Berliner FC Dynamo supporters explained

Supporters

East German era

BFC Dynamo played only a minor role in football in Berlin until the relocation of FC Vorwärts Berlin to Frankfurt an der Oder in 1971.^[1] The club initially had modest support, but with its growing successes in the 1970s, the club began to attract young fans, primarily from the central areas around the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark, such as Prenzlauer Berg and Mitte.^[2] Many came from working class families in Prenzlauer Berg.^[3] One of the first big supporter groups of BFC Dynamo was Black Eagle. The fan club was founded in 1972 and was one of the earliest fan clubs in East German football. Fans of BFC Dynamo were the first to sew their embroidered fan club badges on their jackets. This was a novelty among football supporters in East Germany in the 1970s.^[4]

The supporter scene became a focal point for various subcultures in the late 1970s and beginning of the 1980s.^{[5] [6] [7]} There were punks, rockers, hippies and a few early skinheads.^{[5] [1] [8] [9] [10]} Some were left-leaning and others were right-leaning.^{[5] [9]} Football and stadium life offered free spaces that were difficult for the authorities to control.^[10] For some fans, being part of the supporter scene was an opportunity to rebel against the East German regime.^[5] Most supporters of BFC Dynamo had little to do with the state. It was more important for them to protest, do their own thing and break out from everyday life.^[1] Despite cheering for a club associated with the Stasi, supporters of BFC Dynamo were not loyal to the line.^[5] Many active fans of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s were against the regime.^{[11] [9]} Even among the supporters of BFC Dynamo, there were enemies of the state according to the laws of East Germany.^{[12] [13]}

Young people were gradually attracted by the provocative image of the club: its successes, its reputation as a Stasi club and the hatred of opposing fans.^{[6] [7]} Some fans of BFC Dynamo found delight in the unpopularity of their club and took pride in the hatred they met.^{[9] [14] [15]} One fan recalled that the 1980s "were my greatest years, as we always had glorious success in provoking other fans" and another one that "we were really hated by everyone".^[14] Supporters of BFC Dynamo would sometimes respond to the hatred they met by singing chants in praise of Erich Mielke as a provocation.^[16] At away matches in Saxony, they would also throw tropical fruits, that were only available in East Berlin, at home fans.^{[17] [8]}

To cause provocation held a certain appeal, especially at a club like BFC Dymamo. But supporters of BFC Dynamo had nothing to do with the Stasi. They identified themselves with the team and its successes. A motto among some supporters was "BFC - okay, Dynamo - no".^{[18] [19]} Some supporters would even cut out the "D" for SV Dynamo from their club patches. They considered the "BFC" to be free from the Stasi, while they thought the "D" symbolized the exact opposite.^[20]

BFC Dynamo came to be associated with areas such as Prenzlauer Berg, Pankow, Weißensee, Hohenschönhausen, and certain cafés and restaurants in vicinity of Alexanderplatz.^{[21] [22]} The West had a great influence on the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo.^[12] Several fan clubs had English names.^[23] The supporter scene included groups such as Black Eagle, Berliner Wölfe, Die Ratten, Black Panther, Iron Fist, Norbert Trieloff, Bobbys, Analen Jungs, Beatles BFC Club, The Little Preussen, Heavy Horses and Madness boys of Preussen in the 1980s.^{[24] [25] [23] [26]} The supporter scene was universally acclaimed as creative and the supporters of BFC Dynamo were considered as one of the funnier crowds.^[15] One fan of BFC Dynamo said: "Our goal is to always do something that nobody expects!"^{[27] [17]} Fashion played a big role in the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo.^{[15] [28]} Football supporters in East Berlin shared a sense of superiority over their counterparts in the regional districts.^{[22] [5]} This was also the case with the supporters of Union Berlin, but notably with the supporters of BFC Dynamo.^{[22] [29] [11] [30] [9]}

Football-related violence spread in East Germany in the 1970s.^{[10] [31]} The supporter scene of BFC Dynamo was still young at the time, while clubs such Union Berlin and BSG Chemie Leipzig had large followings.^[15] A trip to Leipzig or Dresden was a difficult task.^[1] Supporters of BFC Dynamo responded to the hostile environment and learned to compensate their smaller numbers by being better organized and more aggressive.^{[32] [2] [15] [33]} The dislike against BFC Dynamo in stadiums around the country and the hatred of opposing fans welded its supporters together.^[34] One fan of BFC Dynamo recalled: "It was really rumbling at away trips, and only then you felt your own strength. When we went with 200 people against 1,000 Unioners and you noticed: If you stick together, you have an incredible amount of violence."^[35] The book "Riot Boys!" by Jochen Schramm depicts the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo and contains stories of violent away trips in East Germany in the early 1980s. Jochen "Ellis" Schramm was a member of the hooligan scene of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s.^{[36] [37]}

Supporters of BFC Dynamo would eventually gain a reputation for being particularly organized and violent.^{[2] [38]} One fan of BFC Dynamo said: "This feeling of being hated is what makes it so appealing." A saying among the supporters of BFC Dynamo was: "We are few, but we are awesome!" (German: Wir sind wenig, wir sind geil!)^{[39] [15]} One fan of Union Berlin recalled: "There was hardly an enemy mob against us, we were just too many... But the people who stood in the way of the violence-seeking BFC:ers were very few... The BFC:ers were completely organized. These hundred and fifty people, everyone knew each other. They stood as a block like a wall."^{[40] [38]}

Violent clashes would not only occur with supporters of other East German teams. Supporters of BFC Dynamo would also fight with supporters of opponents in the European Cup. During the match between BFC Dynamo and Nottingham Forest in East Berlin in the 1979-80 European Cup, a hundred supporters of BFC Dynamo allegedly stormed a stadium section with supporters of Nottingham Forest to steal their match shirts and scarves. Serious violence broke out during the team's matches against Baník Ostrava in the 1980-81 European Cup. Violent clashes also occurred with supporters of Partizan Belgrade and AS Roma in connection with the two teams' matches in East Berlin in the 1983-84 European Cup.^[41]

The development in the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo eventually caught the attention of the authorities. The Stasi conducted a study on the violent structures of the supporter scene at the beginning of the 1980s. It found that 80 per cent of those committing violent acts were 16–25 years old. Most of them were workers or students.^[22] It also found that 20 per cent came from families of the socialist intelligentia.^{[11] [22]} The Stasi eventually assigned a group of two full-time officers from the district administration to the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo during 1982–83 season.^{[42] [27]} The authorities had allegedly been particularly alarmed when supporters of BFC Dynamo unfurled a poster in honour of Lutz Eigendorf with the text "Iron Foot, we mourn you!" (German: Eisenfuß, wir trauern um dich!) during a match at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in April 1983.^{[43] [27] [2]} From then, supporters of BFC Dynamo were accompanied, observed and documented by te Stasi.^[27] This was a measure that had previously also been applied to the supporter scene of Union Berlin.^[17]

The Stasi would try to control the supporter scene with a broad catalogue of repressive measures: persistent talks, intimidation attempts, reporting requirements and arrests.^{[1] [5]} It would also try to infiltrate the fan clubs of BFC Dynamo with unofficial collaborators (IM).^[42] Numerous supporters of BFC Dynamo were sentenced to long and short prison terms during the 1980s.^{[5] [44]} One fan of BFC Dynamo said that from his environment in 1978–79, there was hardly anyone who had not gone to prison.^[45] A number of supporters of BFC Dynamo were also sentenced under the dreaded Paragraph 50/51 of the East German Penal Code.^{[5] [46]} Paragraph 50/51 meant residence restriction (German: Aufenthaltsbeschränkung). A supporter sentenced to residence restriction would be assigned a new place of residence in another part of East Germany and prohibited from returning to Berlin.^{[46] [5]} A residence restriction could last for several years.^[46] Due to the harassment and the sometimes draconian penalties, more and more supporter of BFC Dynamo started to apply to leave East Germany.^[5] The first supporters of BFC Dynamo began to leave for West Germany in 1983–84.^[47]

All football fan clubs in East Germany had to undergo registration.^[10] According to Stasi information, BFC Dynamo had 22 unauthorized fan clubs and six registered fan clubs in the 1985–86 season. Unauthorized fan clubs were those that were unregistered or did not meet DFV guidelines.^[48] Registered fan clubs, on the other hand, were those that were willing to cooperate with the authorities. The figures for the 1986–87 season were 17 unauthoritzed fan clubs and 15 registered fan clubs. This means that 15 out of 32 fan clubs (47 per cent of all fan clubs) at BFC Dynamo were registered in the 1986–87 season. As a comparison, 61 out of 70 fan clubs (87 per cent of all fan clubs) at Union Berlin were registered in the 1986–87 season.^[49] East German state television would always try to hide riots from viewers, but the sound recording from football matches posed the biggest challenge. An additional sound system was eventually integrated into the stadium of BFC Dynamo for radio and television broadcasts. The system was also supposed to drown out shouts and chanting from the violent structures, so that television viewers and radio listeners would not hear anything.^[50]

More and more supporters of BFC Dynamo started to embrace the skinhead fashion in the early 1980s.^{[5] [1]} Skinhead fashion was now considered the most provocative outfit.^[5] In addition, the reputation of BFC Dynamo as the hated Stasi club also attracted skinheads, who used the club as a stage for their provocations.^[6] The supporter scene of BFC Dynamo was increasingly associated with skinheads and far-right tendencies from the mid-1980s.^{[15] [51] [2]} Right-wing slogans and fascist chants were considered as the most challenging provocations, as anti-fascism was state doctrine and Nazism officially did not exist in East Germany.^{[52] [10] [2] [5] [53] [54]} One fan of BFC Dyamo said: "How could one provoke more in a socialist system than with right-wing slogans?"^[55] For young people, being a Nazi was sometimes considered the sharpest form of opposition.^[56] However, instances of Nazi provocations did not necessarily reflect genuine political convictions. At least some part of the "drift to the right" among East German youth during the 1980s was rooted in a desire to position oneself wherever the state was not.^[57] One fan of BFC Dynamo said: "The scene wasn't right-wing, we did describe ourselves as right-wing, but that was more of a pure provocation, none of us really knew anything about politics. But to raise your arm in front of the cops was a real kick, for some Vopos's, their whole world collapsed".^{[58] [1] [2]}

The first East German hooligan group developed from the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo in the 1980s. The development was partly a response to the increasing state repression against the supporter scene, notably from the Stasi.^[59] The more violence the Stasi used, the more radicalized supporters became.^[8] The hooligans of BFC Dynamo described the East German "bourgeoisie", who waved the East German flag at the party conference, but gave the finger to state power in the stadium, as their enemy.^[60] An organized hooligan scene with groups, structures and training rooms, that was unique in East Germany, would eventually emerge at BFC Dynamo in the late 1980s.^[33] The hooligans of BFC Dynamo initially reacted with restraint to police intervention in the fan block. There was a risk of going to prison. However, the Volkspolizei were sometimes ruthless, especially at away matches. An uprising took place towards the end of the 1980s, and the hooligans of BFC Dynamo now began to confront the police with violence.^[61]

The final of the 1987-88 FDGB-Pokal between BFC Dynamo and Carl Zeiss Jena on 4 June 1988 saw some of the most serious violence ever witnessed at an East German football match.^[24] A group of 100 to 150 skinheads and other hooligans marched en masse through Pankow to the Stadion der Weltjugend for the match. They chanted fascist slogans and clashed violently with other supporters. The match was attended by several high-ranking SED politicians, such as Erich Mielke, and Politburo members Egon Krenz and Harry Tisch.^[62] Riots broke out in one of the blocks shortly before the end of the match. Supporters destroyed fences and threw seats at match stewards.^[63] About 300 supporters of BFC Dynamo attempted to invade the pitch during the victory ceremony.^[57] They fought with forces from the Volkspolizei and the Stasi Guards Regiment "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky" and caused extensive damage to 60 seating benches.^{[57] [64]} German criminalist Dr. Bernt Wagner, who was a criminal police officer in East Germany, writes about the cup final that "the Stasi head Erich Mielke was greeted with SA songs and Nazi riots" when he visited the cup final in 1988, and that "his Stasi troop was attacked".^[65]

The East German regime came under pressure from political mass demonstrations during the autumn of 1989. A group of 800 supporters of BFC Dynamo marched from Prenzlauer Berg to central Berlin after the match against SG Dynamo Dresden in the 1989–90 DDR-Oberliga on 29 October 1989. The Stasi noted that the "demonstration-like appearances" were unusual for the absence of known skinhead groups. Not a single fascist chant was heard. In addition to the usual chants, such as "BFC" and "Berlin, Berlin", and songs directed at Dresden, the supporters of BFC Dynamo now shouted openly anti-regime remarks, such as "Bigwigs-out" and "Stasi-out".^[66] Three days later, on 1 November 1989, BFC Dynamo played AS Monaco at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the 1989–90 European Cup Winners' Cup. Supporters of BFC Dynamo fired flares at the tartan track and vandalized large parts of a stadium block, causing extensive damage.^{[67] [68]}

German reunification

A wave of violence swept through the football stadiums of East Germany in 1990.^[17] The collapse of the East German regime resulted in a security vacuum.^{[69] [70] [71]} The Volkspolizei was overwhelmed by the amount of disorder and often reluctant to use enough force, due to the political situation.^{[72] [17] [73]}

Masked supporters of FC Berlin rioted in central Jena before the away match against FC Carl Zeiss Jena in the 1989-90 DDR-Oberliga on 8 April 1990. They broke shop windows, smashed windscreens of police vehicles with stones and left a trail of destruction in the city center. Supporters of FC Berlin also fired flares at police officers during the match.^[74] The disorder at the stadium would not cease and the match was eventually interrupted.^[15] The riots in Jena caught rare attention by East German state media, which until then had been generally silent about football related disorder.^{[15] [5]}

There were now riots after every home match in FC Berlin. After the last home match in the 1989-90 NOFV-Oberliga against BSG Wismut Aue on 26 May 1990, a group of 300 supporters of FC Berlin marched from Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark towards Alexanderplatz. Windows were smashed, cars were damaged and a minibus was overturned as they made their way. Supporters met at the Marx-Engels-Forum. A group of 200 people then formed a human swastika in front of the Volkspolizei. There were 21 arrests, and the police seized knives, knuckle dusters and pepper spray.^[75]

Supporters who had left East Germany for various reasons in recent years rejoined the hooligan scene after the opening of the Berlin Wall.^[76] Some were former skinheads who had been deported by the Stasi to West Germany in the late 1980s. Now they chanted things such as "Who should be our Führer? Erich Mielke!" as a provocative fun, to the dismay of the club.^{[76] [77]} The skinhead outfit was exchanged after the Peaceful Revolution. One supporter of BFC Dynamo said: "There were good reasons for this ... Every idiot was running around dressed in a bomber jacket and shouting 'Sieg Heil'".^[78] Supporters who returned from West Germany brought back a new fashion based on designer clothing labels and expensive sportswear, which was adopted by the supporter scene.^{[76] [34]} While combat boots and bomber jackets were now common at many places in East Germany, some supporters of BFC Dynamo wanted to differentiate themselves. Expensive sneakers was now the new fashion in the supporter scene.^{[1] [79] [78]} Brands such as Diesel, Iceberg, Chevignon, Adidas, Best Company, Sergio Tacchini, New Balance and Ray Ban became popular.^{[34] [76] [79] [22]}

The reputation of the hooligans of FC Berlin attracted a large number of new young people who joined the hooligan scene.^[76] A series of violence occurred in connection with the cup match between Union Berlin and FC Berlin in the Second round of the 1990-91 FDGB-Pokal on 23 September 1990. Hooligans of FC Berlin stormed the home stands of the Stadion an der Alten Försterei armed with clubs and flares and hunted down supporters of Union Berlin.^{[80] [81]} Riots broke out after match. About 250 hooligans threw gravel and other objects at the police. At least 14 police officers were injured in the clashes.^[82] Serious riots then continued in the city, involving hundreds of supporters. Street battles broke out in areas of East Berlin, even spreading to Kreuzberg in West Berlin.^[83] One supporter of FC Berlin said: "In 1990, thanks to the many departures to the West, it became clear relatively quickly that there was no flowerpot to be won with the current team. We then turned our attention to other things."^[84]

Hooligans in East Germany unleashed almost unbridled violence against the representatives of the disintegrating East German state.^[71] Violent riots had occurred in Rostock, Dresden, Erfurt and East Berlin.^[71] Police had been forced to shoot warning shots during violent riots in Leipzig and one match in the 1990-91 NOFV-Oberliga had already been abandoned due to riots in the stadium.^{[72] [85] [86] [87]} The situation peaked during a match between FC Sachsen Leipzig and FC Berlin on 3 November 1990.^[73] Supporters of FC Berlin travelled in large numbers to Leipzig for the match.^[71] The police had only 219 officers available for the match.^[73] There were clashes at the Leipzig main railway station, with one police officer injured and 50 supporters taken into custody.^{[73] [88]} A first group of around 100 supporters of FC Berlin entered the Georg-Schwarz-Sportpark in time for kick-off.^[71] They were joined by a hooligans of 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, who had forced their way into the stadium.^{[89] [90] [91]} Supporters of both camps tried to attack each other in the stadium and the police had difficulties in maintaining a buffer zone.^[73] A second group of up to 400 supporters of FC Berlin arrived later at the nearby Leipzig-Leutzsch S-Bahn station at Am Ritterschlößchen street.^{[71] [73]} Fireworks were fired as they made their way to the stadium.^[92] The group was blocked from entering the stadium by police equipped with helmets and shields, despite showing valid tickets.^{[93] [94] [76]} The supporters were not given any reason.^[92] They were then pushed back by the police using tear gas and truncheons.^{[71] [73] [93]} The group returned to the S-Bahn station and made an attempt to reach the stadium from the Pettenkofer Straße instead.^[71] They were again blocked by police who immediately used truncheons.^{[71] [92]}

Riots broke out at the S-Bahn station.^[71] The station building was vandalized and numerous cars were smashed or burned, including at least one W 50 police truck and one police car.^{[71] [73] [92] [88]} The police was allegedly outnumbered.^[95] Cobblestones were thrown at the police waiting at the Pettenkofer Straße.^[71] The police now decided to use their firearms.^[71] 18-year old supporter Mike Polley (de) from the locality of Malchow in Berlin was hit by several bullets and instantly killed.^[76] He was allegedly about to bend down to a friend when hit.^[96] Several others were injured and at least another three people were seriously injured.^{[70] [73] [93]} One supporter of FC Berlin was hit in the head and suffered critical injuries, but survived.^[76] The police had fired between 50 and 100 shots in about a minute, from 11 different police pistols.^{[73] [93]} Reports and sources vary on what happened on the scene and how the situation was.^[73] The police claim that they were surrounded and fired in absolute self-defence.^{[95] [97]} However, this was rebuffed by a youth deacon and social worker, who had accompanied the supporters and who witnessed the course of events.^[92] The youth deacon claimed that there was certainly no self-defense situation, and that he had not heard anything about a warning before the police opened fire.^[97] Shots had been fired from distances of 30–40 meters.^{[73] [92]} The police had also fired at fleeing supporters.^[92] One supporter was hit while trying to escape into an S-Bahn train.^[92] Not every injured had come with the supporters of FC Berlin; an uninvolved woman was shot in the leg.^[73]

After the shootings, some supporters of FC Berlin left the S-Bahn station by train.^[95] Many were shaken, but other wanted to take revenge.^[92] A group of supporters stopped a tram, kicked the driver out and maneuvered it down town.^{[76] [71]} Riots now continued in central Leipzig, where policed presence was low.^{[92] [98]} The riots in central Leipzig continued for several hours and the damage was extensive.^{[98] [71] [76]} Supporters of FC Berlin devastated entire streets.^[95] All shop windows on the Nikolaistraße opposite the main railway station were broken.^[88] There was rampage at the Park Hotel.^{[90] [99]} The ground floor of a department store on Brühl was destroyed.^[99] Numerous cars were demolished and up to 31 shops were smashed and looted.^{[99] [95] [73]} Supporters clashed with transport police at the main railway station. Shots were fired again by the police, but no one was injured.^{[95] [76] [73]}

Mike Polley was considered a beginner in the supporter scene.^[95] After the match against HFC Chemie on 10 November 1990, supporters of FC Berlin organized a peaceful funeral march for Mike Polley. 1,000 supporters took part in the march, which went from Prenzlaur Berg to the Brandenburger Tor.^{[100] [15] [73]} The march was supported by the recently founded Fanprojekt Berlin.^[73] Also professional FC Berlin players such as Waldemar Ksienzyk participated in the march.^[101] The demonstration received support from politicians such as Lena Schraut from the Alternative List and from left-wing activists, notably from the occupied houses near Senefelderplatz at the Schönhauser Allee.^[76] Along the route, posters in solidarity, signed "Antifascists from Berlin", had been hung. At Schönhauser Allee 20, sqatters had hung out a banner saying "Police state - No thanks!" (German: Bullenstaat – Nein danke!). The friendly match between East Germany and West Germany that was planned to be held on the Zentralstadion in Leipzig on 21 November 1990 was cancelled for security reasons and due to the tense situation among football supporters after the shootings.^[73] An investigation against ten police officers was opened, but closed in April 1992.^[73] The exact circumstances around the death of Mike Polley were never fully clarified.^{[94] [102]}

Stadium attendance collapsed in 1990. Many supporters of BFC Dynamo stopped attending matches after the Peaceful revolution, as the best players were sold off to clubs in West Germany, sports performance slumped, tickets prices rose, mass unemployment spread and hooligans had come to dominate the stands.^{[17] [70] [54] [103]} Some shifted their focus to ice hockey instead.^[104] The average league attendance of the 1990–91 NOFV-Oberliga was by far the lowest in the league history.^[70] BFC Dynamo was hit particularly hard by the decline. Average league attendance at BFC Dynamo had dropped from 8,385 in the 1988–89 season to 1,076 in the 1990–91 season.^{[105] [106] [107]} Ordinary supporters had disappeared. Only young supporters remained in the stadium at FC Berlin in 1990 and 1991.^[17]

The violent faction of FC Berlin would come to shape the entire 1990–91 season.^[76] Matches involving FC Berlin were all security matches.^[73] A group of 500–600 supporters of FC Berlin travelled with a special train to Rostock for an away match against F.C. Hansa Rostock on 16 March 1991.^{[76] [108]} The police did not manage to control the situation despite a record strong presence of more than 600 officers.^{[108] [109]} Riots broke out in central Rostock, where supporters smashed shops, demolished cars and attacked people.^{[76] [34] [108]} Supporters without tickets stormed the Ostseestadion. Fights broke out between supporters of FC Berlin and supporters of F.C. Hansa Rostock around the stadium.^[108] Riots at the train station after the match had to be suppressed by the police with tear gas and water cannons.^{[108] [76]} The damage was again extensive. Up to 17 shops at the Wismarischen Straße were smashed and looted, the train station was devastated and the special train was vandalized.^{[109] [110]} 21 people were injured in the clashes, including nine police officers.^{[111] [112]} The damages amounted to around 750,000 Deutsche Marks.^[112] The Minister President of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Alfred Gomolka believed the Stasi was behind the riots. He claimed that the hooligans of FC Berlin were controlled by "Stasi remnants" who wanted to cause "destabilization". Also the Interior Minister of Mecklenburg-Vorpommern Georg Diederich saw the riots as a political confrontation. As a proof, they pointed to the fact that supporters of FC Berlin came with East German flags and that the club had pre-financed the special train to Rostock.^[111]

The youth television programme Elf99 on Deutscher Fernsehfunk (DFF) ran a special story on the hooligans of FC Berlin in August 1991. The story was called "Elf-Spezial: Das randalierende Rätsel – Der Berliner Hooligans zwischen Wahn und Scham?" and can be found on YouTube as of 2020.^[113] The report contains an interview with self-confessed hooligan Jens-Uwe Vogt.^[113] Vogt was considered a leader of the FC Berlin hooligans in the early 1990s. About 200 supporters of FC Berlin traveled to the top match against Greifswalder SC 1926 in the 1991-92 NOFV-Oberliga Nord on 3 November 1991. Repeated riots broke out during the match. Supporters of FC Berlin claim they were insulted as "Stasi-pigs!" by spectators in Greifswald. Supporters of FC Berlin fought with other spectators and the stadium facilities were demolished in the riots.^[114] Up to 100 hooligans of FC Berlin then also attacked an asylum shelter that was located right next to the stadium in Greifswald.^{[115] [116] [117]} SV Hafen Rostock 61 subsequently postponed its upcoming league match at home against FC Berlin for security reasons.^{[118] [117]}

Hooliganism

The hooligan scene of FC Berlin at the beginning of the 1990s was considered the most notorious for years in Germany.^[17] Hooligans of FC Berlin were subsequently involved in numerous fights in stadiums, woods and meadows.^[17] Organized fights with other hooligan groups began in 1992 and 1993.^[76] The FC Berlin mob was the biggest by far in the New states of Germany in the mid-1990s. The hooligan scene around FC Berlin numbered 500 people in 1996.^{[119] [120]} More than 400 hooligans of FC Berlin attended the away match against 1. FC Dynamo Dresden on 16 March 1996. Hooligans of FC Berlin rioted in central Dresden before the match. They broke shop windows and looted shops. It took a major police operation with 580 officers to get the riots under control. 101 people were taken into preventive custody for various offenses.^[121]

Hooligans of FC Berlin were also involved in fights with squatters and other left-wing groups in the 1990s.^[76] 25 supporters of FC Berlin fought 40 people from the left-wing scene in front of a pub on the Straße der Pariser Kommune in Friedrichshain on 17 April 1995. Several people were injured.^[122] A number of people allegedly associated with the hooligan scene of FC Berlin attacked formerly occupied houses and a meeting point for left-wing football supporters at Brunnenstraße 6 and 7 in Mitte on the night of 6 September 1997. A punk concert was held on the premises at the time. Four people had to be hospitalized with injuries.^[123]

In the years after German reunification, the club's eternal outsider image attracted people from the underground.^[7] Playing for meager crowds in regional leagues, the club eventually became a meeting place for individuals from Berlin's far-right, hooligan and criminal underground.^{[54] [124]} The hooligan scene of FC Berlin had developed close contacts with the eastern Berlin bouncer scene by the mid-1990s.^[125] The eastern Berlin bouncer scene would eventually be almost completely organized from the hooligan scene of BFC Dynamo.^[126] One of those involved in the assault on French policeman Daniel Nivel during the 1998 FIFA World Cup had connections to the hooligan scene of FC Berlin.^[54] The same man was later linked to organized crime and eventfully involved in a high-profile drug trafficking case.^{[127] [128]}

The match between BFC Dynamo and Berlin Türkspor 1965 in the final of the 1998–99 Berlin Cup on 11 May 1999 was marked by violence. Supporters of BFC Dynamo directed far-right chants and others provocations against Berlin Türkspor 1965 during the match.^[129] 400 supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch after the final whistle to celebrate the title. Some supporters also attacked players of Berlin Türkspor 1965. Two players of Berlin Türkspor 1965 were injured, one of them had suffered a stab wound.^[130] BFC Dynamo Club President Volkmar Wanski was able to prevent a total escalation by giving a calming speech over the stadium microphone.^[131] He immediately apologized for the behavior of the supporters at the press conference after the match.^[130] Older supporters of BFC Dynamo openly expressed their contempt for the far-right supporters who had attended the match.^[132] BFC Dynamo and Berlin Türkspor 1965 agreed to meet in a friendly match later in the season and to organize a joint meal for players and responsible.^[133] Wanski made it clear in the speakers ahead of the last home match against FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt in the 1998-99 Regionalliga Nordost on 15 May 1999 that "anyone who cannot behave has no business in our stadium".^[134]

The hooligan scene of BFC Dynamo was still considered one of the toughest in Germany in the early 2000s. The hooligan scene was made up of around 300 people in 2001.^[125] Serious riots broke out in Prenzlauer Berg after the match between BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Union Berlin in the Round of 16 of the 2000–01 Berlin Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 24 March 2001. Around 150 supporters of BFC Dynamo attacked the police after the match, as they wanted to storm the block of Union Berlin.^{[135] [136]} Around 500 supporters of BFC Dynamo then attacked police at Eberswalder Straße.^[136] The police employed water cannons against supporters at Eberswalder Straße and Schönhauser Allee. Nine people, including four police officers, were injured.^{[135] [136]} BFC Dynamo Club President Karin Halsch (de) and 1. FC Union Berlin Club President Heiner Bertram criticized the police in unison for provocations during the match and for triggering riots.^[137] Karin Halsch simultaneously expressed sadness that the riots destroyed a lot of reconstruction work in the club and announced that there would be many stadium bans.^{[137] [138]} Also coach Jürgen Bogs spoke out about "senseless violence" that would once again fall back on the club, but also criticized the police for provocations.^[137] Many of those involved in the riots did not come from the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo. Many were visitors from other cities in Germany.^[125]

BFC Dynamo still had the highest number of violent supporters in Germany in 2005.^[139] Violence broke out during the match between Tennis Borussia Berlin and BFC Dynamo in the 2004-05 NOFV-Oberliga Nord at the Mommsenstadion on 11 February 2005. A flare was lit and a couple of bangers set off in the guest block at the beginning of the second half. Police then decided to intervene against away supporters. Police officers were pelted with beer cups and attacked by supporters of BFC Dynamo when they entered gest block. Eight police officers were injured and 11 supporters of BFC Dynamo arrested. BFC Dynamo criticized the police operation as "disproportionate".^{[140] [141]} Supporters of BFC Dynamo claimed that they had been called "Nazis", "Ossis" and "Unioners" by police officers. Riots had broken out also when Tennis Borussia Berlin played 1. FC Union Berlin in round of 16 of the 2004-05 Berlin Cup at the Mommsenstadion a couple of weeks before.^[141]

Fighting between supporters of BFC Dynamo and police again broke out in connection with the match between BFC Dynamo and SV Yeşilyurt at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 24 April 2005. The mood had been tense during the match. The situation escalated when celebrating supporters of BFC Dynamo attacked the fence after the final whistle. Police intervened with water hoses, batons and tear gas against supporters of BFC Dynamo. Four police officers were injured and five hooligans arrested. One police officer suffered a broken nose and another one a concussion.^{[142] [143]} Riots again broke out in connection to a match between BFC Dynamo and SV Yeşilyurt at the opening of the 2005-06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 5 August 2005. The match was attended by 1,200 supporters of BFC Dynamo. Hooligans in the crowd threw bottles and stones at police officers during the match. Fights between hooligans and police then broke out after match. Around 150 hooligans had participated in the riots, according to police information.^{[144] [145]} BFC Dynamo spokesperson Yiannis Kaufmann claimed that those involved were a "mob of travelling fans who wants to cause trouble everywhere and now discredit the BFC".^[144] As many as 13 police officers were injured in the riots.^{[146] [147]}

Police made a controversial raid against the discothèque Jeton in Friedrichshain where supporters of BFC Dynamo and other people had gathered to celebrate in connection to a fan tournament in memory of Mike Polley on the night of 20 August 2005. The fan tournament had been visited by 45 teams, including saupporters from FC St. Pauli, 1. FC Lokomotive Leipzig, Aberdeen F.C., VfL Bochum and Malmö FF.^{[148] [149] [150]} The large-scale police operation involved 300 officers, including 100 members of the SEK.^{[151] [152] [153]} 158 persons were arrested. Among the detainees were 19 Category C-supporters and 22 Category B-supporters.^{[146] [152]} Supporters filed numerous complaints against the police for use of excessive violence.^[154] 39 people at the discothèque were injured.^[147] Also bystanders were affected.^[147] Police initially claimed they had been pelted with bottles and furnishings, but later corrected their statement and admitted that there had been no resistance.^{[151] [147] [146]} The police had allegedly beaten defenseless people.^[155] Police stated that the raid was a preventative measure on short notice to prevent hooligans from organizing for the upcoming match against Union Berlin on 21 August 2005.^{[147] [152]} There were speculations that police also took revenge for riots during the match between BFC Dynamo and SV Yeşilyurt at the opening of the season.^{[147] [146]} More than 1,000 police officers were deployed to the derby and the match was played without crowd trouble.^{[152] [153]} Banners in solidarity with the supporters of BFC Dynamo were displayed in 17 football stadiums across Germany during the following matchdays.^[156]

The return match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin in the 2005–06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord was played at the Stadion im Sportforum on 13 May 2006. The standing was 1–1 when supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the pitch in an attempt to storm the block of Union Berlin around the 75th minute.^[157] Supporters of Union Berlin fled in panic.^[158] The match was abandoned and Union Berlin was awarded a 2–0 win.^{[157] [159]} The players of BFC Dynamo wore the motto "No power of violence" on their shirts in the following match against BFC Preussen away on 17 May 2006.^[160] The Stadion im Sportforum was temporarily closed for matches in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord after the riots.^[161] The riots during the match against 1. FC Union Berlin threw the club into a financial crisis. Treasurer Sven Radicke concluded: "Four years of our work were ruined in five minutes".

Around 1,300 supporters of BFC Dynamo accompanied the team to the top match against Tennis Borussia Berlin in the 2008-09 NOFV-Oberliga Nord on 7 December 2008.^{[162] [163]} More than 500 police officers were deployed to the match.^[164] Tennis Borussia Berlin eventually took control of the match. Someone in the guest block threw a banger on the pitch.^{[165] [164] [166] [162]} One supporter of BFC Dynamo also tried to climb the fence, but was pulled down by another supporter and a small scuffle ensued.^{[164] [162] [163]} Match stewards intervened to arrest the supporter that had tried to climb the fence.^{[162] [167]} A second banger was then thrown on the pitch and the police suddenly decided to violently storm the guest block with tear gas and truncheons.^{[164] [168] [166] [162] [163]} Also bystanders got in the way of the police and were harmed.^[169] The Chairman of the Economic Council of BFC Dynamo Peter Meyer tried to mediate, but was sparayed with tear gas aswell.^{[164] [169]} A total of 58 people were injured, including seven police officers.^[168] The BFC Dynamo supporter representative Rainer Lüdkte critizied the police operation, saying: "We would have handed the guy with the bangers over to the police just like the fan on the fence."^[162] A controversial film from the police operation was spread on the internet after the match.^[163] The film showed how two police officers confronted a supporter of BFC Dynamo who was standing by and talking on a mobile phone. One of the police officers then attacked the supporter with his fists for no apparent reason.^{[170] [162] [166] [167] [171]} He then also hit the other supporter that was standing next to him.^{[170] [162]} A criminal investigation was launched against the police officer.^{[170] [162] [167] [172]}

BFC Dynamo has often attracted hooligans from outside, and hooligans who are otherwise not involved in the supporter scene, to high-profile matches.^{[6] [173] [174]} The club has repeatedly complained about so-called "riot tourists".^{[174] [175]} Riots broke out after the match against Berliner AK 07 in the final of the 2009–10 Berlin Cup at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 2 June 2010. Around 100–150 supporters of BFC Dynamo stormed the pitch after the final whistle.^{[176] [173]} Match stewards and players of BFC Dynamo threw themselves in to restrain supporters and prevent further riots.^{[176] [177] [173] [6]} One of them was goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski, who later received an award from the Berlin Football Association (BFV) for his actions.^[173] Polish fans of Pogoń Szczecin were allegedly linked to the riots.^[173] Those who had invaded the pitch were whistled by other supporters of BFC Dynamo when they returned to the stands.^[178]

Major riots then occurred after the match against 1. FC Kaiserslautern in the first round of the 2011-12 DFB-Pokal at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 3 July 2011.^{[179] [180]} Around 200–300 supporters of BFC Dynamo invaded the buffer zone and stormed the guest block after the match.^{[174] [6]} 18 police officers and many supporters from Kaiserslautern were injured in the attack.^[6] The Chairman of the Economic Council Peter Meyer openly expressed his embarrassment and disappointment over the behavior of some supporters and publicly apologized.^[174] There were allegations that hooligans outside the BFC Dynamo environment had been involved.^[174] While the police stated that most of those arrested were from Berlin, the club claimed it had never seen most of the recent perpetrators before.^[6]

The contemporary supporter scene

The contemporary supporter scene contains various subcultures and categories of supporters. It ranges from older supporters to younger ultras.^[3] Older supporters constitute an essential part of the supporter scene.^[7] Many are active in the supporter group 79er.^[173] The group is credited for its commitment to the club, notably the youth teams. Its members have been supporters of BFC Dynamo since the late 1970s.^{[173] [1]}

The supporter scene played an important part in saving the club from bankruptcy in 2001.^[54] Supporters organized a demonstration against the impending bankruptcy. The demonstration marched from the Sportforum to the Rotes Rathaus where it was met by the former club president and SPD politician Karin Halsch.^{[181] [182]} Supporters threw parties and organized collections, made donations and travelled to countries such as Austria and Switzerland to convince creditors to accept smaller pay-offs in order to save the cub.^[54] Supporters also installed bucket seats at the Stadion im Sportforum and built a new clubhouse in the Sportforum during the insolvency.^{[183] [184]} The insolvency crisis remains a defining moment for older supporters.^[54] For a long time, the supporter scene arranged an annual Mike-Polley-Gedenkturnier, which was a football fan tournament in memory of Mike Polley.^{[94] [185]} The first edition of the fan tournament was arranged in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen in 2003 and comprised 28 teams.^[186] A march in memory of Mike Polley in Leipzig in 2018 was attended by 850 supporters of BFC Dynamo.^[187]

New groups of younger ultra-oriented supporters have emerged since the 2000s.^{[173] [1]} Supporter group Fraktion H was founded in 2006 by younger supporters who wanted to create more atmosphere in the stadium.^{[173] [1]} A minor ultras scene then emerged with the founding of supporter group Ultras BFC in 2011. The ultras of BFC Dynamo have initiated campaigns such as "Brown is not Claret" and have also engaged in football tournaments for refugees.^{[124] [1] [188] [189]} Fraktion H maintains a friendship with the supporters of Eintracht Trier, while members of the now dissolved Ultras BFC have had contacts with the ultras of Swedish football club GAIS.^[190] The club has encouraged the new groups of younger supporters and club management has taken a stand against racism and right-wing extremism.^{[191] [188] [189]} The statutes of BFC Dynamo as of 2024 state that the club feels strongly committed to the idea of anti-racism.^[192]

In an interview in a revised and expanded edition of the book "Stadionpartisanen - Fans und Hooligans in der DDR", about football supporters and hooligans in the East German era, by Frank Willmann (de), BFC Dynamo supporter representative Rainer Lüdkte, who became an active supporter in the 1970s, commented on the supporter scene in the 1980s, saying that he was never right-wing, that he hated those who raised their arms and that he sees himself more to the left. He said that the riots that occurred in the late 1980s were "no longer his thing", and that he believes that what happened at the time of the German reunification was catastrophic. Lüdtke, who himself did not take part in the FC Berlin era, said that: "Maybe we, 'normal' fans, who ... had nothing to do with Nazi shit, should have intervened back then." Lüdtke also said that he believes that for the club to have a chance, "everyone involved needs to be ready for change."^[193]

BFC Dynamo engages in active fan work and has taken measures to control violent elements, to exclude known violators and to distance itself from radical supporters.^{[7] [174] [194] [188]} Far-right symbols and slogans are not tolerated by the club.^[7] The Chairman of the Economic Council of BFC Dynamo, Peter Meyer, stated publicly in connection with a friendly match against Hertha BSC in 2007 that the club did not want people who cannot follow the rules and that "anyone who shouts Nazi slogans will be thrown out of the stadium".^[195] Lawyer, supporter and former club vice-president René Lau said in an interview with Deutsche Welle in 2019: "If you had asked me 25 years ago [if BFC had a problem with Nazis], I would have said yes. But is today's BFC Dynamo a Nazi club? I would vehemently dispute that."^[54] A large number of stadium bans has been issued by the club since the 2000s.^{[196] [174]} A total of 40 stadium bans was issued only in 2006.^{[197] [196]} No riots has occurred since 2011.^[7]

BFC Dynamo is affiliated with Fanprojekt Berlin, which is an independent organization that engages in socio-pedagogical fan work.^{[7] [198]} The organization supports young fans in various aspects of life and aims at promoting a positive supporter culture.^[198] The contemporary supporter scene of BFC Dynamo scene includes groups such as 79er, Mythos BFC, Fraktion H, Piefkes, Ultras BFC, East Company, Riot Sport, Black Boys Dynamo, Bärenbande, Gegengerade, Hipstercrew, Sektion Süddeutschland, Banda Invicta and Kollektiv Brandenburg.^{[173] [199] [1] [200]} Gegengerade is a left wing-oriented supporter group.^[200] A number of supporters FC Berlin were members of the "Anti-Fascist Football Fan Initiative" (German: Antifaschistische Fußball-Fan-Initiative) (AFFI) back in 1993.^{[201] [202] [203] [204]} Supporters of BFC Dynamo have displayed a Norwegian flag with the text "Thanks Norway", in memory of Norway's 2–0 win over Nazi Germany in the quarter-finals of the 1936 Summer Olympics. Another banner that has occasionally been displayed at the stadium contains the text "There Is A Light That Never Goes Out", with reference to the 1980s British cult band The Smiths.^[205]

Ultras BFC announced its dissolution on 23 January 2023, after the group had lost essential material in an attack. An individual in the group was attacked by a group of people in front of his private residence and robbed of essential group material. The group apologized to the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo and consequently dissolved, but at the same time announced that this was not the end.^[206] The attack has been traced to Cottbus.^[207] A new supporter group named Banda Invicta eventually appeared with a banner on the first matchday of the 2023-24 Regionalliga Nordost on 29 July 2023. The banner read "On to a new chapter".^[208]

The BFC Dynamo supporter scene traditionally organizes an annual fan tournament in the Sportforum Hohenschönhausen. The ninth edition in 2024 was won by a multicultural team with players from Syria, Palestine, Asia and Germany, who had been invited to the tournament by the supporter scene.^[209]

BFC Dynamo had 100 Category C and 190 Category-B supporters in 2019.^[210] Younger hooligans of BFC Dynamo have contacts with supporter group Kaliber 030 at Hertha.^{[54] [211]} 20–25 supporters of BFC Dynamo joined Hertha in the guest block of the Stadion an der Alten Försterei during the derby between Union Berlin and Hertha on 2 November 2019.^[212] Older hooligans of BFC Dynamo, on the other hand, maintain friendly relationships with like-minded supporters of 1. FC Magdeburg.^[54] Supporters of BFC Dynamo wanted to travel in numbers to the return leg against VfB Oldenburg in the promotion play-offs for the 3. Liga on 4 June 2022. Up to 2,500 supporters of BFC Dynamo wanted to join the team in Oldenburg.^[213] Around 1,300 supporters of BFC Dynamo was eventually admitted to the Marschweg-Stadion, where they marked their presence with a banner, a scarf choreography and flares.^{[214] [215] [216]}

One of the most well-known books in Germany about the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo is "Der BFC war schuld am Mauerbau" by German author and BFC Dynamo fan Andreas Gläser (de).^[217] The book was first published in 2002 and describes the supporter scene from the late 1970s and forward. Gläser grew up in Prenzlauer Berg and became a supporter of BFC Dynamo in the 1970s.^[218] The book "Stadionpartisanen - Fans und Hooligans in der DDR", by authors Anne Hahn and Frank Willmann, first published in 2007, also contains extensive interviews with BFC Dynamo supporters from the late 1970s and forward.^[2] The club, its reputation and supporter scene, was also the theme of stage play "Dynamoland" by Gudrun Herrbold. The play was set up in 2007 and involved young football players from BFC Dynamo as well as Andreas Gläser and Sven Friedrich, who is the owner of the clothing store Hoolywood in Prenzlauer Berg and a BFC Dynamo fan.^{[219] [53] [220] [6] [221]} In an interview with football magazine 11 Freunde about the play, Friedrich stated that he doesn't want to have anything to do with Nazis. Gläser, clarified that they both come from the ”alternative spectrum”.^[222] The fanzine "Zugriff" is dedicated to BFC Dynamo. The fanzine has been produced by Andreas Gläser and members of supporter group Gegengerade since 2008.^[223] The tenth and latest issue was published in 2014. The tenth issue came with as music CD mixed by Andreas Gläser. The CD included numerous ska and punk tracks as well as a 25 seconds long recording of Erich Mielke ranting about skinheads and punks.^[3]

Musicians from German rock band Klaus Renft Combo composed the anthem "Auf, Dynamo!" for BFC Dynamo in 1999.^[224] German rap musician Joe Rilla has also dedicated a song to BFC Dynamo. The song is called "Heb die Faust Hoch (BFC Dynamo Straßenhymne)" and was released in 2008. Joe Rilla, whose real name is Hagen Stoll (de), comes from the locality of Marzahn and has a background in the hooligan scene of BFC Dynamo.^[225] The clothing store Hoolywood on Schönhauser Allee in Prenzlauer Berg is associated with the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo. The store was founded at the beginning of the 1990s.^{[7] [219] [221]} The owner of the store, Sven Friedrich, has a background in the supporter scene of BFC Dynamo in the East German era.^{[219] [220]} Hoolywood has also been an advertising partner of BFC Dynamo.^[226]

Rivalries

SG Dynamo Dresden

The oldest rival of BFC Dynamo is SG Dynamo Dresden. The rivalry dates back to 1954 when the team of Dynamo Dresden and its place in the DDR-Oberliga was transferred to SC Dynamo Berlin during the course of the 1954-55 season. The relocation aroused a sense of victimhood among the fans of Dynamo Dresden which would later be compounded by the successes of BFC Dynamo.^[16] Matters were exacerbated when additional players of Dynamo Dresden were delegated to Dynamo Berlin by the German Football Association of the GDR (DFV) following the relegation of Dynamo Dresden after the 1962–63 season.^[227]

The antagonism between the two clubs was underpinned by a historical German rivalry between Prussian Berlin and Saxony.^{[228] [229]} It was fueled by contemporary resentment in Dresden at the better provision of housing and consumer goods in the East German capital.^[228] East Berliners were generally unpopular outside the city limits, especially in the southern regional districts of East Germany. They were considered arrogant and clearly preferred.^[5]

Dynamo Dresden slowly recovered from the relocation in 1954. The club was declared a regional district center of excellence (German: Leistungszentrum) by the regional district board of the DTSB on 5 August 1968.^{[230] [231]} The club could now draw on the best players in Bezirk Dresden.^[230] Dynamo Dresden eventually re-established itself in the DDR-Oberliga, and in 1971 the team was once again East German champion. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden then met in the final of the 1970-71 FDGB-Pokal. Klaus Sammer scored 1-0 for Dynamo Dresden, but Norbert Johannsen equalized on a penalty. Dynamo Dresden eventually won the match 2-1 after a second goal by Sammer in extra time.^[232] Dynamo Dresden thus secured the first Double in the history of East German football.^[233] However, BFC Dynamo did not go completely empty-handed from the final. The team qualified for its first UEFA competition as runner-up. Its participation in the 1971–72 European Cup Winners' Cup would be a success.

BFC Dynamo met Dynamo Dresden away on the sixth matchday of the 1974-75 DDR-Oberliga on 21 September 1974. The standing was 2–2 at the end of the match, after an equalizer from Norbert Johannsen on a penalty. Shortly before the final whistle, referee Robert Pischke from Rostock awarded Dynamo Dresden a controversial penalty. Siegmar Wätzlich converted the penalty and Dynamo Dresden won the match 3–2.^[234] The East German football weekly Die neue Fußballwoche commented: "Shortly before the end, the same thing on the other side, but this one surprised even the objective Dresdeners about it. They hadn't seen any opposing influence on the falling Richter... The Berliners exploded in outrage at the penalty kick, which snatched a point from them in the last minute."^[234] Dynamo Dresden finished the season in third place, two points ahead of BFC Dynamo. BFC Dynamo finished the season in fourth place, but with a better goal difference. Dynamo Dresden had thus captured the place in the 1975-76 UEFA Cup narrowly ahead of BFC Dynamo. Referee Pischke was not selected for any more DDR-Oberliga matches and eventually chose to end his refereeing career. He would years later become the president of F.C. Hansa Rostock.^[235]

By the mid-1970s, BFC Dynamo had risen to be a top team in the DDR-Oberliga, but East German football would be dominated by Dynamo Dresden throughout the 1970s. Dynamo Dresden captured a third consecutive league title in the 1977–78 DDR-Oberliga. What happened after is subject to various rumors. Formal title celebrations took place in June 1978 at the hotel and restaurant Bastein at Prager Straße in Dresden. Erich Mielke paid a visit as the president of SV Dynamo to congratulate the team to the title. Dynamo Dresden player Reinhard Häfner recalls how Mielke held a speech where he said that he would be happier if BFC Dynamo was champions. Mielke should have added that "since BFC Dynamo is also SV Dynamo, the title stays in the family, so to speak, and that is good too". According to other versions of the same event, he allegedly proclaimed that everything will be done so that in the coming year, the champion will come from Berlin, and that it was now the turn of the BFC Dynamo.^{[236] [237] [238] [239]}

BFC Dynamo stood out among other clubs within SV Dynamo. The club was located at the frontline of the Cold War. It was also a representative of the capital of East Germany. This meant that the club had to be well equipped.^[240] BFC Dynamo benefited from a nationwide scouting system, supported by 33 training centers (TZ) of SV Dynamo across East Germany.^{[241] [242]} No less than 40 full-time trainers worked for the club.^[243] The team eventually embarked on a period of unparalleled success in the 1978–79 season under young coach Jürgen Bogs. Dynamo Dresden had been the dominant team in East German football until then. BFC Dynamo would now be its main obstacle to success.

BFC Dynamo opened the 1978-79 DDR-Oberliga with ten consecutive wins. The team thus broke the previous record of Dynamo Dresden of seven consecutive wins from the 1972-73 DDR-Oberliga. Dynamo Dresden, on the other hand, had a moderately successful start to the season and stood in second place. The two teams met in the 11th matchday in front of 33,000 spectators at Dynamo-Stadion in Dresden on 2 December 1978.^[244] The match ended in a draw 1-1 after an equalizer by Hans-Jürgen Riediger for BFC Dynamo. The match was marked by crowd trouble, with 38 fans to both teams arrested.^[24] 17 of the 38 fans arrested were fans of BFC Dynamo.^[245] Inexperienced linesman Günter Supp should allegedly have missed a clear offside position on Riediger in the situation leading up to the equalizer and allowed to goal to stand.^{[246] [247]} There were accusations in Dresden that the match had been manipulated by the referees in favor of BFC Dynamo.^{[24] [248]} This alleged manipulation was cited as yet another example of discrimination against the Saxon city in comparison with East Berlin.^[24] BFC Dynamo continued to lead the league for the rest of the season. The team finally secured its first DDR-Oberliga title after defeating Dynamo Dresden 3–1 in the 24th match day in front of 22,000 spectators at Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 6 June 1979.^[249]

The 1979-80 DDR-Oberliga would be tight race between the two rivals. Dynamo Dresden led the league for most of the season. Dynamo Dresden was still in first place before the last matchday. However, BFC Dynamo was only one point behind. The two rivals met at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark in the last matchday of the league season on 10 May 1980. Dynamo Dresden only needed a draw to win the league title. There was huge excitement around the match and the stadium was sold out. Die neue Fußballwoche reported on "international match atmosphere".^[250] The standing was 0-0 for a long time. Dynamo Dresden player Peter Kotte fell in the BFC Dynamo penalty area with about 15 minutes left of regular time, but Dynamo Dresden was denied a penalty.^[251] Norbert Trieloff instead scored a goal for BFC Dynamo just a moment later. BFC Dynamo eventually won the match 1-0 and captured its second consecutive league title in front of 30,000 spectators. Dynamo Dresden would not come this close to BFC Dynamo in the league until the end of the 1980s. It was rumoured that referee Hans Kulicke from Oderberg had favored BFC Dynamo. However, also BFC Dynamo had been denied a chance to decide the match. A goal by Hartmut Pelka had been disallowed by referee Kulicke due to a foul on Dynamo Dresden goalkeeper Bernd Jakubowski.^[238]

Both clubs were affiliated to SV Dynamo and supported by the security organs. However, BFC Dynamo was more associated with the Stasi, while Dynamo Dresden was more associated with the Volkspolizei.^[252] BFC Dynamo was known as the favourite club of the head of the Stasi Erich Mielke.^[253] Dynamo Dresden, on the other hand, was patronaged by Volkspolizei Lieutenant general Willi Nyffenegger. Nyffenegger was the long-time head of the regional district authority of the Volkspolizei in Bezirk Dresden. However, also Dynamo Dresden had supporters in the Stasi. The Stasi had helped Dynamo Dresden to obtain secret information about the line-up of FC Bayern Munich before the match between Dynamo Dresden and FC Bayern Munich in the 1973–74 European Cup on 7 November 1973.^[254] Dynamo Dresden would also be supported by Stasi Major general Horst Böhm in the 1980s.^[255] Böhm was the head of the regional district administration of the Stasi in Bezirk Dresden.^{[256] [16]} He was a committed local patriot when it came to Dynamo Dresden and a sponsoring member of the club.^{[257] [258]} The antagonism between the two clubs also spread to the Stasi Guards Regiment "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky".^{[228] [24]} The behavior of members of a Dresden unit during a match between the two teams in 1985 was likened to that of "rioting fans" by another Stasi officer.^[228] Some Stasi guards had hurled abuse at BFC Dynamo players, shouting "Bent champions!" as they left the pitch.^[16]

Resentment in Dresden over the rise of BFC Dynamo was worsened when three top players of Dynamo Dresden, Gerd Weber, Peter Kotte and Matthias Müller, were arrested on suspicion of planning to defect to West Germany in 1981.^{[259] [24]} Weber had solicited plans to defect, but the other two had not.^[260] Weber received a prison sentence and a lifetime ban from playing football at any level in East Germany, while Kotte and Müller received lifetime bans from playing in the top two tiers for alleged complicity.^{[259] [24] [261]} Neither would return to the Oberliga. The punishment against the three players led to rumors and protests in Dresden.^[259] They also fueled local patriotism and anti-Berlin sentiments in Dresden.^[259]

Fans of Dynamo Dresden saw the lifetime bans on Weber, Kotte and Müller as "an order from Erich Mielke" designed to weaken Dynamo Dresden.^[259] Also, Kotte and Klaus Sammer has claimed they were part of a delibate plan by Mielke to weaken Dynamo Dresden.^[262] However, such claims are doubtful. The three players had been reported by an unofficial collaborator (IM) and Mielke was convinced that all three were originally prepared to defect.^[260] Kotte was not an isolated case. The great fear of footballers, fans and officials who had fled East Germany was omnipresent at the Stasi.^[263] Kotte and Müller knew about the intentions of Weber.^[259] Their failure to inform authorities was critical.^[259] Former SED First Secretary in Bezik Dresden Hans Modrow concludes that the measures against the three were "generally cautious", given the completely different consequences for other East German citizens in similar contexts. After all, the three were also members of the armed organs (German: Bewaffnete Organe der DDR) with ranks.^[264] Müller said in an interview with Dresdner Neueste Nachrichten in 2011 that he "knew one hundred per cent" that the uncompromising actions against the three players were a deliberate attempt by the Stasi to weaken Dynamo Dresden in order to secure the supremacy of BFC Dynamo.^[265]

BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden would be the two main contenders for titles in East German football during the 1980s. BFC Dynamo dominated the DDR-Oberliga and won numerous consecutive titles, while Dynamo Dresden had major success in the FDGB-Pokal. The two teams met in the 1981-82 FDGB-Pokal and 1983-84 FDGB-Pokal finals. Dynamo Dresden won both finals and thus stopped BFC Dynamo from completing the Double.^[251] The teams then also met in the 1984-85 FDGB-Pokal final. The performance of the referees in the final was controversial. A review by the DFV found that 30 per cent of the referee decisions during the match had been wrong, and that 80 per Bold textcent of those had been of disadvantage to Dynamo Dresden. Referee Manfred Roßner was banned one year from officiating matches above second tier after the final.^{[266] [267]} However, nothing emerged that indicated that Roßner had been bought by the Stasi.^[268] On the contrary, Roßner had been approached by the incensed DFV Vice President Franz Rydz after the match, who took him to office for his performance with the words: "You can't always go by the book, but have to officiate in a way that placates the Dresden public".^[268] Dynamo Dresden won the final 3–2 in front of 48,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend. It was the fourth loss for BFC Dynamo against Dynamo Dresden in the final of the FDGB-Pokal and the third time that Dynamo Dresden had stopped the team from completing the Double.^[251] In 1988, BFC Dynamo finally succeeded in completing the Double, after defeating FC Carl Zeiss Jena 2–0 in the final of the 1987–88 FDGB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo thus became the second team in East Germany, after Dynamo Dresden, to complete the Double.

Disturbances by spectators was a regular occurrence at matches between the two teams.^[16] BFC Dynamo was met by immense hostility during away matches in Dresden. Fans of BFC Dynamo would respond to the hatred they met by singing chants in praise of Erich Mielke as a provocation.^{[16] [17]} They would also make fun of the food shortage in Dresden.^[8] Fans of BFC Dynamo brought coveted tropical fruits, that were only available in East Berlin, to away matches in Saxony. They then threw the fruits at the home crowd.^{[17] [8] [5]} In Dresden they threw green bananas at the home fans and shouted: "We brought you something - Bananas, bananas!".^[8]

East German state television would always try to hide riots from viewers and sound engineers also had to drown out chants that were considered negative, such as "Stasi out". The match between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden was the most explosive encounter. At one point, the match between BFC Dynamo and SG Dynamo Dresden was even ordered to be recorded completely without sound.^[50] During the match between the two teams in the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga in East Berlin on 6 April 1988, a group of about 250 hooligans of Dynamo Dresden chanted anti-Semitic slogans against BFC Dynamo, such as "Berlin Jews!" and "Jews' sow!".^[269] A number of supporters of SG Dynamo Dresden were allegedly arrested after the match.^[269]

BFC Dynamo's ten-year dominance in the league was eventually broken by Dynamo Dresden in the 1988–89 season. BFC Dynamo won a second consecutive cup title in the 1988-89 FDGB-Pokal, but Dynamo Dresden became the new champion in the 1988-89 DDR-Oberliga. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden then met in the first ever DFV-Supercup in 1989. BFC Dynamo won the match 4–1 in front of 22,347 spectators at the Stadion der Freundschaft in Cottbus and became the first and only winner of the DFV-Supercup in the history of East German football.

BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden met 60 times in the Oberliga, FDGB-Pokal and DFV-Supercup between 1966 and 1991. BFC Dynamo won 21 matches and Dynamo Dresden won 27 matches. BFC Dynamo and Dynamo Dresden also met 10 times in the Regionalliga Nordost between 1995 and 2000. BFC Dynamo won 3 matches and Dynamo Dresden won 5 matches. The last meeting ended 1–1 in front of 8,120 spectators at the Rudolf-Harbig-Stadion in Dresden and took place in the 1999-00 Regionalliga Nordost on 26 April 2000. The two teams rarely meet these days, because Dynamo Dresden regularly appears in the second or third tier of the German football league system. Former Dynamo Dresden player Ralf Minge expressed in an interview in 2018 his satisfaction that Dynamo Dresden has advanced past BFC Dynamo, but also said that he would not mind new duels with BFC Dynamo and that duels with BFC Dynamo "have a certain charm".^[270]

1. FC Union Berlin

BFC Dynamo and 1. FC Union Berlin were founded only a few days apart. Both clubs were formed during the reorganization of East German football in December 1965 and January 1966, when the football departments of ten sports clubs (SC) were reorganized into dedicated football clubs.^[271] However, Union Berlin was not part of the original plan. Two football clubs had already been planned for East Berlin. They were to be formed from the football departments of SC Dynamo Berlin and ASK Vorwärts Berlin.^[272] In addition, TSC Berlin played only in the second tier DDR-Liga at the time.^{[271] [272]} The founding of Union Berlin probably owed much to the intervention of the powerful Herbert Warnke.^{[271] [29] [273]} Herbert Warnke was the chairman of the national state trade union FDGB and a member of the SED Politburo.^[271] Dynamo Berlin and Vorwärts Berlin were both associated with the armed and security organs.^{[271] [272]} Herbert Warnke therefore argued for the formation of a civilian club for the working people of East Berlin.^{[271] [272]} He would be a passionate fan of Union Berlin.^[274] Another high-ranking SED politician who pushed for the founding a civilian football club in East Berlin was the SED First Secretary in East Berlin and SED Politburo member Paul Verner.^[275] Verner held a speech at the founding ceremony of Union Berlin.^[276]

Both BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin belonged to the elite in East German football.^{[29] [277]} The new football clubs were intended as centers of excellence, with the right to draw on talents within designated geographical areas.^{[24] [272]} BFC Dynamo was supported by the Stasi, while Union Berlin was supported by the FDGB.^{[278] [279]} However, Union Berlin was able to trace its origins back to FC Olympia Oberschöneweide in 1906.^[8] BFC Dynamo had no history before East Germany. The supporters of Union Berlin therefore considered their club to be a genuine football club, unlike BFC Dynamo.^[29] However, even as a civilian club, Union Berlin was also part of the sports political system.^{[11] [280] [281]} The founding of the Union Berlin was organized by the then SED First Secretary in Köpenick Hans Modrow.^[282] Like Herbert Warnke, Hans Modrow would be a sponsoring member of the club.^{[278] [282]} The most important positions on the board of Union Berlin were exclusively held by directors of state-owned factories or SED representatives.^[281] Union Berlin was state-funded and all decisions in club had to be reported to the all-powerful central sports agency DTSB.^[280] The DTSB stood in turn under direct control of the SED Central Committee.^[283]

The rivalry between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin began in the mid-1960s. It was initially based on the geographical proximity to each other.^[284] BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin were two clubs from East Berlin in the DDR-Oberliga.^[284] BFC Dynamo struggled in the 1966-67 DDR-Oberliga and was threatened with relegation. The feud between the two clubs began when fans of Union Berlin mocked BFC Dynamo with a banner saying "We greet the relegated" during a league match at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 26 April 1967.^{[285] [279]} Union Berlin won the match by 3–0 and BFC Dynamo was eventually relegated to the DDR-Liga at the end of the season.^[285] While BFC Dynamo was playing in the second tier DDR-Liga, Union Berlin surprisingly won the 1967–68 FDGB-Pokal.^[29] However, BFC Dynamo immediately bounced back and managed to establish itself in the DDR-Oberliga. Union Berlin would then itself be relegated to the DDR-Liga after the 1968-69 DDR-Oberliga, but also managed to return to the DDR-Oberliga after just one season in the second tier. Union Berlin would be the stronger of the two teams until the 1970s.^[286]

The rivalry between the two clubs intensified in the early 1970s.^[284] The player of Union Berlin, Klaus Korn, was suspended after a heated derby in the 1970–71 DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 28 October 1970.^{[284] [285]} The performance of the referees had been "catastrophic" according to private notes from the then Second Club Secretary and Vice President of Union Berlin Günter Mielis, and the match ended with riots.^{[284] [287] [288]} Klaus Korn had insulted players in BFC Dynamo with slurs such as "Stasi-pig". The DFV Legal Commission imposed a one-year ban on Klaus Korn after a circumstantial trial.^{[289] [290]} The DFV Legal Commission also demanded that Union Berlin considered his exclusion from the club. Klaus Korn was then excluded from the club and would never play in the DDR-Oberliga again.^{[289] [290] [284] [285]} Unrest broke out again at a derby in Hohenschönhausen one year later. Eight spectators were arrested after the match between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin in the 1971–72 DDR-Oberliga at the Dynamo-Stadion im Sportforum on 28 December 1971.^[291] The match was attended by 14,000 spectators and the stadium was sold out.^{[292] [293]}

The football landscape in East Berlin changed before the 1971–72 season. Vorwärts Berlin was relocated to Frankfurt an der Oder on 31 July 1971. BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin were from now on the only major football clubs in East Berlin.^[294] The relocation meant that BFC Dynamo could now take over the role of the dominant team for the armed organs in East Berlin. The team would also have opportunity to eventually move into the larger and more centrally located Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark, which led to increased interest in the club and growing attendance numbers.^[284] The districts in East Berlin had previously been divided between BFC Dynamo, Vorwärts Berlin and Union Berlin. Each club was able to recruit young players from training centers (TZ) in their districts.^{[272] [281]} All training centers that had previously belonged to Vorwärts Berlin were now given to BFC Dynamo.^{[272] [281]} The DTSB allegedly saw more potential in BFC Dynamo.^[272] BFC Dynamo now had access to two thirds of all training centers (TZ) in East Berlin.^{[281] [295]} This meant that BFC Dynamo had gained a much stronger position in East Berlin than Union Berlin when it came to recruiting young players.^[286] FC Vorwärts Frankfurt was given Bezirk Potsdam as a catchment area, in addition to Bezirk Frankfurt. Bezirk Potsdam had previously been assigned to Union Berlin and thus had to be handed over to Vorwärts Frankfurt. This further weakened Union Berlin in relation to BFC Dynamo.^{[296] [281]}

Union Berlin was relegated to the DDR-Liga after the 1972–73 season. The Union Berlin star and national team player Reinhard Lauck was transferred to BFC Dynamo after the relegation.^[297] The loss of Lauck was a hard blow for the team. Lauck had contributed greatly to the victory in the final of the 1967–68 FDGB-Pokal and was well-liked among the supporters of Union Berlin.^[297] Supporters of Union Berlin are said to have gathered outside his apartment, to appeal to him to stay in the team and play in the second tier.^{[298] [299]} But Lauck had already decided to change team.^{[298] [218]} The DFV had allegedly advised him to switch to BFC Dynamo in order to continue playing in the national team.^[297] According to a regulation in the 1970 DFV Football Resolution (German: DFV-Fußballbeschluss), national team players in clubs that had been relegated from the DDR-Oberliga should switch clubs in order to remain competitive. Lauck would make a successful appearance for East Germany in the 1974 FIFA World Cup and would win gold with East Germany in the 1976 Summer Olympics.^{[297] [299]} Lauck became the team captain of BFC Dynamo in the 1974–75 season.^[300] He would later win two league titles with BFC Dynamo before ending his career due to a knee injury.^{[299] [301]}

Union Berlin would remain in the DDR-Liga for several seasons. Instead of playing matches against BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga, the team was now left to compete with the reserve team of BFC Dynamo, the BFC Dynamo II. Union Berlin would also suffer more blows which further weakened its position in relation to BFC Dynamo. Herbert Warnke passed in 1975 and was replaced as chairman of the FDGB by Harry Tisch.^[278] Harry Tisch had begun his political career in Rostock and chose instead to give the support of the FDGB to F.C. Hansa Rostock.^[278] Union Berlin thus lost the support of the FDGB and also no longer had any support in the top of the political hierarchy.^[302] From no on, the club could only rely on support from the district administration of the SED in East Berlin and local state-owned enterprises, such as VEB Kabelwerk Oberspree (KWO) and VEB Transformatorenwerk Oberschöneweide (TRO).^{[303] [278]}

The DTSB and the DFV had also continued their efforts to concentrate resources on a few clubs during the 1970s.^[304] A number of football clubs became specially promoted focus clubs in the 1970 DFV Football Resolution.^{[305] [306]} The focus clubs were meant to be strengthened through player transfers. Players in teams that had been relegated from the DDR-Oberliga should switch to focus clubs. The focus clubs were also equipped with more staff as well as better material and technical conditions.^{[307] [305] [306]} BFC Dynamo became the focus club in East Berlin.^{[308] [309] [304]} Even more advantages were then given to the focus clubs in the 1976 DFV Football Resolution. The focus clubs would now be allowed to delegate youth players from other football clubs. They would also be provided with more youth coaches from the DFV and have the right to accommodate twice as many students in their affiliated Children and Youth Sports Schools (KJS) every year, compared to other football clubs.^{[308] [310]} Union Berlin would now have to delegate some of its best young players to BFC Dynamo.^[286] One example was the talented Detlef Helms, who was delegated to BFC Dynamo as a 17-year-old in 1977.^{[281] [277]}

Union Berlin returned to the Oberliga in the 1976–77 season. Stadion an der Alten Försterei was a small football stadium without cinder tracks, where the crowd stood close to the pitch.^{[29] [218]} Union Berlin had become the focus of hooligan attention.^[228] Matches at the Stadion an der Alten Föresterei had regularly been interrupted by spectators throwing objects on the pitch.^[311] The derby between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin was now such as heated affair that the matches were moved by the DFV to the neutral Stadion der Weltjugend in Mitte.^[312] It was considered that safety could not be guaranteed with the larger number of spectators.^{[313] [314] [228] [29]} The Stadion an der Alten Försterei was known for its atmosphere and the Stadion der Weltjugend was located only a few minutes away from the home district of BFC Dynamo.^{[218] [284]} The move was therefore seen as a major disadvantage by the fans to Union Berlin and further diluted their aversion to BFC Dynamo.^{[285] [284]} Union Berlin defeated BFC Dynamo 1–0 in front of 45,000 spectators at the Stadion der Weltjugend in the first meeting of the 1976–77 season on 4 September 1976.^{[315] [316] [317]} Union Berlin also won the return match on 19 February 1977.^[317] The two wins against BFC Dynamo during the 1976–77 season cemented the reputation of Union Berlin as a cult club and crowd puller.^[318]

BFC Dynamo established itself as one of the top teams in the DDR-Oberliga from the mid-1970s. Union Berlin would come to play second fiddle in East Berlin from now on and never finish higher than seventh place in the DDR-Oberliga.^[319] In the shadow of BFC Dynamo, Union Berlin would no longer have any major sporting significance in East Germany.^[320] Union Berlin became a yo-yo team that hovered between the Oberliga and the DDR-Liga.^[319] Supporters of Union Berlin saw BFC Dynamo as the highest representative of the security organs and the police, with privileges in player recruitment and financial support as well as the political clout of Mielke.^[29] This was supposedly in contrast to their own club, which they regarded as an underdog rooted in the working class.^{[29] [228] [321] [8]} BFC Dynamo would be disliked all over East Germany for its successes and its connection to the Stasi.^{[227] [10] [322]} This was also reflected in the derby between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin.^[10] The supporters of Union Berlin were seen as oppositional.^[10] This is illustrated in the famous sentence of the editor-in-chief of the satirical magazine Eulenspiegel: "Not all Union fans are enemies of the state, but all enemies of the state are Union fans."^{[10] [323]} But the fact that people supported Union Berlin did not automatically mean that they were against the state.^[11] Union Berlin got a lot of sympathy as the weaker club.^{[11] [324]} There was a simple rule in East German football, where the least privileged club got the most sympathy.^[17] Supporters of Union Berlin cultivated the image of their club as the eternal underdog.^{[29] [325]}

Clashes between the supporters of the two teams became increasingly common in the 1970s. Union Berlin had one of the most notorious followings in East Germany at this time.^[15] The supporters of Union Berlin often went to away matches in large numbers.^[15] Fights were initially won by the supporters of Union Berlin. They were in the clear majority and could chase the supporters of BFC Dynamo from the streets.^[279] A punch in the face and a stolen scarf was an experience for many young supporters of BFC Dynamo at this time.^[218] But BFC Dynamo gained more and more young supporters with its growing successes in the late 1970s.^[2] Many came from working-class families in Prenzlauer Berg.^[3] The supporters of BFC Dynamo would eventually begin to appear extremely well organized, and by the early 1980s they began to fight back.^{[279] [15]} The tide now turned and the supporters of BFC Dynamo would win all fights between the supporters of the two teams from now on.^{[279] [218]} Derbies at the Stadion der Weltjugend usually ended with a couple of hundred supporters of BFC Dynamo chasing the supporters of Union Berlin along Chausseestraße down towards the Friedrichsstrasse S-Bahn station.^{[326] [15] [327]} The fights often continued on the side streets of Friedrichstraße.^[327]

Union Berlin is sometimes portrayed as having been an opponent of the East German system and derbies between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin during the East German era have been hyped as some kind of domestic political showdown.^[328] But Union Berlin was mostly just a club struggling against unfavorable conditions.^[328] The club had become disadvantaged by the state sports politics compared to local rival BFC Dynamo.^[328] Honorary President of Union Berlin Günter Mielis has said: "Union was not a club of resistance fighters, but we had to fight against a lot of political and economic resistance over and over again. We got strength from our fans".^[329] However, Union Berlin would eventually become known for a supporter scene that was anti-establishment, where dissidents could vent their disdain for the system in the anonymity of a crowd.^[319] Supporters of Union Berlin also saw themselves as stubborn and non-conformist, but this image should not be confused with actual resistance.^[322] Provocation was part of football in East Germany and people shouted out anything, because it was possible to get away with it.^[330] A critical attitude to the system was something that football supporters across East Germany had in common in the 1970s and 1980s.^[331] Supporters of Union Berlin from the East German era concede that it is an exaggeration to call the club a "resistance club".^{[332] [277]} A supporter of Union Berlin has said: "With the best of intentions, Union fans did not contribute to the overthrow of the GDR. No way, we were interested in football. There is the cliché about the club for the enemies of the state, but that wasn't us".^[333] There were no political groups among the supporters of Union Berlin.^[334] For some supporters of Union Berlin, the dissident reputation of Union Berlin is a legend that was created after Die Wende.^[332]

A controversy erupted around Union Berlin in 2011 when it became publicly known that the then President of Union Berlin Dirk Zingler had been a member of the Stasi Guards Regiment "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky" for three years during his military service between 1983 and 1986.^{[335] [336]} Zingler explained that he had sought to spend his military service in Berlin and claimed that he did not know beforehand that the regiment belonged to the Stasi.^[337] However, the Stasi Guards Regiment "Felix E. Dzerzhinsky" was an elite formation; it was not possible to simply apply for the regiment. The Stasi selected who it thought were best fit to serve with the regiment, only accepting recruits that were "loyal to the line".^{[337] [338]} Zingler had also been a member of the Socialist Unity Party (SED) and leader in the Free German Youth (FDJ) at the time.^{[339] [338]} Union Berlin Press spokesman Christian Arbeit commented on the reports about Zingler in 2011 saying: "We do have a very unique history, compared to other clubs. But it wasn't us that always claimed we were this big anti-Stasi club. These are stories that get simplified in the media."^[336]

Most supporters of Union Berlin in the East German era were just normal football supporters.^[330] Politics was not in the foreground.^[277] Supporters of Union Berlin from the era have testified that their support for the club had nothing to do with politics.^[340] The club was the most important thing and the identification with Union Berlin had primarily to do with Köpenick.^{[340] [341]} The rivalry was fueled by local pride from the supporters of the two teams.^[342] However, the political dimension was there nonetheless.^[319] BFC Dynamo was supported by the Stasi, who was disliked by many.^[319] But above all, it was the political instrumentalization of football that irritated supporters of Union Berlin.^[343] The political favoritism of BFC Dynamo greatly contributed to the enthusiasm of the supporters of Union Berlin.^[279] Supporters of Union Berlin embraced the image of the underdog fighting the odds.^[312] An expression of the supporters of Union Berlin was: "Better to be a loser than a stupid Stasi pig".^[320]

The derby between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin was first and foremost a local football derby.^[319] Both clubs had supporters who were not loyal to the line.^{[334] [344] [5]} Also supporters of BFC Dynamo were observed by the Stasi during the 1980s.^[345] East Berlin was divided into two: BFC Dynamo was more strongly represented in some parts, and Union Berlin was more strongly represented in other parts.^[279] Which team you supported was very much a question of where you lived.^[15] BFC Dynamo was the local team if you grew up in Prenzlauer Berg.^[346] And you lived in Mitte, you were also more likely to be a supporter BFC Dynamo, as the home stadium was only a stone's throw away along Schönhauser Allee.^[15] But Mitte was also a contested area.^[21] The border allegedly ran at Alexanderplatz, where many fights between the supporters of the two teams were fought.^{[279] [22]} The home districts of the two clubs, Hohenschönhausen and Köpenick respectively, were always dangerous territory for supporters of the other team.^[279]

BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin met a total of 35 times in the DDR-Oberliga and the FDGB-Pokal. BFC Dynamo won 22 meetings and Union Berlin won 6 meetings. Matches against Union Berlin was often won with big numbers in the late 1970s and 1980s.^{[285] [347]} BFC Dynamo defeated Union Berlin with 1–8 and then 7–1 in the round of 16 of the 1978-79 FDGB-Pokal.^[285] Hans-Jürgen Riediger scored a hat-trick in both legs.^{[348] [349]} BFC Dynamo also defeated Union Berlin 8–1 in the Oberliga on 13 September 1986. Thom, Frank Pastor and Christian Backs scored two goals each.^[350] The 1980s was a crushing win for BFC Dynamo. Former BFC Dynamo midfielder Falko Götz concluded that: "Union was no opponent to us".^[326] The two teams met 13 times in the Oberliga and FDGB-Pokal during the 1980s. BFC Dynamo won 11 matches and two matches ended in a draw. The matches between the two local rivals were hard-fought on the pitch.^[316] Former BFC Dynamo midfielder Frank Terletzki has said that the victories against Union Berlin were always the best.^[347] But despite the rivalry between the clubs, it happened that players hung out outside of football.^[351] Former BFC Dynamo defender Frank Rohde has said that players of BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin often gathered to have a beer together after matches.^[316]

There were several transfers between the two clubs. BFC Dynamo recruited some of the best players of Union Berlin, such as Reinard Lauck in 1973, Detlef Helms in 1977 and Waldemar Ksienzyk in 1984.^{[285] [277]} But there were also transfers in the other direction. Union Berlin predecessor TSC Oberschöneweide recruited Ralf Quest from SC Dynamo Berlin in 1962. Quest scored the winning goal for Union Berlin in the final of the 1967-68 FDGB-Pokal, when the club won a sensational cup victory.^[352] Union Berlin would then recruit several players from BFC Dynamo over the years, such as Werner Heine in 1966, Werner Voigt, Bernd Kempke and Michael Jakob in 1973, Rainer Rohde in 1976, Rainer Wroblewski in 1977, Olaf Seier in 1983, Ralf Sträßer in 1984, Olaf Hirsch in 1986, Norbert Trieloff in 1987, Mario Maek in 1988, and Marco Kostmann and Thomas Grether in 1989, and Bernd Schulz in 1990.^{[317] [277] [316]} Union Berlin recruited a couple of players from BFC Dynamo in the 1980s who did some of their best seasons at the club.^{[353] [218]} Olaf Seier became the team captain of Union Berlin and Ralf Sträßer became first and only player in Union Berlin to ever become league top goal scorer during the East German era.^[281] Mario Maek saved Union Berlin from relegation with a late 3–2 goal against FC Karl-Marx-Stadt in the last match day of the 1987-88 DDR-Oberliga.^{[277] [354]} As many as three former players of BFC Dynamo were involved in the winning goal for Union Berlin: Mario Maek, Olaf Hirsch and Olaf Seier.^[354]

Union Berlin played in the DDR-Liga in the 1989–90 season. FC Berlin and Union Berlin met in the second round of the 1990-91 FDGB-Pokal at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 23 September 1990. It was the first match between the teams since the fall of the Berlin Wall. BFC Dynamo, now named FC Berlin, had now already lost many of its former top-performers to the West German Bundesliga.^{[355] [81]} Union Berlin was now coached by the former BFC Dynamo player and youth coach Werner Voigt.^[356] Hooligans of FC Berlin stormed the home stands armed with clubs and flares and attacked supporters of Union Berlin at the beginning of the match.^[81] Union Berlin won the match 2–1 on extra-time.^[81] It was the first win for Union Berlin against FC Berlin since 1977. Thomas Grether scored the first goal and Olaf Seier scored the winning goal for Union Berlin in the match. Both players had been brought up in the youth department of BFC Dynamo and had played matches for BFC Dynamo in the DDR-Oberliga.^[81] Clashes between supporters of the two teams continued in the city after the match. Serious riots broke out in East Berlin, involving hundreds of supporters.^[83]

FC Berlin and Union Berlin then met in the promotion round to the 2. Bundesliga in the 1990–91 season. FC Berlin lost the first match 1–0 away in the second round at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 8 June 1991. Former BFC Dynamo player Bernd Schulz scored the winning goal for Union Berlin.^[357] FC Berlin then defeated Union Berlin 2–0 in the return match in fifth round in front of 9,475 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 18 June 1991. Heiko Bonan and Thorsten Boer scored one goal each in the match.^[358] FC Berlin was only one point behind leader BSG Stahl Brandenburg before the last round. The team managed to defeat Magdeburg 3–5 away on 23 June 1991. However, BSG Stahl Brandenburg defeated Union Berlin 2–0 away. FC Berlin thus finished in second place and missed promotion. Some supporters of BFC Dynamo are convinced that Union Berlin deliberately lost in order to prevent FC Berlin from advancing to the 2. Bundesliga.^[101] FC Berlin and Union Berlin then also met in the promotion round for the 2. Bundesliga in 1991–92 season. FC Berlin won the first match 3–0 at home in the third round on 31 May 1992. The team then also won the return match 0–4 away in the fourth round on 7 June 1992.

The two teams met again in the new Regionalliga Nordost that was formed in 1994–95 season. Werner Voigt became the new coach of FC Berlin during the 1995–96 season. Voigt had a long history with BFC Dynamo but also had history with Union Berlin. Voigt had played for Union Berlin between 1973 and 1975 and had coached the team between 1990 and 1992.^[356] FC Berlin under coach Voigt lost 0–6 to 1. FC Union Berlin in the 1996–97 Regionalliga Nordost at the Stadion im Sportforum on 28 September 1996. It was the biggest defeat so far to Union Berlin.^[316] Former FC Berlin player Thorsten Boer scored two goals for Union Berlin in the match.^[359] The two teams met 12 times in total in Regionalliga Nordost between 1994 and 2000. BFC Dynamo won one match and Union Berlin won eight matches. The two teams then met in the round of 16 of the 2000-01 Berlin Cup. The match was played in front of 4,427 spectators at the Friedrich-Ludwig-Jahn-Sportpark on 24 March 2001. Union Berlin won the match 0–3. Riots broke out among supporters of BFC Dynamo in Prenzlauer Berg after the match. The police had to deploy water cannons to control the situation.^[135] The most recent meetings between BFC Dynamo and Union Berlin occurred in the 2005–06 NOFV-Oberliga Nord. The first match was played at the Stadion an der Alten Försterei on 21 August 2005. BFC Dynamo was coached by former FC Vorwärts Berlin Jürgen Piepenburg at the time.^[360] BFC Dynamo was missing striker Danny Kukulies and first-choice goalkeeper Nico Thomaschewski before the match. Kukulies was suspended and Thomaschewski injured.^{[361] [360]} German police and members of the SEK carried out a controversial raid against supporters of BFC Dynamo the night before the match.^[147] Club management initially considered withdrawing from the match. The players voted on whether or not to play the match against Union Berlin.^[151] More than 1,000 police officers were deployed to the match.^[326] BFC Dynamo eventually lost 8–0.^[277] Coach Piepenburg was dismissed after the match.^[362] The return match was played at the Stadion im Sportforum on 13 May 2006. The score was 1–1 when around 200 supporters of BFC Dynamo stormed the pitch to attack supporters of Union Berlin.^{[363] [157] [159]} Supporters of Union Berlin fled the guest block in panic.^[158] The match was abandoned and Union Berlin was awarded a 2–0 victory.^{[157] [159]} The two teams has not met since then.

BFC Dynamo met the reserve team of Union Berlin six times in the NOFV-Oberliga Nord and Regionalliga Nordost between 2010 and 2015. Union Berlin II won the first five matches. The last match was played in the 2014-15 Regionalliga Nordost on 15 March 2015. BFC Dynamo defeated Union Berlin II 1–0 in front of 8,169 spectators at Stadion an der Alten Försterei. The match was interrupted for 18 minutes when supporters of Union Berlin tried to attack the supporters of BFC Dynamo.^{[364] [365] [285]} 112 police officers were injured and 175 supporters were arrested during the match.^{[366] [285]} Some media reported that 300 supporters of Union Berlin had participated in the attack on guest supporters. Journalist Frank Willmann attended the match and claims that the number was rather 30. He also said he did not see any injured police.^[365] There have been several cases of violence between the supporters of the two teams during the 2010s.^[367] Around a hundred hooligans from Union Berlin tried to attack a senior tournament organized by BFC Dynamo in the Dynamo-Sporthalle on 30 January 2010.^{[368] [369] [370] [173]} Also women and children got in the way of the attack.^{[371] [370]} Around 30 partially masked supporters from Union Berlin attacked players and a small group of supporters of BFC Dynamo in connection with a senior match between Union Berlin and BFC Dynamo at the Sportanlage Hämmerlingstraße in Köpenick on 27 March 2015.^{[372] [285] [367]} One player of BFC Dynamo and two guest spectators were injured.^[285] A number of supporters of BFC Dynamo joined Hertha BSC in the guest block of the Stadion an der Alten Försterei during the derby between Union Berlin and Hertha BSC on 2 November 2019.^[212]

Sources

• Book: Dennis . Grix . Mike . Jonathan . 2012 . Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle' . Hampshire . 1st . Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited) . 978-0-230-22784-2.
• Book: Karas . Steffen . 66 Jahre BFC Dynamo – Auswärts mit 'nem Bus . 2022 . CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger . Berlin . 978-3-944068-95-4 . 2nd.
• Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 978-3-00-039788-2 .

Notes and References

1. News: 13 April 2020 . Nordwall und Gegengerade . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . https://web.archive.org/web/20210429165526/https://11freunde.de/artikel/nordwall-und-gegengerade/1769170 . 29 April 2021 . 20 September 2020.
2. Web site: The Darth Vaders of East German Soccer: BFC Dynamo . Kleiner . John Paul . 19 April 2013 . The GDR Objectified (gdrobjectified.wordpress.com) . . John Paul Kleiner . 21 August 2019.
3. News: Willmann . Frank . 23 April 2014 . Willmanns Kolumne: Die Feierbiester des BFC Dynamo sind zurück . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . Berlin . 20 March 2021.
4. News: Biermann . Christoph . 10 May 2017 . Why not! – Warum ein Ostberliner in der nordirischen Kurve steht . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 25 April 2020.
5. News: Bertram . Marco . 10 December 2015 . Buchreihe "Fußballfibeln": Ich wohne in der Zone! – Die BFC-Fans der 1980er Jahre . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . Berlin . 26 April 2020.
6. News: Stier . Sebastian . 6 August 2011 . Wenn Hooligans weinen . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . Berlin . 8 January 2022.
7. News: Wurm . Philip . 4 March 2016 . Der große Fußball-Traum des BFC Dynamo . de . Zitty (de) . Berlin . GCM Go City Media GmbH . https://web.archive.org/web/20190201063338/https://www.zitty.de/der-grosse-fussball-traum-des-bfc-dynamo/ . 1 February 2019 . 21 October 2020.
8. News: Schwermer . Alina . 15 May 2019 . Der Ost-Ost-Konflikt . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 24 April 2020.
9. News: Görke . André . 30 August 2007 . Schläger hinter Stacheldraht . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . Berlin . 27 April 2020.
10. Web site: Der Fußballfan in der DDR – zwischen staatlicher Regulierung und gesellschaftlichem Widerstand . Wojtaszyn . Dariusz . 5 August 2018 . bpb.de . . . de . 21 August 2019.
11. News: Bartz . Dietmar . 8 December 2003 . "Die Stasi war nichts Spezielles" . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 28 August 2020.
12. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 39 . 978-3-00-039788-2 .
13. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 132 . 978-3-00-039788-2 .
14. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 225 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
15. Wyschek . Helmut . 1999 . Erich Mielke, soll unser Führer sein . Telegraph (De) . de . . Prenzlberg Dokumentation e.V. . 3 . 1999 . 27 December 2019.
16. Book: Dennis . LaPorte . Mike . Norman . 2011 . State and Minorities in Communist East Germany . . 1st . Berghahn Books . 130 . 978-0-85745-195-8.
17. Web site: "Die Mauer muss weg!" . Willmann . Frank . 18 June 2014 . bpb.de . . . de . 17 May 2020.
18. News: Mustroph . Tom . 17 March 2004 . »Feinde« aus der Alten Försterei . German . . Berlin . nd.Genossenschaft eG . 5 November 2023 . »Doch mit der Stasi«, versichert er, »hatten wir nichts am Hut.« Der Reiz habe ja darin bestanden, gerade bei diesem Verein für Provokationen zu sorgen. Mit der Mannschaft und deren Erfolgen habe man sich aber doch identifiziert. »BFC - okay, Dynamo - nee«, hieß das paradoxe Motto von Identifikation und Ablehnung. .
19. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 197 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
20. News: Görke . André . 23 March 2001 . Sport: 1. FC Union: Notfalls auch für die gesunkene Ölplattform verantwortlich . German . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 15 January 2023 .
21. Book: Dennis . LaPorte . Mike . Norman . 2011 . State and Minorities in Communist East Germany . . 1st . Berghahn Books . 138 . 978-0-85745-195-8.
22. Köhler . Michael . 2011 . Hooliganismus in der DDR – Eingriff des Staates gegen die BFC Dynamo-Hooliganszene . Bachelor . de . . . . 15–18 . 20 August 2022.
23. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 197–198 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
24. Dennis . Mike . 2007 . Behind the Wall: East German football between state and society . German as a Foreign Language (GFL) . 2 . 2007 . 46–73 . 9 June 2019 . 1470-9570.
25. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 278, 279, 364, 332–333, 368 . 978-3-00-039788-2 .
26. Web site: Berlin (BFC) . . n.d. . fanclubaufnaeher.de. de . 4 September 2023 .
27. News: Hahn . Anne . 31 August 2007 . Hooligans in der DDR: Feuerwerk am hellichten Tag . de . . Berlin . der Freitag Mediengesellschaft mbh & Co. KG . 1 May 2020.
28. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 176 . 978-3-00-039788-2 .
29. Book: Dennis . LaPorte . Mike . Norman . 2011 . State and Minorities in Communist East Germany . . 1st . Berghahn Books . 131–132 . 978-0-85745-195-8.
30. News: Sperling . Peer . 12 November 2003 . Geschichten vom Serienmeister . German . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 17 July 2021.
31. Book: Tomlinson . Young . Alan . Christopher . 2006 . German Football: History, Culture, Society . . 1st . Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group . 56 . 0-415-35195-2.
32. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 234 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
33. Web site: "Das Engagement gegen Rechts ist nicht immer störungsfrei" . Bock . Sven . 6 November 2018 . fupa.net . . Lausitzer VerlagsService GmbH . de . 1 May 2020.
34. News: Boßdorf . Hagen . 13 April 1991 . Das prügelnde Mysterium . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 10 May 2020.
35. News: Schwermer . Alina . 15 May 2019 . Der Ost-Ost-Konflikt . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 24 April 2020 . 'Da hat es bei Auswärtsfahrten richtig gerumst, und da erst hat man die eigene Stärke gespürt. Wenn wir mit 200 Leuten gegen 1.000 Unioner vorgegangen sind und man merkte: Wenn man zusammenhält, hat man eine wahnsinnige Gewalt.'.
36. News: Vogelsang . Lucas . 20 November 2008 . Ultras Kutten Hooligans . German . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 26 September 2021 .
37. Web site: Riot Boys! . . n.d. . buchfreund.de . . w+h GmbH . de . 1 October 2023 .
38. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 175–176 . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Gegen uns ist kaum ein feindlischer Mob agetreten, wir waren einfasch zu viele … Die Leute, die sich den gewaltsuchenden BFC-ern in den Weg gestellt haben, waren sehr wenige. Da kamen auf eenmal Klopper, die nur Randale gesucht haben. Damit ist der Unioner nicht klar gekommen. Es kam soweit, dass Unioner die S-Bahntüren mit Fahrradketten versperrten, um am Alex nicht von BFC-ern angrefiffen zu werden … Die BFC-er waren völlig durchorganisiert, die hatten gewitzte Anführer. Zwar waren die viel weniger, aber Fan war gleich Gewaltmasse. Diese hunderfünfzig Leute, da kannte sich jeder. Wenn's zur Sache ging, standen die als Block wie ne mayer. .
39. Köhler . Michael . 2011 . Hooliganismus in der DDR – Eingriff des Staates gegen die BFC Dynamo-Hooliganszene . Bachelor . de . . . . 18 . 20 August 2022. Wie ein BFC-Hooligan berichtet: 'Dieses Gefühl, gehasst zu werden, macht den Reiz aus. Nicht umsonst gab es den Spruch: Wir sind wenig, wir sind geil!'.
40. News: Görke . André . 30 August 2007 . Schläger hinter Stacheldraht . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . Berlin . 27 April 2020 . 'Gegen uns ist kaum ein feindlicher Mob angetreten, wir waren einfach zu viele. Blockstürmung war ein beliebtes Ding. Doch die Leute, die sich den gewaltsuchenden BFCern in den Weg gestellt haben, waren sehr wenige. Da kamen auf einmal Klopper, die nur Randale gesucht haben. Es kam so weit, dass Unioner die S-Bahn-Türen mit Fahrradketten versperrten, um nicht von BFCern am Alex angegriffen zu werden. Die BFCer waren völlig durchorganisiert. Diese hundertfünfzig Leute, da kannte sich jeder. Die standen als Block wie 'ne Mauer.'.
41. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 75, 138–139, 174, 237–239. 978-3-00-039788-2 .
42. News: Leue . Gunnar . 22 January 2015 . "Was macht die Staatsmacht jetzt?" – Ein ehemaliger Stasi-Mann über Berliner "Fußballrowdys" . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG.
43. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 309 . 978-3-00-039788-2 .
44. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 194, 196, 200–201 . 978-3-00-039788-2 .
45. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 196 . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Aus meiner Umbegung, der 78/79-Zeit gibt's kaum einen, der nicht in den Knast gekommen ist. Wir sind alle im Bau gelandet.. .
46. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 194, 199 . 978-3-00-039788-2 .
47. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 201 . 978-3-00-039788-2 .
48. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 196 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
49. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 343 . 978-3-00-039788-2 .
50. Köhler . Michael . 2011 . Hooliganismus in der DDR – Eingriff des Staates gegen die BFC Dynamo-Hooliganszene . Bachelor . de . . . . 39 . 20 August 2022.
51. Köhler . Michael . 2011 . Hooliganismus in der DDR – Eingriff des Staates gegen die BFC Dynamo-Hooliganszene . Bachelor . de . . . . 20 . 6 October 2023.
52. Book: Dennis . LaPorte . Mike . Norman . 2011 . State and Minorities in Communist East Germany . . 1st . Berghahn Books . 140 . 978-0-85745-195-8.
53. News: Lang-Lendorff . Antje . 21 October 2007 . Montagsinterview: "Dieser Hass hat mich erschreckt" . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 26 April 2020.
54. Web site: 'Stasi club' BFC Dynamo: What happened to the record East German champions? . Ford . Matt . 7 November 2019 . Deutsche Welle . . 7 May 2019.
55. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 164 . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Wie konnte man in einen sozialistischen System mehr provozieren, als mit rechten Parolen? .
56. News: Vertuschte Gefahr: Die Stasi & Neonazis . Wagner . Dr. Bernd . 2 January 2018 . bpb.de . . de . 7 May 2020.
57. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 211 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
58. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 75–76 . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Rechts war die Szene nicht, wir ham uns zwar als rechts bezeichnet, doch war das eher pure Provokation, über Politik wusste keiner groß Bescheid. Aber vor den Bullen den Arm zu heben, war schon ein Ding, da ist bei einigen Vopos's ne Welt zusammengebrochen. .
59. News: Hahn . Anne . 12 May 2022 . BFC Dynamo: Der Mythos des Schiebermeisters . de . . Hamburg . Zeit Online GmbH . 2 June 2022 .
60. Blaschke . Ronny . 26 March 2007 . Kehrseite des Sommermärchens- FUSSBALLKRAWALLE: Der BFC Dynamo - ein Beispiel dafür, wie Rechtsradikale in Ostclubs Gewalt säen und Macht ernte . de . DasParlament . Berlin . . 2007 . 13 . 22 August 2024 . Als ihr Feinbild bezeichneten sie jene "Spießer", die zum Parteitag die DDR-Flagge schwenkten, aber im Stadion der Staatsmacht den Finger zeigten. Schon in den Achtzigern führte das zu Ausschreitungen. .
61. Köhler . Michael . 2011 . Hooliganismus in der DDR – Eingriff des Staates gegen die BFC Dynamo-Hooliganszene . Bachelor . de . . . . 19–210 . 20 August 2022.
62. Nölder . Jürgen . 7 June 1988 . Am Ziel aller Wünche: Doppel . Die neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . . 23 . 1988 . 3 . 0323-8407 . 1 October 2023 .
63. Book: Dennis . LaPorte . Mike . Norman . 2011 . State and Minorities in Communist East Germany . . 1st . Berghahn Books . 141 . 978-0-85745-195-8 .
64. Web site: Neonazismus, Rassismus und Antisemitismus in der DDR . . 29 May 2019 . hagalil.com . München . Dr. Andrea Livnat (ViSdP) . de . 29 September 2023 . Ca. 300 Berliner Fans versuchten gewaltsam auf das Spielfeld zu gelangen, was "Sicherungskräfte des Wachregimentes des MfS und der Volkspolizei" verhindern konnten. Etwa 60 Sitzbänke wurden zerstört bzw. beschädigt..
65. Web site: Vertuschte Gefahr: Die Stasi & Neonazis . Wagner . Dr. Bernd . 2 January 2018 . bpb.de . . de . 1 March 2024 . Der Stasichef Erich Mielke wurde 1988 beim Besuch des DDR-Fußballpokalendspiels mit SA-Liedern und Nazi-Randale begrüßt und seine Stasitruppe angegriffen. .
66. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 220 . 978-1-107-05203-1 .
67. News: Hartwig . Wolfgang . 6 November 1989 . Der BFC ist gefordert . German . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 24 July 2021.
68. Book: Maihorn, Max . 2008 . Zum Wandel des Hooliganismus im Sport . 1st . Hamburg . Diplomica Verlag . 61 . 978-3-8366-1805-2.
69. Book: Dennis . LaPorte . Mike . Norman . 2011 . State and Minorities in Communist East Germany . . 1st . Berghahn Books . 197 . 978-0-85745-195-8.
70. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 314 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
71. News: Fuge . Jens . 3 November 2013 . Der Tag, an dem Mike Polley starb . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 23 May 2020.
72. News: . 9 September 1990 . Ins Bein . de . 1990 . 37 . . Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG . Hamburg . 18 August 2022 .
73. News: Kohlhuber . Sören . 4 November 2015 . Der letzte deutsche Fußballtote . de . Zeit Online . Hamburg . Zeit Online GmbH . 29 August 2022.
74. Nachtigall . Rainer . 4 April 1990 . Es ist schon fünf Minuten vor Zwölf . Neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . Sportverlag GmbH (de) . 1990 . 15 . 6 . 0323-8407 . 20 August 2021.
75. News: . 28 May 1990 . Ein lebendes Hakenkreuz . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 April 2023 .
76. News: Willmann . Frank . 26 May 2016 . Hooligans in der DDR: "Danach zoger wir brandschatzend durch Ostberlin" . de . Zeit Online . Hamburg . Zeit Online GmbH . 24 August 2021.
77. News: 2 April 1990 . Völlig außer Kontrolle . de . 1990 . 14 . . SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG . Berlin . 10 May 2020.
78. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 165 . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Um 1989/1990, zur Wendezeit, wa Skinoutfit ruckzuck out! Das hatte triftge Gründe: Zum einem wollte man nicht mehr als martialischer Rowdy identifiziert werden. Und zeitens wollte man sich wiederum von der zonalen Prolomasse abgrenzen, die sich plötzlich bis nach Hoyerswerda als Skinhead kleidete. Jeder Idiot lief in Bomberjacke rum und schroe "Sieg Heil" - die Presse war geil drauf ... .
79. Book: Bertram, Marco . 2015 . BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel . 1st . Berlin . CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger . 88–89 . 978-3-944068-38-1 .
80. News: Schulz . Jürgen . 25 September 1990 . Rückpaß in die Vergangenheit . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 6 June 2022 .
81. News: Goldmann . Sven . 13 September 2010 . Berliner Derbys: Mielkes verrückte Enkel . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . Berlin . 24 May 2020.
82. News: . 25 September 1990 . Fans des FC Berlin schlugen wieder zu . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 April 2023 .
83. News: . 1 October 1990 . Büchsen, Steine, Leuchtraketen . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 November 2022 .
84. News: Willmann . Frank . 26 May 2016 . Hooligans in der DDR: "Danach zoger wir brandschatzend durch Ostberlin" . de . Zeit Online . Hamburg . Zeit Online GmbH . 5 August 2021 . 1990 war dank der vielen Abgänge in den Westen relativ schnell klar, dass mit der aktuellen Mannschaft kein Blumentopf zu gewinnen war. Wir haben dann unser Augenmerk auf andere Dinge gerichtet..
85. News: . 12 February 2007 . Schuss aus Dienstwaffe tötete Mike Polley . . de . Berlin . NZ Netzeitung GmbH . https://web.archive.org/web/20081024065319/http://www.netzeitung.de/sport/530811.html . 24 October 2008 .
86. News: Herden . Lutz . 2 October 2020 . Hooligans in der DDR: Feuerwerk am hellichten Tag . de . 2020 . 39 . . Berlin . der Freitag Mediengesellschaft mbh & Co. KG . 18 August 2022 .
87. Web site: Turbulenter Herbst 1990: Schüsse bei Lok Leipzig vs. Bayern München, besetztes Lenin-Denkmal in Dresden . Bertram . Marco . 18 August 2017 . turus.net . . Karsten Höft . de . 19 August 2022 .
88. News: Jahn . Michael . 5 November 1990 . Der Tag, an dem Hooligans Leipzig terrorisierten – Bisher schwerste 'Fußball'-Krawalle im Osten . de . . Berlin . Berliner Verlag GmbH.
89. Schück . Holger . 5 November 1990 . Unglaublich! Rowdys hatten Krawalle vorher angekündigt . Neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . Sportverlag Berlin (DDR) Sportverlag GmbH . 1990 . 45 . 4 . 0323-8407 . 27 December 2021.
90. Henning . Peter . 5 November 1990 . So lief alles ab: Die Krawalle von Leipzig und der Tod des Mike P. . Neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . Sportverlag Berlin (DDR) Sportverlag GmbH . 1990 . 45 . 4 . 0323-8407 . 27 December 2021.
91. News: . 5 November 1990 . Hooligans nahmen Fußballspiel FC Sachsen Leipzig gegen FC Berlin zum Anlaß wütender Randale / In einer Notwehrsituation kam der Befehl zum Schußwaffeneinsatz . German . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 27 December 2021 .
92. News: Gast . Sorge . W. . R. . 7 November 1990 . 'Notwehrsituation der Polizei völliger Unsinn' . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 23 May 2020.
93. News: 12 November 1990 . 'Hoffen auf den geilen Fight' . de . . SPIEGEL-Verlag Rudolf Augstein GmbH & Co. KG . Hamburg . 23 May 2020.
94. News: Puppe . Mattias . 2 November 2010 . Ausnahmezustand in Leutzsch: Als in Leipzig ein Fußballfan erschossen wurde . de . Sportbuzzer . Hannover . Sportbuzzer GmbH . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227155713/https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/ausnahmezustand-in-leutzsch-vor-20-jahren-wurde-in-leipzig-ein-hooligan-erschoss/ . 27 February 2021 . 23 May 2020.
95. News: Schwarz . Stefan . 5 November 1990 . Tödliche Schüsse nach Krawallen . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 23 May 2020.
96. News: Puppe . Matthias . 2 November 2010 . Ausnahmezustand in Leutzsch: Als in Leipzig ein Fußballfan erschossen wurde . German . . Hannover . Sportbuzzer GmbH . 27 December 2021 . 27 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210227155713/https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/ausnahmezustand-in-leutzsch-vor-20-jahren-wurde-in-leipzig-ein-hooligan-erschoss/ . dead .
97. News: Thomma . Norbert . 7 November 1990 . Von Notwehr keine Rede . German . . Frankfurt am Main . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH . 10 December 2023 .
98. News: . 12 November 1990 . "Wir sind doch keine Radaubrüder" . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 30 September 2023 .
99. News: 5 November 1990 . Krawalle bei Fußballspiel fordern einen Toten . de . . . Süddeutsche Zeitung GmbH.
100. News: . 12 November 1990 . Hooligans trauern friedlich in Berlin . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 3 October 2023 .
101. Web site: Letzte DDR-Oberliga-Saison von BFC Dynamo: Den Absprung verpasst . 26 May 2021 . www.rbb24.de . Berlin . . de . https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175404/https://www.rbb24.de/sport/beitrag/2021/05/fussball-letzte-saison-ddr-oberliga-vor-30-jahren-bfc-dynamo-fc-berlin.html . 29 October 2021 . 20 June 2021.
102. News: 29 March 2018 . Gedenken an Mike Polley: BFC plant Fanmarsch zum Gastspiel bei Chemie Leipzig . de . Sportbuzzer . Hannover . Sportbuzzer GmbH . 23 May 2020 . 9 April 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220409095937/https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/gedenken-an-mike-polley-bfc-plant-fanmarsch-zum-gastspiel-bei-chemie-leipzig/ . dead .
103. News: Schubert . Marko . 3 June 2010 . Lebensbeichte eines Dynamo-Fans - "Erich, wink doch mal!" . de . . Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG . Hamburg . 8 May 2020.
104. Book: Pilz . Behn . Harzer . Lynen von Berg . Selmer . Gunther A. . Sabine . Erika . Heinz . Nicole . 2009 . Rechtsextremismus im Sport in Deutschland und im internationalen Vergleich . Frankfurt am Main . Netzwerk Sport & Politik für Fairness, Respekt und Menschenwürde bei der Deutschen Sportjugend . 121.
105. Book: Krankenhagen . Schmidt . Stefan . Birger . 2007 . Aus der Halbdistanz: Fußballbiographien und Fußballkulturen heute . . 1 . LIT Verlag, Dr. Wilhelm Hopf . 139 . 978-3-8258-0194-6.
106. Web site: GDR » Oberliga 1988/1989 » Attendance » Home matches . worldfootball.net . Münster . HEIM:SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co. KG . 9 May 2020.
107. Web site: GDR » Oberliga 1990/1991 » Attendance » Home matches . worldfootball.net . Münster . HEIM:SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co. KG . 9 May 2020.
108. News: 18 March 1991 . Hooligans wüteten in Rostock: Plünderungen und Straßenschlachten . de . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 20 August 2021.
109. News: Richter . Wolfgang . 19 March 1991 . Nicht nur Rostock erschrak über Fußballkrieg: Polley schon vergessen?. de . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 24 May 2020.
110. News: Bossdorf . Hagen . 22 March 1991 . Chronologie der Gewalt . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 30 September 2023 .
111. News: . 20 March 1991 . Gomolka: Stasi steckt hinter Rostocker Randalierern . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 April 2023 .
112. News: Nüsser . Klaus . 22 March 1991 . Gewalt grenzenlos — Der Sport ist ratlos . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 April 2023 .
113. Hogg . Emanuel . 2017 . Kicking Through the Wall: Football, Division, and Entanglement in Postwar Berlin . PhD . . . 10.22215/etd/2017-11830 . 206 . 2 March 2022 . free.
114. News: . 7 November 1991 . Deutsche Fremdsprache . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 April 2023 .
115. News: Nickel . Sigrun . 5 November 1991 . Irrfahrt auf der Flucht vor Hooligans . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 April 2023 .
116. News: . 6 November 1991 . Asylbewerber weiter auf der Flucht . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 April 2023 .
117. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 321 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
118. News: Hautop . Christian . 23 November 1991 . SV Hafen Rostock ließ Oberliga-Spiel gegen FC Berlin platzen – Krawall-Angst! . de . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH.
119. News: Landwehr . Bernhard . 17 May 1996 . Dynamos abgewickelte Kinder . German . 21/1996 . . Hamburg . Zeit Online GmbH . https://web.archive.org/web/20170121123107/http://www.zeit.de/1996/21/Dynamos_abgewickelte_Kinder/seite-2 . 21 January 2017 . 9 September 2023 .
120. News: Landwehr . Bernhard . 17 May 1996 . Dynamos abgewickelte Kinder . German . 21/1996 . . Hamburg . Zeit Online GmbH . https://web.archive.org/web/20130626134816/http://www.zeit.de/1996/21/Dynamos_abgewickelte_Kinder/seite-3 . 26 June 2013 . 9 September 2023 .
121. News: . 18 March 1996 . Randale in der City - 1:0 im Stadion . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 6 March 2024 .
122. News: . 19 April 1995 . Massenschlägerei . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 23 April 2023 .
123. News: Asmunth . Gereon . 8 September 1997 . Ehemals besetzte Häuser angegriffen . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 23 April 2023 .
124. News: Schwermer . Alina . 25 May 2016 . Rassismus beim BFC Dynamo: Ultralangsam aus der rechten Ecke . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 24 May 2020.
125. News: Görke . André . 1 November 2001 . Rocker statt Stasi . de . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 3 October 2021 .
126. News: 18 March 2003 . Erste Erkenntnisse nach der Razzia im "Sky Club": Die organisierte Kriminalität mischt mit . German . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 12 August 2021 . Die Strukturen: Die Ostszene etabliert sich meist aus dem Umfeld des Fußballvereins BFC Dynamo und seinen Hooligans..
127. News: Rossberg . Kürthy . Schneider . Peter . Stephan . Frank . 17 August 2017 . Droger, huren rocker-klubs: Das schmutzige Geschäft der Hooligans . German . . Berlin . BILD GmbH . 18 December 2021 .
128. News: . 19 August 2019 . Nivel-Schläger steht erneut vor Gericht . German . . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 18 December 2021 .
129. News: Bollwahn . Barbara . 28 May 1999 . "Futter für wilde Tiere" . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 27 August 2021.
130. News: 12 May 1999 . Dynamo-Fans laufen Amok . German . . Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG . Hamburg . 4 June 2021.
131. Book: Bertram, Marco . 2015 . BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel . 1st . Berlin . CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger . 119 . 978-3-944068-38-1 .
132. News: Görke . André . 30 May 2000 . Schlechte Erinnerungen und Hoffen auf ein friedliches Finale vor dem heutigen Duell . German . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 4 June 2021 . Schließlich sind nicht alle Fans des BFC Dynamo Gewalttäter oder gar Rechtsradikale. Und die älteren BFC-Fans freuen sich auch nicht gerade über den Besuch der Rechten. "Wenn hundert organisierte Nazis in unserem Fanblock stehen und Sprüche gegen Juden und Türken machen, kriege ich Pickel", sagte beispielsweise BFC-Fan Titus nach der Randale im vergangenen Jahr..
133. News: Rada . Uwe . 15 May 1999 . Türkischer Bund: BFC Dynamo raus! . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 4 June 2021.
134. News: Becht-Zwetkov . Diana . 18 May 1999 . BFC Dynamo: Ratlos nach Unruhen . German . . Berlin . Berliner Morgenpost GmbH . 17 August 2021 . Vor Anpfiff zum letzten Spiel der Saison am Sonnabend gegen FC Rot-Weiß Erfurt ergriff Wanski über die Stadionlautsprecher das Wort: 'Der erste Stein ist von unseren Anhängern geworfen worden und wir werden alles tun, damit sich solche Ausschreitungen nicht wiederholen. Wer sich nicht benehmen kann, hat in unserem Stadion nichts zu suchen.'.
135. News: Schnedelbach . Lutz . 26 March 2001 . Krawalle nach Fußballspiel . German . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 4 June 2021.
136. News: . 26 March 2001 . Das peinliche Ost-Derby . de . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 15 January 2023 .
137. News: Wolf . Matthias . 26 March 2001 . Dynamos doppelte Niederlage: Die Krawalle nach dem 0:3 gegen Union zerstören das Bemühen des Klubs um Imageverbesserung . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . Berlin . 20 June 2021.
138. News: Wolf . Matthias . 31 March 2001 . BFC-Präsidentin wird diffamiert: Stadionverbote angedroht . German . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 20 June 2021.
139. News: 22 August 2005 . Toter BFC-Fan wird von den Hooligans als Märtyrer verehrt . de . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 29 November 2020 . Berlin gilt als Hauptstadt der Hools. Bei der "Einsatzgruppe Hooligans" der Polizei sind rund 1000 Personen erfaßt. Sie werden der "Kategorie B" (gewaltgeneigt) und "C" (gewaltsuchend) zugeordnet. Der BFC Dynamo hat bundesweit die gewalttätigsten Anhänger. Etwa 150 werden in der Kategorie C eingestuft, bei Union sind es 40..
140. News: . 12 February 2005 . Polizeieinsatz in Oberliga . German . n-tv . Cologne . n-tv Nachrichtenfernsehen GmbH . 17 October 2021 .
141. News: . 13 February 2005 . Verletzte bei Krawall im Stadion . de . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 7 January 2022 .
142. News: . 26 April 2005 . Randale im Jahn-Sportpark: Verletzte Polizisten bei Krawallen nach Fußballspiel des BFC Dynamo . de . . Berlin . Berliner Morgenpost GmbH . 5 December 2021 .
143. News: Iowa . Nicolas . 26 April 2005 . Gezielte Provokationen: Beim Fußballspiel zwischen Yesilyurt und dem BFC Dynamo kommt es zu Ausschreitungen . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 5 December 2021 .
144. News: Wolf . Matthias . 8 August 2005 . Aggression zum Auftakt: Anhänger des Oberligisten BFC Dynamo randalieren . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 5 December 2021 . Beim Bierfest in Friedrichshain sollen BFC-Anhänger dann gezielt ausländiche Mitbürger attackiert haben, so die Polizei. 'Wir distanzieren uns von dieser Gruppe', erklärte Kaufmann, 'das ist ein Mob von Reisefans, der überall Ärger machen will und jetzt den BFC in Misskredit bringt.' .
145. News: Hasselmann . Jörg . 7 August 2005 . Aufwärmphase für dieHooligans . de . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 16 December 2021 .
146. News: Hasselmann . Jörn . 25 August 2005 . Dynamo-Fans sprechen von Racheakt . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 16 December 2021.
147. News: Plutonia . Plarre . 30 August 2005 . Polizeipräsident verteidigt Razzia . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 17 December 2021.
148. News: Willmann . Frank . 22 August 2005 . Blendgranaten und Schüsse . de . . Berlin . Linke Presse Verlags- Förderungs- und Beteiligungsgenossenschaft junge Welt e.G. . 29 November 2020.
149. News: Willmann . Frank . 22 August 2005 . Blendgranaten und Schüsse . de . . Berlin . Linke Presse Verlags- Förderungs- und Beteiligungsgenossenschaft junge Welt e.G. . 29 November 2020.
150. News: Behrendt . Lier . Schlichting . Michael . Axel . Sebastian . 23 August 2005 . Vorwürfe nach Polizeieinsatz . de . . Berlin . Berliner Morgenpost GmbH . 31 October 2021 .
151. News: 21 August 2005 . Razzia in Berlin: 180 Fußball-Anhänger festgenommen . de . . Frankfurt am Main . Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung GmbH . 29 November 2020.
152. News: Behrendt . Schlichting . Michael . Sebastian . 24 August 2005 . Polizei nach Hooligan-Razzia unter Druck . de . Die Welt . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 29 November 2020.
153. News: 22 August 2005 . Heult doch, ihr Hools! . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 20 November 2020.
154. News: Koch . Funke . Matthias . Rainr . 26 August 2005 . Anzeigenflut gegen die Polizei . de . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 29 November 2020.
155. News: Koch . Matthias . 24 August 2005 . Falsche Zeit, falscher Ort . German . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 17 December 2021 .
156. News: Wolf . Matthias . 5 September 2005 . Frustriert im Vereinsheim: Der BFC Dynamo verliert erneut und ist jetzt Letzter . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 4 November 2021 .
157. News: 15 May 2006 . BFC-Hooligans, Krawalle beim Derby gegen Union . de . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 29 November 2020.
158. News: Wolf . Matthias . 15 May 2006 . Wild auf Gewalt: Beim Oberligaderby zwischen dem BFC und Union Berlin machen wie befürchtet Hooligans mobil . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 12 November 2021 .
159. News: Koch . Matthias . 23 May 2006 . Sportgericht bestraft BFC Dynamo . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 29 November 2020.
160. News: Koch . matthias . 15 June 2006 . Nach Hooligan-Krawallen: BFC verzichtet auf Zuschauer . German . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH .
161. News: Koch . Matthias . 23 May 2006 . Sportgericht bestraft BFC Dynamo . de . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 13 November 2021 .
162. News: Görke . André . 12 December 2008 . Staats Gewalt . German . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 28 December 2021 .
163. Web site: Der BFC Dynamo ist wieder da: Rückblick auf die vergangenen 20 Jahre . Bertram . Marco . 15 April 2014 . turus.net . . Karsten Höft . de . 27 December 2021 .
164. News: Bunkus . Mathias . 8 December 2008 . Gepfefferte BFC-Randale . de . . Berlin . Berliner Verlag GmbH . 28 December 2021 .
165. News: Färber . Michael . 8 December 2008 . TeBe-Sieg gegen BFC von Randale überschattet . de . . Berlin . Berliner Morgenpost GmbH . 30 December 2021 .
166. Web site: TeBe vs. BFC Dynamo: Willkürliche Polizeigewalt gegen Fußball-Fans . Schmahld . Ralf . 12 December 2008 . turus.net . . Karsten Höft . de . 29 December 2021 .
167. News: Buntrock . Görke . Spannagel . Tanja . André . Lars . 12 December 2008 . Hier schlägt der Chef noch selbst . German . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 28 December 2021 .
168. News: Buntrock . Tanja . 9 December 2008 . 58 Festnahmen bei TeBe gegen BFC Dynamo . German . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 28 December 2021 .
169. News: Bunkus . Mathias . 9 December 2008 . "Die Polizei griff zu schnell ein" . de . . Berlin . Berliner Verlag GmbH . 29 December 2021 .
170. News: . 12 December 2008 . Skandal-Video! Polizist schlägt Fußball-Fan . German . . Berlin . BILD GmbH . 28 December 2021 .
171. News: Richter . Christine . 13 December 2008 . Polizist nach Fußball-Randale von Aufgabe entbunden . de . . Berlin . Berliner Morgenpost GmbH . 30 December 2021 .
172. News: . 13 December 2008 . Ermittlungen gegen Polizisten . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 8 January 2022 .
173. News: Raack . Axel . 11 February 2011 . 'Stadtderby mit Schwachköpfen' . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 29 November 2020.
174. News: Raack . Axel . 2 August 2011 . 'Ich schäme mich für unsere Fans' . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 29 November 2020.
175. News: Stein . Marcel . 30 July 2013 . BFC Dynamo sehnt sich nach einem Fußballfest im DFB-Pokal . German . . Berlin . Berliner Morgenpost GmbH . https://web.archive.org/web/20130824024428/https://www.morgenpost.de/sport/berlin-sport/article118540563/BFC-Dynamo-sehnt-sich-nach-einem-Fussballfest-im-DFB-Pokal.html . 24 August 2013 . 4 June 2021.
176. News: 2 June 2010 . BFC-Randale nach Sieg von Ankaraspor . de . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 8 January 2022 .
177. News: Schulz . Jürgen . 4 June 2010 . BFC Dynamo droht nach dem Randale-Finale eine Pokal-Sperre . German . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH .
178. News: Bock . Andreas . 3 June 2010 . "Das sind Krawalltouristen" . German . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 16 May 2021.
179. News: . 30 July 2011 . Hunderte Hooligans stürmen Gästeblock . de . . Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG . Hamburg . 9 January 2022 .
180. News: Völkr . Markus . 31 July 2011 . Hooliganattacken bei BFC Dynamo - Lautern: Auf die Fresse! . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 9 January 2022 .
181. News: 26 October 2001 . Marsch gegen Zwangsabstieg . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 2 October 2021 .
182. News: Der BFC Dynamo geht in Insolvenz: Fans demonstrieren gegen den Fall in die Kreisliga C . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . Berlin . 2 October 2021 .
183. News: Schulz . Jürgen . Mielkes liebste Kicker: Der BFC Dynamo ist unbeliebt und pleite – doch seine Fans machen den alten DDR-Verein wieder flott . 14 June 2022 . de . 2002 . 14 . Zitty (de) . Berlin . Zitty Verlag GmbH . 7 June 2021.
184. News: Meyer . Ulli . 14 April 2003 . Das besondere Berliner Derby . de . Fußball-Woche (de) . Berlin . Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH . 7 June 2021.
185. News: 3 November 2018 . Vor 28 Jahren wurde Mike Polley erschossen . de . Faszination Fankurve . . Faszination Fankurve, Sole trader: Johannes Mäling . 24 May 2020.
186. News: . 20 October 2003 . 28 Mannschaften beim Fan-Turnier . de . Fußball-Woche (de) . Berlin . Fußball-Woche Verlags GmbH . 26 September 2021 .
187. News: 15 April 2018 . 850 BFC-Fans gedenken Mike Polley . de . Die Welt . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 23 May 2020.
188. News: Bock . Andreas . 31 March 2015 . 'Das hat eine neue Qualität' . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 24 May 2020.
189. News: Bühler . Karin . 28 April 2022 . Der BFC Dynamo hatte 2021 den größten Mitgliederzuwachs aller Berliner Vereine . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 28 April 2022 .
190. Book: Bertram, Marco . 2015 . BFC Dynamo Fußballfibel . 1st . Berlin . CULTURCON medien, Sole trader: Bernd Oeljeschläger . 137 . 978-3-944068-38-1 .
191. News: Willmann . Frank . 26 September 2012 . Willmanns Kolumne: Arthur aus Marzahn . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . Berlin . 24 May 2020.
192. Web site: Satzung des BFC DYNAMO e.V. (Stand 29.08.2018) - § 2 Zweck und Aufgabe des Vereins . bfc.com . . Berliner Fussball Club Dynamo e.V. . de . 4 August 2024 . 3. Zweck des Vereins sind die körperliche Ertüchtigung und sportliche Forderung seiner Mitglieder. die Pflege von Sportgemeinschaft sowie die Beaufsichtigung und Anlei- tung. insbesondere der Jugend, bei sportlichen Übungen. Der Verein ist politisch und weltanschaulich neutral. Er fühlt sich in hohem Maße dem Gedanken des Fair Play und des Antirassismus verbunden. .
193. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 201–202 . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Ich war nie rechts, ich habe jeden gehasst, der den Arm gehoben hat. Ich seh mich eher links, also sozial eingestellt. ... Die Krawalle, Ende der 80er, waren schon nicht mehr mein Ding ... Die FC Berlin-Zeit habe ich nicht mitgemacht. Was sich während der Wendezeit beim plötzlich herumgetrieben hat, war katastrophal. Vielleicht hätte wir, 'normalen' Fans, die sich zwar gern mal gekloppt haben, aber nichts mit Nazischeiß am Hut hatten, damals eingreifen müssen. Ich glaube, dort liegt der Ursprung des Images, dass man sich als Nazi oder rechts Orientierter beim BFC heimisch fühlen kann. Hätte man damals mehr Herz gezeigt, wäre der BFC heute anders. Ich glaube aber, dass der Verein nur eine Chance hat, wenn alle Beteiligten für Veränderungen bereit sind. .
194. News: Willmann . Frank . 12 November 2014 . Willmanns Kolumne: Gästefazit: Nachttischlampen und dürre Weiber . German . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 9 August 2024 . Der BFC ist intern gegen das Mitglied des Fanclubs „Black Boys Dynamo“ vorgegangen, die Fanvereinigung hat sich öffentlich distanziert, ein positives Zeichen des Clubs und seines Fanbeauftragten. .
195. News: Koch . Matthias . 30 July 2007 . "Wer pöbelt, der fliegt" . de . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 28 December 2021 . "Das betrifft Rechte und Hooligans? Das betrifft alle, die bei Fußballspielen stören. Wer Naziparolen brüllt, fliegt aus dem Stadion." .
196. News: 21 August 2007 . BFC DYNAMO: Nach dem drohenden Spielverbot schlägt Fan-Beauftragter Rainer Lüdtke im B.Z.-Interview Alarm . de . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 24 May 2020.
197. News: Hasselmann . Jörg . 18 August 2007 . Furcht vor Krawall: Polizei macht Druck beim BFC Dynamo . German . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 8 January 2022 .
198. Web site: FanProjekt Berlin: Aufsuchende pädagogische Arbeit mit jugendlichen Fußballfans . sportjugend-berlin.de . Berlin . Landessportbund Berlin e.V. . de . 24 May 2020.
199. News: 15 August 2018 . BFC Dynamo-Fans treffen sich am Alexanderplatz . de . Faszination Fankurve . . Faszination Fankurve, Sole trader: Johannes Mäling . 24 May 2020.
200. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . sv . . Arx Förlag AB . 98 . 978-91-87043-61-1.
201. News: Rada . Uwe . 4 January 1993 . "Lust und Energie" statt Rassismus" . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 April 2023 .
202. News: Busch . Ralf . 16 January 1993 . Fußballfans . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 22 April 2023 .
203. News: . 10 December 1993 . GAFFIS auf? . German . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 2 October 2023.
204. News: Krauss . Martin . 11 April 1994 . Fußball nicht den Rechten überlassen . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 2 October 2023 .
205. News: Thiede . Jens Patrick . 3 October 2008 . Stasi-nazi-ossi-hooligan-image på prøve: Dynamos evige arv og tavse transformation . . da . . Tipsbladet ApS . 6 February 2023 .
206. News: . 22 January 2023 . Nach Materialverlusten: Ultras BFC geben Auflösung bekannt . German . Faszination Fankurve . . Faszination Fankurve, Sole trader: Johannes Mäling . 23 January 2023 .
207. News: Dinger . Alexander . 14 April 2023 . Rache an der "gesamten feigen Szene" nehmen – Ein Fußballspiel wird zum Sicherheitsrisiko . German . . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 22 April 2023 .
208. News: . 29 July 2023 . "Auf in ein neues Kapitel!": Neue aktive Gruppe beim BFC Dynamo . German . Faszination Fankurve . . Faszination Fankurve, Sole trader: Johannes Mäling . 2 August 2023 .
209. Web site: Herrentag: Multikulturelle Auswahl gewinnt traditionelles Fanturnier des BFC Dynamo . . 10 May 2024 . bfc.com . . Berliner Fussballclub Dynamo e.V. . de . 10 May 2024 .
210. News: Lier . Axel . 6 August 2019 . Hertha hat die meisten 'Problem-Fans' . de . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 24 May 2020.
211. News: Füchsel . Katja . 23 November 2019 . Seit 25 Jahren fast jedes Wochenende im Stadion: Uwe Storm jagt Hools in seiner Friezeit . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . Berlin . 24 May 2020.
212. News: Füchsel . Katja . 23 November 2019 . Uwe Storm jagt Hools in seiner Friezeit . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 5 December 2020.
213. News: Bunkus . Mathias . Alles, was Sie über das Aufstiegsduell zwischen Oldenburg und dem BFC Dynamo wissen müssen . de . . Berlin . Berliner Verlag GmbH . 8 June 2022 .
214. Web site: BFC Dynamo verpasst Aufstieg in die 3. Liga knapp . . 4 June 2022 . www.rbb24.de . Berlin . . German . 7 June 2022 . 6 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220606193804/https://www.rbb24.de/sport/beitrag/2022/06/fussball-berlin-bfc-dynamo-vfb-oldenburg-aufstieg-dritte-liga-regionalliga-nordost.html . dead .
215. News: . 4 June 2022 . "Vollkatastrophe" – Dynamo sauer nach verpasstem Aufstieg . German . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 7 June 2022 .
216. Web site: Sch**ß Relegation! Meister müssen aufsteigen! Der BFC im Tal der (Pfeffer-)Tränen . . 6 June 2022 . turus.net . . Karsten Höft . de . 7 June 2022 .
217. Book: Tomilson . Young . Alan . Christopher . 2006 . German Football: History, Culture, Society . . 1st . Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group . 39 . 0-415-35195-2 .
218. News: Gläser . Andreas . 21 August 2005 . Willkommen in der Zone . German . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 7 July 2021.
219. News: Görke . André . 20 October 2007 . Nazikinder! Sasi-Schweine! . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 8 August 2020.
220. News: Lüdeke . Steffen . 23 October 2007 . Im Osten Stasi-Schweine, im Westen Neonazis . de . Die Welt . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 15 March 2024.
221. News: Lorenz . Mirko . 4 July 2016 . Wie die orangene Bomberjacke ihr Nazi-Image ablegte . de . . Berlin . VICE Media GmbH . 8 July 2020.
222. News: Görke . André . 20 October 2007 . Nazikinder! Sasi-Schweine! . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 15 March 2024 . Mit Nazis will er nichts zu tun haben, sagt er. „Der kommt eher, so wie ich, aus dem alternativen Spektrum“, sagt Schriftsteller Gläser, der seinen Klub gern mit einer „Indierockband“ vergleicht. Auch das ist der BFC..
223. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . sv . . Arx Förlag AB . 97–98 . 978-91-87043-61-1.
224. News: Wolf . Matthias . 2 October 1999 . Mit Musik zum Derby: Eine Hymne für den BFC Dynamo . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . Berlin . 13 September 2023.
225. News: Zinsmaier . Markus . 26 February 2008 . Der Schläger greift zum Stuhlbein . German . . Hamburg . Zeit Online GmbH . 25 January 2022 .
226. News: Rüttenauer . Andreas . 25 May 2004 . Der schöne Schein von Hoolywood . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 14 October 2021 .
227. Book: Mike . Grix . Dennis . Jonathan . 2012 . Sport under Communism – Behind the East German 'Miracle' . . 1st . Palgrave Macmillan (Macmillan Publishers Limited) . 146–147 . 978-0-230-22784-2.
228. Book: Tomlinson . Young . Alan . Christopher . 2006 . German Football: History, Culture, Society . . 1st . Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group . 53–54 . 0-415-35195-2.
229. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 159 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
230. Book: Pleil, Ingolf . 2013 . Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: Dynamo Dresden im Visier der Stasi . de . . 2nd . Christoph Links Verlag GmbH . 17 . 978-3-86153-756-4 . Mit Beschluss des DTSB-Bezirksvorstandes vom 5. August 1968 wird Dynamo zum Fußball-Leistungszentrum im Berizk Dresden, das damit in der gesamten Region auf Spielersuche gehen kann..
231. News: 18 June 2016 . Jubiläumswelle im Osten: Beschluss der Sport-Führung war Auslöser . de . . . Frankfurter Rundschau GmbH . 10 April 2021.
232. . 22 June 1971 . Der 'Lange' in einer Spielertraube . Die neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . . 1971 . 25 . 5 . 0323-8407 . 9 April 2022 .
233. . 22 June 1971 . Fußball-Dresden darf sich freuen: Meister Dynamo holte auch den Pokal! . Neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . . 1971 . 25 . 3 . 0323-8407 . 9 April 2022 .
234. Gabriel . Rolf . 24 September 1974 . Eine Begegnung ohne Epsrit . Die neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . . 1974 . 39 . 7 . 0323-8407 . 10 July 2023 . Die Berliner explodierten erst beim Abgang voller Empörung über den Straffstoß, der ihnen in der Schlußminute noch einen Punkt entreiss. ... Zum Schiedsrichterkollektiv: Drei Minuten vor dem Abpfiff entschied Pischke ohne zu zögern auf Strafstoß für die gäste, und die Mehrzahl im Stadion erkannte diese Entscheidung als korrekt an. Kurz vor dem Ende das gleiche auf der anderen Seite, doch diesman wunderten sich selbst die sachlichen Dresdner darüber. Sie hatten keine gegnerische Einwirkung auf den stürzenden Richter gesehen. Des Unparteiischen unverständliche Meinung: 'Von meinem Standpunkt bemerke ich, daß Richter von hinten gestossen wurde. Da blieb mir keinen andere Wahl'..
235. Book: Leske, Hanns . 2004 . Erich Mielke, die Stasi und das runde Leder: der Einfluss der SED und des Ministeriums für Staatssicherheit auf den Fussballsport in der DDR . 1st . Göttingen . Verlag Die Werkstatt GmbH . 594 . 3-89533-448-0 .
236. Book: Pleil, Ingolf . 2001 . Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: Die "Bearbeitung" der Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden durch das MfS 1979–1989 . de . . 1st . Chrisoph Links Verlag - LinksDruck GmbH . 278 . 3-86153-235-2 . In den Redetexten zu den folgenden BFC-Meisterfeiern verloren sich die Worten a die 'Freunde aus Dresden'. Im Jahr der Wende musste Mielke zur Meisterfeier wieder einmal an die Elbe reisen. Der volretzte DDR-Meisterteitel von Dynamo Dresden wurde auf der Bastei im Elbsandsteingebirge gefeiert. Reinhard Häfner erinnert sich: 'Mielke sagte, ihm wäre es zwar lieber, wenn die BFC Meister ist, aber da es ja auch Dynamo st, bleibt es sozusagen in der Familie, und das ist aucht gut.'.
237. Book: Tomlinson . Young . Alan . Christopher . 2006 . German Football: History, Culture, Society . . 1st . Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group . 53 . 0-415-35195-2.
238. News: Klein . Daniel . 11 April 2018 . Der Rivale aus Berlin . de . . . DDV Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KG . 4 January 2022 . Im Juni 1978 kam Erich Mielke nach Dresden. Es war ein nicht so angenehmer Termin für den Stasi- Chef und ersten Vorsitzender der Sportvereinigung Dynamo. Im Hotel und Restaurant Bastei auf der Prager Straße musste er den Dresdnern zur gewonnenen Meisterschaft gratulieren, was ihm als obersten Fan des BFC Dynamo schwergefallen sein dürfte. Seine Rede vor der Mannschaft war an Deutlichkeit nicht zu überbieten. 'Hört zu Genossen', begann er. 'Es ist schön, dass Ihr aus unserer Sportvereinigung nun schon zum dritten Mal in Folge den Fußballmeistertitel für Dynamo errungen habt. Herzlichen Glückwunsch, auch von mir. (...) Aber wir werden alles tun, damit im kommenden Jahr der Meister aus der Hauptstadt Berlin kommt und Ihr als Speerspitze den zweiten Platz belegen werdet.'.
239. Web site: Interview: Mythos Dynamo – was steckt dahinter? . 19 May 2011 . mdr.de . Leipzig . . de . 8 June 2019.
240. Book: Braun, Jutta . 2015 . Münkel . Daniela . State Security: A reader on the GDR secret police . Berlin . . 86–87 . 13 April 2022 . 978-3-942130-97-4.
241. Book: Friedemann, Horst . 1991 . Sparwasser und Mauerblümchen: Die Geschichte des Fussballs in der DDR, 1949–1991 . de . . 1st . Klartext Verlag . 128 . 978-3884744628 . Das DDR-weite Sichtungssystem mit 33 Trainingszentren der SV Dynamo sowie im Partnerbezirk Cottbus hat den Talentenachschub nie abreiß en lassen..
242. Web site: Fußball in der DDR . Teichler . Hans Joachim . 4 May 2006 . bpb.de . . . de . 10 October 2020 . Diese resultierten einerseits aus einer einseitigen sportlichen Nachwuchsarbeit, wodurch die besten Spieler automatisch beim BFC spielten, und andererseits aus einer systematischen politischen Einflussnahme..
243. Book: Kannowski, Stephan . 1999 . Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin . October 1999 . Hamburg . Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH) . 31 . 978-3832419226 . Nicht weniger als vierzig hauptamtliche Trainer arbeiten für den Verein..
244. Web site: SG Dynamo Dresden – BFC Dynamo, 1:1, Oberliga, 1978/1979, Spieltag . dfb.de . Frankfurt am Main . Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. . de . 11 August 2021.
245. Book: Pleil, Ingolf . 2001 . Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: die "Bearbeitung" der Sportgemeinschaft Dynamo Dresden durch das MfS 1978-1989 . de . . 1st . Christoph Links Verlag GmbH . 220 . 3-86153-235-2.
246. Simon . Günter . 5 December 1978 . BFC konterte mit besseren Chancen . Neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . . 1978 . 49 . 4 . 0323-8407 . 17 April 2022 .
247. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 228 . 978-1-107-05203-1 .
248. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 227 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
249. Schlegel . Klaus . 29 May 1979 . BFC-Konter wie nach Maß . Neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . . 1979 . 22 . 5 . 0323-8407 . 18 April 2022 .
250. Binkowski . Manfred . 13 May 1980 . Im Hundertsten schlug der Libero zu . Neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . . 1980 . 20 . 5 . 0323-8407 . 5 January 2022 .
251. News: Leimer . Jochen . 26 January 2022 . Von Görlitz über Dynamo in die Welt: Wie "Dixie" und die SGD dem BFC das Double vermasselten . German . . Hannover . Sportbuzzer GmbH . 29 January 2022 . 28 January 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220128230608/https://www.sportbuzzer.de/artikel/von-gorlitz-uber-dynamo-in-die-welt-dixie-und-sgd-vermasseln-bfc-das-double/ . dead .
252. News: 16 October 2019 . Armee, Polizei und Stasi: Fußball-Sponsoring der anderen Art. German . . . Süddeutsche Zeitung Digitale Medien GmbH . https://web.archive.org/web/20210410215942/https://www.sueddeutsche.de/sport/fussball-armee-polizei-und-stasi-fussball-sponsoring-der-anderen-art-dpa.urn-newsml-dpa-com-20090101-191015-99-310942 . 10 April 2021 . 10 April 2021.
253. News: Dobbert . Steffen . 2 September 2009 . Schicksale des DDR-Fußballs. German . . Hamburg . Zeit Online GmbH . 10 March 2022 .
254. News: Braun . Wiese . Jutta . René . 2 November 2013 . Aktion Vortsoss . de . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 7 November 2020 .
255. Book: Pleil, Ingolf . 2013 . Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: Dynamo Dresden im Visier der Stasi . de . . 2nd . Christoph Links Verlag GmbH . 31–32 . 978-3-86153-756-4 . Bei Meisterfeiern war zumindest die Dresdner Stasispitze stets awesend, 1978 und 1989 auch Stasi-Chef Mielke als 1. Vorsitzender der Sportvereinigung Dynamo. Anfang der achtziger Jahre, die große Ära der Mannschaft war vorbei, wurde das Dresdner MfS – and dessen Spitze mittlerweile der von Honecker ungewöhnlich schnell zum Generalmajor beförderte Horst Böhm stand – neben seiner Sicherungs- und Aufklärungsarbeit, die von den Spielern auch bei den Auslandseinsätzen registriert wurde, als Sponsor aktiver..
256. News: Pleil . Ingolf . 11 June 2018 . Was der Geheimdienst der DDR mit dem Sport zu tun hatte . de . . . Verlagsgesellschaft Madsack GmbH & Co. KG . 11 April 2021.
257. Book: Pleil, Ingolf . 2013 . Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft: Dynamo Dresden im Visier der Stasi . de . . 2nd . Christoph Links Verlag GmbH . 31–32 . 978-3-86153-756-4 . Wenn es um ihren Fußball ging, wurde Dresdner Stasi, Polizei und SED zu reinen Lokalpatrioten. Von einer aus Berlin durchgestellten Linie konnten die Spieler da nichts erkennen. Häfner: »Eher im Gegenteil, würde ich fast sagen. Also allein, wenn ich an die Feierlichkeit denke, als wir gegen den BFC gewonnen hatten, als ich da den Böhm gesehen habe und die Seite von der Partei … Das war der größte Sieg, gerade gegen den ›großen Bruder‹. Da kann ich mir nicht vorstellen, daß, was den Fußball angeht, hier intern groß mit Berlin zusammengearbeitet wurde. Es waren Lokalpatrioten. Also die führenden Leute, gerade wie Böhm und Nyffenegger (Chef der Bezirksbehörde der Volkspolizei – d.A.). Modrow weniger, da war es mehr der Stammnitz (Lothar Stammnitz war 2. Sekretär der SED-Bezirksleitung und für Sport verantwortlich – d.A.), der war ganz verrückt. Jedes Jahr mußten wir – vor der Saison, nach der Halbserie – eine Art Rechenschaftsbericht ablegen, da gab es immer ein Essen, wir mußten unsere Bekenntnisse abgeben, dass wir kämpfen für den Bezirk Dresden.«.
258. News: Launer . Anton . 15 May 2015 . In den Tiefen der Stasi-Keller . Neustadt-Geflüster . de . Dresden . Jan Frintert . 19 October 2021 .
259. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 135–139 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
260. News: Schwarz . Jürgen . 8 December 2014 . Der Ausgestoßene . German . Sächsische Zeitung . . Sächsische Zeitung GmbH . 11 April 2021.
261. News: Riemer . Thomas . 17 December 2018 . Anzeige in der Zeitung sorgt für Gerüchte . German . Sächsische Zeitung . . Sächsische Zeitung GmbH . 11 April 2021.
262. News: Weinreich . Jens . 10 April 2003 . Klaus Sammer über Dynamo Dresden, einen Club, in dem sich beispielhaft deutsche Geschichte spiegelt: "Mehr war in der DDR nicht zu erreichen" . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 26 June 2023 . Klaus Sammer: 'Die Olympiasieger Weber und Kotte sowie Matthias Müller wurden 1981 in einer Nacht-und-Nebel-Aktion wegen angeblicher Fluchtgefahr verhaftet. Weber musste ein Jahr ins Gefängnis. Alle drei durften nie wieder in der Oberliga spielen.Da stand Erich Mielke dahinter. Dynamo Dresden sollte geschadet werden.' .
263. Book: 2016 . Boeger . Peter . Catrain . Elise . Stasi in Dresden- Die Geheimpolizei im DDR-Bezirk . 11 April 2021 . de . Berlin . . 44 . 978-3-946572-02-2 . Ist der Fall Kotte ein Einzelfall in der DDR oder doch ein Beispiel für eine systematische Einflussnahme des MfS auf den Fußball? Die große Furcht des MfS vor republikflüchtigen Fußballern, Fans und Funktionären war allgegenwärtig. Solche »Sportverräter« durfte es nicht geben. Die Angst der SED vor politischen Schäden und erheblichen negativen Auswirkungen auf den Leistungssport bestimmte das Handeln des MfS. Deshalb waren Spieler und Anhänger der Fußballclubs ständig im Fadenkreuz der Stasi. Der Fall Kotte ist kein Einzelfall..
264. News: Pleil . Ingolf . 31 July 2007 . Mielke, Macht und Meisterschaft. . de . Hamburg . FUNKE Medien Hamburg GmbH . 25 December 2021 .
265. News: Leimert . Jochen . 24 January 2021 . "Kann sich heute keiner mehr vorstellen": Ex-Dynamo Müller erinnert sich an sein ungeplantes Karriereaus . de . Sportbuzzer . Hannover . Sportbuzzer GmbH . 11 April 2021 . Glauben Sie, dass der dem BFC zugetane Minister für Staatssicherheit mit seinem kompromisslosen Vorgehen gegen drei Dresdner Spieler bewusst die Dynamo-Konkurrenz aus Elbflorenz schwächen wollte, um seinem Lieblingsclub die Vormachtstellung zu sichern? Das glaube ich nicht nur, das weiß ich zu 100 Prozent..
266. News: Völker . Markus . 18 July 2015 . Geschichte des BFC Dynamo: Weinrote Welt ohne gelbe Karten . de . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 20 August 2019 .
267. News: Geisler . Sven . 9 August 2013 . Verpfiffen . de . . . DDV Mediengruppe GmbH & Co. KG . https://web.archive.org/web/20201116091737/https://www.saechsische.de/plus/verpfiffen-2636378.html . 16 November 2020 . 16 May 2020 .
268. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 238 . 978-1-107-05203-1 .
269. Book: Schubert, Florian . 2019 . Antisemitismus im Fußball: Tradition und Tabubruch . 1 . . Wallstein Verlag GmbH . 114 . 978-3-8353-4332-0 .
270. Web site: Ralf Minge spricht über Mielke, BFC, Schnee in Aue und darüber, was Union so stark macht . 29 November 2018 . ddr-oberliga.de . . Gunnar Klehm . de . 25 July 2021 . 'Würden Sie sich freuen, wenn es mal wieder so ein Dynamo-Duell geben würde, wenn der BFC so hochklassig spielen würde, wie Dynamo Dresden? René Rydlewicz macht in Berlin schließlich eine ansprechende Arbei...' 'Ja, das macht er. Warum nicht? Das hat schon einen gewissen Charme.'.
271. News: Stier . Sebastian . 18 January 2016 . 1. FC Union, FC Vorwärts, BFC Dynamo: Als die DDR ihren Fußballbetrieb revolutionierte . German . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 4 April 2021.
272. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . BA . de . . . . 12-13 . 13 April 2022.
273. Book: Benedikter . Wojtaszyn . Roland . Dariusz . 2020 . Football Politics in Central Europe and Eastern Europe: A Study on the Geopolitical Area's Tribal, Imaginal, and Contextual Politics . 1st . . Lexington Books (The Rowman & Littlefield Publishing Group, Inc.) . 126 . 978-1793622471 .
274. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 24 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
275. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . Swedish . . Arx Förlag AB . 127 . 978-91-87043-61-1 .
276. News: . 3 April 1983 . Kröten im Tümpel . de . 1983 . 14 . . Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG . Hamburg . 12 March 2023 .
277. Web site: Vom Mauerblümchen zum Fußball-Leuchtturm . Koch . Matthuas . 28 November 2019 . bpb.de . . . de . 5 April 2021.
278. Book: Kannowski, Stephan . 1999 . Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin . October 1999 . Hamburg . Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH) . 44–45 . 978-3832419226.
279. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 38–39 . 4 April 2021.
280. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 43 . 5 April 2021.
281. Japke . Josephine . 21 June 2018 . Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 35–37 . 5 June 2022.
282. News: Ludewig . Alexander . 12 February 2016 . Der 1. FC Union als Hauptstadtklub im geteilten Berlin . German . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 4 April 2021.
283. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 16 . 6 June 2022.
284. Japke . Josephine . 21 June 2018 . Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 38–40 . 4 April 2021.
285. News: Karkos . Koch . Sebastian . Matthias . 30 March 2015 . Nach Sturm des Spielfelds: Berlins Fußball-Boss fordert Stadion-Verbote . de . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 22 March 2023.
286. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 45–46 . 3 April 2021.
287. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Herr Mielis liest mir aus seinem privaten Fußball-Tagebuch vor, von Ereignissen, die er als Ursprung für das Verhalten heutiger Fan-Generationen sieht: "Am 28. Oktober 1970 hatte das Spiel gegen den BFC Dynamo, das 1:1 endete in Hohenschönhausen unter einer katastrophalen Leitung des Schiedsrichters, für den 1. FC Union böse Folgen. .
288. News: . 18 August 2015 . Unions Ehrenpräsident Günter Mielis feiert 90. . German . . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . Berlin . 19 June 2023.
289. Book: Koch, Matthias . 2013 . "Immer weiter – ganz nach vorn": Die Geschichte des 1. FC Union Berlin . 1st . . die Werkstatt GmbH . 65–68 . 978-3-7307-0049-5.
290. Book: Luther . Willmann . Jörn . Frank . 2000 . Und niemals vergessen - Eisern Union! . 1st . Berlin . BasisDruck . 64–65 . 978-3-86163-106-4.
291. Book: Tomlinson . Young . Alan . Christopher . 2006 . German Football: History, Culture, Society . . 1st . Routledge, Taylor & Francis Group . 58 . 0-415-35195-2.
292. Web site: BFC Dynamo - 1. FC Union Berlin, 1:1, Oberliga, 1971/1972, 12. Spieltag . dfb.de . Frankfurt am Main . Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. . de . 11 August 2021.
293. August 1971 . Visitenkarte . Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . 1971 . Sonderausgabe . 13 . 0323-6420 . 8 June 2022.
294. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 13 . 4 April 2021.
295. Book: Luther . Willmann . Jörn . Frank . 2000 . Und niemals vergessen – Eisern Union! . 1st . Berlin . BasisDruck . 64–65 . 978-3-86163-106-4 . Aber der Reihe nach: Die Fußballclubs hatten bei ihrer Gründung einen oder zwei Bezirke zugewiesen bekommen, aus deren Trainingszentren sie ihren Nachwuchs rekrutierten. Bis zu diesem Zeitpunkt verfügte Union über ein Drittel der Berliner Leistungszentren und den Bezirk Potsdam als Einzugsgebiet. Als der FC Vorwärts jedoch nach Frankfurt umgesiedelt wurde, bekam er als Talentequelle neben dem nun "eigenen" Bezirk Frankfurt/Oder auch noch Potsdam zugewiesen. Und der BFC übernamn das Drittel der Berliner Nachwuchsschmieden, das vordem die Armeesportler inne hatten. Damit verfügten die Dynamos über das Einzugsgebiet Cottbus plus zwei Drittel Berlins..
296. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 12 . 4 April 2021.
297. News: Schulz . Torsten . 20 October 2007 . Eine Erinnerung an den vor zehn Jahren verstorbenen Fußballer Reinhard Lauck: Das Trikot . German . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 4 April 2021.
298. Web site: 1. FC Union Berlin: Die bewegende Geschichte des "Eisernen Mäcki" Reinhard Lauck . 19 May 2020 . ran.de . . Seven.One Sports GmbH . de . 4 April 2021.
299. News: Bock . Andreas . 22 October 2017 . Der weiche Mäcki . German . . Berlin . 11FREUNDE Verlag GmbH & Co. KG . 4 April 2021.
300. . August 1974 . Visitenkarte . Deutsches Sportecho/Die neue Fußballwoche . de . Berlin . 1974 . Sonderausgabe . 5 . 0323-6420 . 2 April 2023 .
301. News: Fiebrig . Sebastian . 3 June 2014 . Reinhard "Mäcki" Lauck – Tragödie eines vergessenen Helden . German . . Berlin . Berliner Morgenpost GmbH . https://web.archive.org/web/20160625173906/https://www.morgenpost.de/sport/fussball-wm/article128665944/Reinhard-Maecki-Lauck-Tragoedie-eines-vergessenen-Helden.html . 25 June 2016 . 4 April 2021.
302. Book: Kannowski, Stephan . 1999 . Der Einfluss der SED auf den Sport der DDR am Beispiel des Fußballvereins 1. FC Union Berlin . October 1999 . Hamburg . Diplomarbeiten Agentur diplom.de (Bedey Media GmbH) . 46 . 978-3832419226.
303. News: Willmann . Frank . 18 August 2005 . Aus den Unterklassen: Ostberlin im Derbyfieber . . de . . Verlag 8. Mai GmbH . 30 October 2021 .
304. News: Kummer . Michael . 2 October 2015 . "Wir hießen eben Amateure" . German . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 5 April 2021.
305. Japke . Josephine . 21 June 2018 . Die gesellschaftspolitische Stellung des 1. FC Union Berlin zu Zeiten der DDR . BA . de . . . . 13–15 . 13 April 2022.
306. Farshi . Hadi . Sabbagh . Mohammad . 20 May 2011 . Deutsch-Deutsche Transfers: Der Wechsel von Thomas Doll vom BFC Dynamo zum HSV 1990 . Bachelor . de . . . . 21–22 . 4 April 2021.
307. Kummer . Michael . 2010 . Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen . PhD . de . . . 215 . 5 April 2021 . Der Bundesvorstand des DTSB versuchte nach 1971, die Reihe der Schwerpunktklubs, zu denen auch der FC Carl Zeiss gehörte, mit mehr Personal (Trainer, Betreuer, medzinisches und Verwaltungspersonal) und besser materiell-technischen Bedingungen auszustatten und die Nachwuchsgewinnung durch die Neufestlegung von Einzugsgebieten zugunsten dieser Clubs zu verbessern..
308. Book: Leske, Hanns . 2012 . Hierarchie des DDR-Klubfußballs: Privilegierung der Schwerpunktclubs . Fußball in der DDR: Kicken im Auftrag der SED . de . . 2nd . Landeszentrale für politische Bildung Thüringen . 978-3-937967-91-2.
309. Kummer . Michael . 2010 . Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen . PhD . de . . . 223–226 . 5 April 2021.
310. Kummer . Michael . 2010 . Die Fußballclubs Rot-Weiß Erfurt und Carl Zeiss Jena und ihre Vorgänger inder DDR: Ein Vergleich ihrer Bedingungen . PhD . de . . . 318 . 1 March 2021.
311. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 205–206 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
312. Hogg . Emanuel . 2017 . Kicking Through the Wall: Football, Division, and Entanglement in Postwar Berlin . PhD . . . 10.22215/etd/2017-11830 . 167 . 2 March 2021 . free.
313. News: Karkos . Koch . Sebastian . Matthias . 30 March 2015 . Nach Sturm des Spielfelds: Berlins Fußball-Boss fordert Stadion-Verbote . German . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 4 April 2021 . 'Angeblich wäre bei einem größeren Zuschaueraufkommen in der Alten Försterei die Sicherheit nicht gewährleistet gewesen', sagte Unions Ehrenvorsitzender Günter Mielis..
314. News: Bläsig . Horst . 21 August 2005 . Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz . de . Die Welt . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 5 April 2021.
315. Web site: 1. FC Union Berlin – BFC Dynamo, 1:0, Oberliga, 1976/1977 1. Spieltag . dfb.de . Frankfurt am Main . Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. . de . 4 January 2020.
316. News: Jahn . Michael . 22 April 2000 . Am Sonnabend treffen die zu DDR-Zeiten so ungleichen Stadtrivalen im Stadion an der Alten Försterei aufeinander: Zum letzten Mal: Union contra BFC . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . https://web.archive.org/web/20210623045450/https://www.berliner-zeitung.de/am-sonnabend-treffen-die-zu-ddr-zeiten-so-ungleichen-stadtrivalen-im-stadion-an-der-alten-foersterei-aufeinander-zum-letzten-mal-union-contra-bfc-li.6730 . 23 June 2021 . 5 April 2021.
317. News: Stier . Sebastian . 16 September 2010 . Zum Sieger delegiert . de . Der Tagesspiegel . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . Berlin . 2 April 2023.
318. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 14 . 5 April 2021.
319. Web site: Union Berlin set to give Bundesliga fans a new and unique experience . Speight . Janek . 27 May 2019 . Deutsche Welle . . 5 April 2021.
320. News: Stier . Sebastian . 22 July 2011 . Stasi-Affäre: Wie eisern ist Union? . German . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 5 April 2021.
321. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . Swedish . . Arx Förlag AB . 130 . 978-91-87043-61-1.
322. Web site: "Schild und Schwert" des BFC Dynamo . bstu.de . Berlin . . de . 22 March 2023.
323. News: Heinke . Lothar . 27 May 2019 . Das achte Köpenicker Weltwunder . German . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 5 April 2021.
324. Web site: "Iron Union!": East Berlin's Favourite Football Team . Kleiner . John Paul . 12 June 2013 . The GDR Objectified (gdrobjectified.wordpress.com) . . John Paul Kleiner . 5 April 2021.
325. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . Swedish . . Arx Förlag AB . 103 . 978-91-87043-61-1 .
326. News: Bläsig . Horst . 21 August 2005 . Lokalderby unter Polizeischutz . de . Die Welt . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 15 October 2020.
327. News: Mustroph . Tom . 17 March 2004 . "Feinde" aus der Alten Försterei . German . . Berlin . Neues Deutschland Druckerei und Verlag GmbH . 5 April 2021.
328. News: Schulz . Jürgen . 25 October 1993. "Eiserne Union" wird teuer . German . . taz Verlags u. Vertriebs GmbH . Berlin . 5 April 2021.
329. News: Vom Mauerblümchen zum Fußball-Leuchtturm . Koch . Matthuas . 28 November 2019 . bpb.de . . . de . 5 April 2021 . 'Union war kein Club von Widerstandskämpfern, aber wir mussten immer wieder gegen viele politische und ökonomische Widerstände ankämpfen. Kraft holten wir uns von unseren Fans', sagt Unions Ehrenpräsident Günter Mielis..
330. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 382–383 . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Die Masse der Unioner war normale Fans ... Unioner waren schon pfiffig. Aber man sollte keine Widerstandskämpfer daraus machen. Provokationen gehörten in Fußball dazu. Und es wurde eben auch das gerufe, wofür man ncht gleich mitgenommen werden konnte..
331. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 92 . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Ich halte es für eine Mär, dass nur alle Unioner Opposition waren. Ich glaube, es war eine Grundeinstellung der DDR-Fußballjugend in der 70ern und 80ern, dass sie kritisch zum System stand..
332. Book: McDougall, Alan . 2014 . The People's Game: Football, State and Society in East Germany . . 1st . Cambridge University Press . 242 . 978-1-107-05203-1.
333. Book: Willmann, Frank . 2013 . Stadionpartisanen nachgeladen. Fans und Hooligans in der DDR. . 1st . Berlin . nofb-shop.de, Sole trader: Stephan Trosien . 147 . 978-3-00-039788-2 . Unionfans haben beim besten Willen keinen Beitrag zum Sturz der DDR geleistet. Auf keinen Fall, wir warn am Fußball interessiert. Es gibt das Klischee vom Club der Staatsfeinde, aber das waren wir nicht. .
334. News: Grimm . Christian . 8 November 2014 . "Wir waren keine Revolutionäre" – die Wende und der Ostfußball . de . . . 5 April 2021.
335. News: . 19 July 2011 . Stasi-Schatten über "Eisern Union" . German . . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 1 February 2023 .
336. Web site: Stasi skeletons . Knight . Ben . 29 July 2011 . Deutsche Welle . . . 1 February 2023 .
337. News: . 19 July 2011 . Union-Boss Zingler war Stasi-Soldat . German . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 1 February 2023 .
338. News: Kruse . Jürn . 19 July 2011 . Union vertraut Zingler trotz Stasi-Vergangenheit . German . Die Welt . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 1 February 2023 .
339. News: Wolf . Mathias . 19 July 2011 . Wenn die Vergangenheit die Gegenwart unmöglich macht: Dirk Zingler, Präsident des 1. FC Union, war Mitglied im Stasi-Wachregiment: Der schwarze Fleck . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 1 February 2023 .
340. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . sv . . Arx Förlag AB . 131–132, 171–172. 978-91-87043-61-1.
341. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 34 . 5 April 2021.
342. Dost . Robert . 17 January 2011 . Der zivile Club - Die gesellschaftliche Stellung des 1.FC Union Berlin und seiner Anhänger in der DDR . Bachelor . de . . . . 42 . 5 April 2021.
343. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . Swedish . . Arx Förlag AB . 131 . 978-91-87043-61-1 .
344. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . Swedish . . Arx Förlag AB . 171–172 . 978-91-87043-61-1 .
345. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . Swedish . . Arx Förlag AB . 157 . 978-91-87043-61-1 .
346. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . Swedish . . Arx Förlag AB . 129 . 978-91-87043-61-1 .
347. News: Lachmann . Michael . 7 December 2016 . BFC-Idol Frank Terletzki: "Am schönsten waren immer unsere Siege gegen Union" . de . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 28 September 2020 . Wenn man zehn Mal in Folge Meister wird, liegt das nicht daran, dass der Schiri mal ein oder zwei Minuten länger spielen ließ. Schauen Sie doch heute in die Bundesliga. Da sind drei, vier Minuten in jedem Spiel an der Tagesordnung..
348. Web site: GDR » FDGB-Pokal 1978/1979 » Round of 16 » 1. FC Union Berlin – BFC Dynamo 1:8 . worldfootball.net . Münster . HEIM:SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co. KG . 6 April 2021.
349. Web site: GDR » FDGB-Pokal 1978/1979 » Round of 16 » BFC Dynamo – 1. FC Union Berlin 7:1 . worldfootball.net . Münster . HEIM:SPIEL Medien GmbH & Co. KG . 6 April 2021.
350. Web site: BFC Dynamo – 1. FC Union Berlin, 8:1, Oberliga, 1986/87 5. Spieltag . dfb.de . Frankfurt am Main . Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. . de . 6 April 2021.
351. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . Swedish . . Arx Förlag AB . 135 . 978-91-87043-61-1 .
352. Web site: Diese Berliner Europapokal-Momente sollten Sie sich merken . . 15 September 2021 . www.rbb24.de . Berlin . . German . 29 January 2022 .
353. Book: Glaser, Joakim . 2015 . Fotboll från Mielke till Merkel – Kontinuitet, brott och förändring i supporterkultur i östra Tyskland . Football from Mielke to Merkel . 1st . Swedish . . Arx Förlag AB . 153 . 978-91-87043-61-1.
354. News: Dieckmann . Christoph . 15 May 2017 . Unsterblicher Opfermythos . German . Zeit Online . Hamburg . Zeit Online GmbH . 6 January 2021.
355. News: Bardow . Dominik . 17 January 2010 . Geschichte: Fußballer auf der Flucht . German . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 6 April 2021.
356. News: . 28 April 2023 . Trainer-Legende Werner Voigt verstorben . de . . Berlin . Berliner Verlag GmbH . 28 April 2023 .
357. News: . 10 June 1990 . Frühzeitiges 1:0 im Berliner Prestigederby . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 7 June 2022 .
358. Web site: FC Berlin - 1. FC Union Berlin, 2:0, Aufstiegsrunde 2. Bundesliga 1990/91 Gruppe 3 . . n.d. . dfb.de . Frankfurt am Main . Deutscher Fußball-Bund e.V. . German . 7 June 2022 .
359. News: Friedemann . Horst . 30 September 1996 . Unions 6:0-Klatsche in Unterzahl mit Überzahl . de . . Nuremberg . Olympia Verlag GmbH . 21 August 2021.
360. News: Schulz . Jürgen . 19 August 2005 . Endspiel für Piepenburg: Schießt UNION ihn ab? . German . . Berlin . B.Z. Ullstein GmbH . 17 December 2021 .
361. News: Bläsig . Horst . 20 August 2005 . Union-Präsident will gegen den BFC Fußballfest feiern . de . . Berlin . Berliner Morgenpost GmbH . 17 December 2021 .
362. News: Doneck . Karsten . 23 August 2005 . BFC Dynamo entlässt den Trainer . German . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 7 January 2022 .
363. News: Görke . André . 14 May 2006 . Fussballspiel wegen Randale abgebrochen . de . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 18 December 2021 .
364. News: Stier . Sebastian . 15 March 2015 . Tumulte bei Viertligaspiel in Berlin . de . . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 15 January 2022 .
365. News: Willmann . Frank . 18 March 2015 . Willmanns Kolumne: Wenn aus 30 gewaltbereiten Fans 300 werden . German . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 8 April 2021.
366. News: 16 March 2015 . Riot at Berlin derby leads to 175 arrests and 112 officers injured . . . 7 April 2021.
367. News: Willmann . Frank . 1 April 2015 . Willmanns Kolumne: Ein kleiner Fußballkrieg in Berlin . German . Der Tagesspiegel . Berlin . Verlag Der Tagesspiegel GmbH . 7 April 2021.
368. News: 31 October 2010 . Wer ließ die Eisernen ins Olympiastadion? "Absteiger!" Union-Fans beschimpfen Hertha . Bild . Berlin . BILD GmbH & Co. KG . 7 April 2021.
369. Web site: Latest fan violence points up Bundesliga's security challenges . Leslie . André . 15 March 2013 . Deutsche Welle . . 7 April 2021.
370. News: Glindmeier . Mike . 28 August 2010 . Hooligan-Attacken: Dritte Halbzeit im Abseits . German . . Der Spiegel GmbH & Co. KG . Hamburg . 7 April 2021.
371. News: Wolff . Matthias . 1 February 2010 . "Das ist einfach nur dumm" . de . . Berliner Verlag GmbH . . 7 March 2024 .
372. News: Flohr . Gartenschläger . Sven . Lars . 28 March 2015 . Hooligans stürmen Platz bei Berliner Altherrenspiel . German . Die Welt . Berlin . WeltN24 GmbH . 22 September 2023 .