-comercian-sin-tributar--20232141330 . live .
  85. Web site: [2023]Plan_de_Gobierno_Semilla.pdf ]. 18 July 2023 . Google Docs . 18 July 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230718211803/https://drive.google.com/file/d/1sL09mOQNFmfvl2of27vACcwizwrhXtQb/view?usp=embed_facebook . live .
  86. News: Garcia . Enrique . 28 June 2023 . Guatemalan presidential contender pitches closer China ties . en . Reuters . 21 July 2023 . 22 September 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230922211219/https://www.reuters.com/world/americas/surprise-guatemalan-presidential-contender-pitches-closer-china-ties-2023-06-27/ . live .
  87. News: 20 July 2023 . González . Ana . Bernardo Arévalo del partido Semilla promoverá ley de inversiones para permitir empresas con capital público y privado . 21 July 2023 . República.gt . es . 20 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230820100747/https://republica.gt/politica/bernardo-arevalo-del-partido-semilla-promovera-ley-de-inversiones-para-permitir-empresas-con-capital-publico-y-privado-202372012580 . live .
  88. News: Guatemala election: Candidate's office raided after vow to curb corruption. Vílchez. Dánae. 21 July 2023. openDemocracy. 23 August 2023. en. 23 August 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230823125001/https://www.opendemocracy.net/en/5050/guatemala-ar%C3%A9valo-presidential-candidate-progressive-election-corruption-office-raid/. live.
  89. News: García . Manuel . 16 March 2022 . Oficialismo protegió a Giammattei sobre petición de cancelar contrato minero y Sputnik V . 8 July 2023 . La Hora . es . 16 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230416230139/https://lahora.gt/nacionales/mgarcia/2022/03/16/oficialismo-protegio-a-giammattei-sobre-peticion-de-cancelar-contrato-minero-y-sputnik-v/ . live .
  90. Web site: Garcia . Jovanna . 17 August 2023 . Bernardo Arévalo, un hombre de consensos . 19 August 2023 . No-Ficción . es . 18 August 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230818182415/https://www.no-ficcion.com/projects/bernardo-arevalo-un-hombre-de-consensos . live .
  91. Web site: Mejia . Seline . 25 June 2023 . El candidato Bernardo Arévalo ya emitió su voto . 19 August 2023 . Soy 502 . es . 28 June 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230628120327/https://www.soy502.com/articulo/candidato-bernardo-arevalo-ya-fue-votar-153 . live .
  92. Web site: 2023-08-22 . Bernardo Arévalo: el izquierdista «amable» y católico que presidirá Guatemala . . es.
  93. Web site: How TikTokers and Swifties became political power brokers in Guatemala . . 1 December 2023 . 9 August 2024.

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