Bergish dialects explained

Bergish (German: Bergisch or German: bergische Mundarten) is a collective name for a group of West Germanic dialects spoken in the Bergisches Land region east of the Rhine in western Germany.

In a more narrow sense, Peter Wiesinger defined a Bergisch dialect group that includes the dialects North of Benrath line spoken to the east of the Rhine to about Essen, Mülheim and Wuppertal (except for the area around Düsseldorf). It excludes, however, Ripuarian dialects in the Bergisches Land and other varieties southeast of Wuppertal.

The name is commonly used among its speakers (who often call their local Bergisch variety simply "Platt", a common term in western and northern Germany for traditional local varieties of Low German, Low Franconian and Central German, as opposed to the standard language or regionalized varieties of the latter), but in its broadest sense, it is not of much linguistic relevance, because the varieties belong to several quite distinct groups inside the continental West Germanic dialect continuum.

Classification

Wiesinger (1975, 1983a) defined Bergisch as a dialect group spoken east of the Rhine river and being part of the "Ripuarian-Low Franconian transitional area" (German: "ripuarisch-niederfränkisches Übergangsgebiet", Wiesinger's term for South Low Franconian). It is set apart from neighboring dialect groups by characteristic features in the historical development of West Germanic vowels.[1] [2] To the south, Bergish is separated from Ripuarian (in the narrow sense) by the Benrath line. Unlike in earlier classifications, Wiesinger places the divide between Bergish (and South Low Franconian in general) and Kleverlandish/Westphalian not at the Uerdingen line, but further north. Several dialects in his Bergish area thus have ik 'I' instead of common South Low Franconian ich. In Wiesinger (1983b), the Bergish dialect group is called nordbergisch.[3]

Per Wiesinger, Bergish is characterized by the following features (among others):

In Wiesinger (1975), he divides the Bergish area into eight groups:[4]

The latter seven groups are collectively termed Randbergisch ('Peripheral Bergish') by Wiesinger, without implying that they form a well-defined subgroup.

Western Central Bergish is characterized by the merger of the MHG series ê – ô – ö̂ and ie – uo – üe to [iə] – [uə] – [üə] (still distinct in Eastern Central Bergish and the various Randbergisch varieties), and the retention of distinct verbal plural endings. Eastern Central Bergish shares with the Randbergisch groups Mülheim, Werden, Barmen/Elberfeld, and Remscheid the generalized plural ending -en, probably influenced by Westphalian, which has the general plural ending -t.

The Randbergisch groups of Mülheim, Werden, and Barmen/Elberfeld are located to the northeast of the Uerdinger line. Apart from that, the Mülheim group shows no structural differences from Central Bergish, while the Werden and Barmen/Elberfeld groups differ from Central Bergish by having mid reflexes for the merged series ie – uo – üe / i – u – ü. The Remscheid group is characterized by a secondary re-merger of the split of PWGmc closing diphthongs. The Solingen and Mündelheim groups underwent influences from the south and west, respectively.

Wiesinger further posits three transitional areas that are not included in Bergish, but display some Bergish influence:[5]

The dialects of the Bergisches Land spoken to the southeast of the Bergish group (in the district Oberbergischer Kreis) are classified by Wiesinger as Ripuarian (southwest of the Benrath line, e.g. Lindlar, Waldbröl) or Westphalian (northeast of the Benrath line, e.g. Wipperfürth, Gummersbach, Bergneustadt).[3]

History of classification

Already back in 1877, Wenker posited a Bergish dialect (German: bergischer Dialect) as part of the transitional dialect area (Mischmundarten) between the Uerdingen line and the Benrath line. He lists four Bergish sub-dialects:

  1. the Solinger Dialect
  2. the Remscheider Dialect
  3. the Mettmanner Dialect
  4. the Wülfrather Dialect

He further notes that dialects across the Uerdingen line like Elberfeld and Lennep, have characteristics of both Bergish and Westphalian.[6] He held the following views:

  1. "Niederrheinisch" (= Kleverlandish) including Mülheim
  2. Mischmundart (not Bergish) including Ratingen and Hilden
  3. Bergish including Wülfrath, Mettmann, Solingen and Remscheid
  4. Westphalian including Essen, Werden, Barmen, Elberfeld, Langenberg, Lennep, Wipperfürth, Gummersbach and Bergneustadt
  5. "Niederfränkisch" (= Ripuarian) including Lindlar, Waldbröl and Engelskirchen

Mengel (1967) distinguished in a broader sense of Bergish:[7]

Classification by Cornelissen

In a classification by based on isoglosses, dialects of the Bergisches Land are assigned to three dialect areas: varieties between the Uerdingen line (northern ik vs. southern ich 'I') and the Benrath line (northern maken vs. southern machen 'make') are grouped as South Low Franconian (e.g. around Remscheid), varieties south of the Benrath line are classified as Ripuarian (e.g. Bergisch Gladbach), while Ostbergisch ("East Bergish") designates a group of dialects in a long narrow stretch from Mülheim to Bergneustadt between the Uerdingen line (including its southeastern extension where it merges with the Benrath line east of Wermelskirchen) and the so-called Einheitsplurallinie (defined as the southwestern-most extension of the Westphalian generalized plural verb suffix -t).[8]

Literature

External links

Notes and References

  1. Wiesinger (1975).
  2. Peter Wiesinger, Überlegungen zu einer Typologie des Dialekts, in: Klaus J. Mattheier (ed.), Aspekte der Dialekttheorie, Max Niemeyer Verlag, Tübingen, 1983a, p. 69ff., here p. 76 with Schema der Entwicklungsstufen des Bergischen sowie des benachbarten Ripuarischen und Niederfränkischen and Schema der bergischen Dialektraumgliederung
  3. Wiesinger, Peter. 1983b. "Die Einteilung der deutschen Dialekte". In Besch, Werner (ed.), Dialektologie: Ein Handbuch zur deutschen und allgemeinen Dialektforschung, 807-900. Berlin, New York: Berlin/New York: de Gruyter.
  4. Peter Wiesinger, Strukturgeographische und strukturhistorische Untersuchungen zur Stellung der bergischen Mundarten zwischen Ripuarisch, Niederfränkisch und Westfälisch, in: Peter Wiesinger, edited by von Franz Patocka, Strukturelle historische Dialektologie des Deutschen: Strukturhistorische und strukturgeographische Studien zur Vokalentwicklung deutscher Dialekte, Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim / Zürich / New York, 2017, p. 341–437, here p. 437. This paper by Wiesinger was originally published in: Neuere Forschungen in Linguistik und Philologie. Aus dem Kreise seiner Schüler Ludwig Erich Schmitt zum 65. Geburtstag gewidmet, 1975, p. 17–82.
  5. Wiesinger (1975), pp. 383–384; 403–404.
  6. Georg Wenker, Das rheinische Platt. – Den Lehrern des Rheinlandes gewidmet, 2nd ed., im Selbstverlage des Verfassers: Düsseldorf, 1877, p. 12f. (https://books.google.com/books?id=GlsUAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA12, https://www.digitale-sammlungen.de/de/view/bsb11358385)
  7. Peter Wiesinger, Strukturgeographische und strukturhistorische Untersuchungen zur Stellung der bergischen Mundarten zwischen Ripuarisch, Niederfränkisch und Westfälisch, in: Peter Wiesinger, edited by Franz Patocka, Strukturelle historische Dialektologie des Deutschen: Strukturhistorische und strukturgeographische Studien zur Vokalentwicklung deutscher Dialekte, Georg Olms Verlag, Hildesheim / Zürich / New York, 2017, p. 341–437, here p. 349f. where Wiesinger presents the view of Erich Mengel (1967).
  8. Web site: Dialekte im Rheinland . LVR-Institut für Landeskunde und Regionalgeschichte . 17 October 2023.

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