Bengal Army Explained

Unit Name:Bengal Army
Type:Command
Dates:1756–1895 (as the Bengal Army)
1895–1908 (as the Bengal Command of the British Indian Army)
Command Structure:Presidency armies
Size:105,000 (1876)[1]
Garrison:Nainital, Nainital district (1895–1908)[2]

The Bengal Army was the army of the Bengal Presidency, one of the three presidencies of British India within the British Empire.

The presidency armies, like the presidencies themselves, belonged to the East India Company (EIC) until the Government of India Act 1858 directly under Crown, passed in the House of Commons aftermath of the Indian Rebellion of 1857, transferred all three presidencies to the direct authority of the British Crown.

In 1895 all three presidency armies were merged into the British Indian Army.

History

Origins

The Bengal Army originated with the establishment of a European Regiment in 1756.[3] While the East India Company had previously maintained a small force of Dutch and Eurasian mercenaries in Bengal, this was destroyed when Calcutta was captured by the Nawab of Bengal on 30 June that year.[4]

Under East India Company

In 1757 the first locally recruited unit of Bengal sepoys was created in the form of the Lal Paltan battalion. It was recruited from soldiers that had served in the Nawab's Army from Bihar and the Awadh (Oudh) who were collectively called Purbiyas. Drilled and armed along British army lines this force served well at the Battle of Plassey in 1757 and 20 more Indian battalions were raised by 1764. In 1766, the Monghyr Mutiny, quelled by Robert Clive, affected many of the white officers of the Bengal Army.[5]

In his deposition, Lieutenant General Jasper Nicolls, who was an army commander stationed in India, stated of the Bengal Army's recruitment that:[6] [7]

The East India Company steadily expanded its Bengal Army and by 1796 the establishment was set at three battalions of European artillery, three regiments of European infantry, ten regiments of Indian cavalry and twelve regiments (each of two battalions) of Indian infantry.[8]

In 1824 the Bengal Army underwent reorganisation, with the regular infantry being grouped into 68 single battalion regiments numbered according to their date of establishment. Nine additional infantry regiments were subsequently raised, though several existing units were disbanded between 1826 and 1843. On the eve of the First Afghan War (1839–42) the Bengal Army had achieved a dominant role in the forces of the HEIC. There were 74 battalions of Bengal regular infantry against only 52 from Madras, 26 from Bombay and 24 British (Queen's and Company). On average an inch and a half taller and a stone heavier than the southern Indian troops, the Bengal sepoy was highly regarded by a military establishment that tended to evaluate its soldiers by physical appearance.[9]

A new feature in the Bengal Army was the creation of irregular infantry and cavalry regiments during the 1840s.[10] Originally designated as "Local Infantry" these were permanently established units but with less formal drill and fewer British officers than the regular Bengal line regiments.[11]

The main source of recruitment continued to be high caste Brahmins, Bhumihars and Rajputs from Bihar and Oudh,[12] [13] although the eight regular cavalry regiments consisted mainly of Muslim sowars from the Indian Muslim biradaris such as the Ranghar (Rajput Muslims), Sheikhs, Sayyids, Mughals, and Hindustani Pathans.[14] [15] [16]

Another innovation introduced prior to 1845 was to designate specific regiments as "Volunteers" – that is recruited for general service, with sepoys who had accepted a commitment for possible overseas duty. Recruits for the Bengal Army who were prepared to travel by ship if required, received a special allowance or batta.[17] Two of these BNI regiments were serving in China in 1857 and so escaped any involvement in the great rebellion of that year.[18]

The East India Company's Bengal Army in 1857 consisted of 151,361 men of all ranks, of whom the great majority - 128,663 - were Indians.[19]

1857

A total of 64 Bengal Army regular infantry and cavalry regiments rebelled during the Indian Rebellion of 1857, or were disbanded after their continued loyalty was considered doubtful.[1] From 1858 onwards the Chamars(Outcaste)[20] and the actual high-caste Awadhi and Bihari Hindu presence in the Bengal Army was reduced[21] because of their perceived primary role as "mutineers" in the 1857 rebellion.[22] The new and less homogeneous Bengal Army was essentially drawn from Punjabi Muslims, Sikhs, Gurkhas, Baluchis and Pathans, although twelve of the pre-mutiny Bengal line infantry regiments continued in service with the same basis of recruitment, traditions and uniform colours as before.[23]

A largely unspoken rationale was that an army of diverse origins was unlikely to unite in rebellion.[24]

End of the separate Bengal Army

In 1895 the three separate Presidency Armies began a process of unification which was not to be concluded until the Kitchener reforms of eight years later.[25] As an initial step the Army of India was divided into four commands, each commanded by a lieutenant-general. These comprised Bengal, Bombay (including Aden), Madras (including Burma) and Punjab (including the North West Frontier).[26] In 1903 the separately numbered regiments of the Bombay, Madras and Bengal Armies were unified in a single organisational sequence and the presidency affiliations disappeared.[27]

The Bengal infantry units in existence at the end of the Presidency era continued as the senior regiments (1st Brahmans to 48th Pioneers) of the newly unified Indian Army.[28]

Ethnic composition

The Bengal Army of the East India Company was mainly recruited from high castes living in Bihar and the Awadh.[29]

Prior to 1857, company military service was most popular in the zamindaris of North and South Bihar with the East India Company signing contracts to raise levies of troops from them.[30] Recruits from the Rajput and Bhumihar caste were common and they would use service in the Bengal Army as an opportunity to raise their wealth and status and for this reason, the Bhumihar zamindaris of Bihar became "prime recruiting grounds" for the Army.In the 1780s, the Company maintained a major recruiting station in Buxar with six companies under a Captain Eaton. These recruiting stations in Bihar were kept as "nurseries" which supplied battalions when drafts were made. Other recruiting centres were located in Bhagalpur, Shahabad, Monghyr, Saran and Hajipur.

Brigadier Troup, who served as the commander of Bareilly, stated of recruitment that the ‘Bengal native Infantry came chiefly from the province of Awadh, Buxar, Bhojpur and Arrah.’In 1810, Francis Buchanan-Hamilton noted in his account of the districts of Bihar, that the number of men absent from Shahabad to serve in the Army was 4680. The Ujjainiya zamindar of Bhojpur also informed him that 12000 recruits from his district had joined the Bengal Army.

Writing in The Indian Army (1834), Sir John Malcolm, who had a lifetime's experience of Indian soldiering, wrote: "They consist largely of Rajpoots (Rajput), who are a distinguished race. We may judge the size of these men when we are told that the height below which no recruit is taken is five feet six inches. The great proportion of the Grenadiers are six feet and upwards."

Both prior to and following 1857, the Bengal Army included what were to become some of the most famous units in India: Skinner's Horse, the Gurkhas from the Himalayas and the Corps of Guides on the Khyber-Pakhtunkhwa.[31]

Structure

Cavalry

Regular regiments

Punjab Frontier Force

Irregular units

Units raised during the 1857 War of Independence

Artillery

The Bengal Artillery was divided into three 'sections', the Bengal Horse Artillery (affiliated with the Royal Horse Artillery), Bengal European Foot Artillery (European/white members), and the Bengal Native Foot Artillery (native Indians). Below is the list of those that were formed/active before their disbandment/absorption into the Royal Artillery and RHA. Units below will have their formation designation and then designation after joining the British Army.[34]

Bengal Horse Artillery

Bengal European Foot Artillery

Bengal Native Foot Artillery

Punjab Horse Artillery, Punjab Irregular Force

Engineers

Infantry

Regular regiments

Of these regular regiments only twelve (the 21st, 31st, 32nd 33rd, 42nd, 43rd, 47th 59th, 63rd, 65th, 66th and 70th BNI) escaped mutiny or disbandment to survive into the post-Mutiny army.[36] As such they retained a number of features and traditions of the "old" Bengal Army, such as the wearing of red coats. The remainder of the regiments making up the "new" Bengal Army were derived from a mixture of irregular units already in existence before the Mutiny, plus Punjabis, Sikhs and Gurkhas. Local corps, levies and even police battalions raised for the suppression of the Mutiny were in some cases transformed into new regular infantry regiments, which brought the total number up to 49.

Punjab Frontier Force

Units raised during the 1857 War of Independence

Other

Commanders

Because the Bengal Army was the largest of the three Presidency Armies, its Commander-in-Chief was, from 1853 to 1895, also Commander-in-Chief, India.[37]
Commander-in-Chief, Bengal Command

See also

Sources

Further reading

Notes and References

  1. Raugh, p. 55
  2. Shah, p. 97
  3. Raugh, p. 46
  4. Book: Reid, Stuart. 5. Armies of the East India Company 1750–1850. 18 August 2009. Bloomsbury USA . 978-1-84603-460-2.
  5. Book: Martin . Robert Montgomery . Our Indian Empire and the Adjacent Countries of Afghanistan, Beloochistan, Persia, Etc., Depicted and Described by Pen and Pencil . 1879 . London Print. and Publishing Company . 305 . en.
  6. Book: Barat . Amiya . The Bengal Native Infantry: Its Organisation and Discipline, 1796-1852 . 1962 . Firma K.L. Mukhopadhyay . 119 .
  7. Book: Parliament. House of Commons. Select Committee on the East India Company . Minutes of Evidence Taken Before the Select Committee on the Affairs of the East India Company: And Also an Appendix and Index, Volume 3, Part 1 . 1832 . House of Commons .
  8. Mollo, pp. 13–14
  9. Book: Mason, Philip. 194–195. A Matter of Honour – An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men. 1986. Macmillan . 0-333-41837-9.
  10. Mollo, pp. 51-52
  11. Book: Creese, Michael. 26–27. Swords Trembling in Their Scabbards. The Changing Status of Indian Officers in the Indian Army 1757–1947. 2015. Helion Limited . 9-781909-982819.
  12. Book: Wagner, Kim A. . The Skull of Alum Bheg: The Life and Death of a Rebel of 1857 . 2018 . Oxford University Press . 978-0-19-087023-2 . 18,22 . en.
  13. Book: Mason, Philip. 125. A Matter of Honour - An Account of the Indian Army, its Officers and Men. 1986. Macmillan . 0-333-41837-9.
  14. Book: Defence Journal:Volumes 4-5. 66 . 2001 .
  15. Book: Unbattled Fears: Reckoning the National Security . 2021 . Sumit Walia . 125. Lancer Publishers . 9788170623311 .
  16. Book: Calcutta Review 1956 . 38 . University of Calcutta. . 1956 .
  17. Book: Wagner, Kim A.. 37. The Great Fear of 1857. 2014. Dev Publishers & Distributors . 978-93-81406-34-2.
  18. Book: MacMunn, Lt. Gen. Sir George. 100. The Armies of India. 1984. Crécy . 0-947554-02-5.
  19. Book: Spilsbury, Julian. The Indian Mutiny. Orion Publishing Group. 2007. 9780297856306. Jouve, France. 9.
  20. Book: Karsten, Peter . Recruiting, Drafting, and Enlisting: Two Sides of the Raising of Military Forces . 2013-10-31 . Routledge . 978-1-135-66150-2 . en.
  21. Book: David, Saul. 377 . The Indian Mutiny. 4 September 2003. Penguin Adult . 0-141-00554-8.
  22. Bickers and Tiedemann, p. 231
  23. W.Y. Carman, pages 107–108, "Indian Army Uniforms" Morgan-Grampian Books 1969
  24. Book: Mason, Philip. 320 & 326 & 359. A Matter of Honour. 1986. Macmillan . 0-333-41837-9.
  25. Book: Gaylor, John. 2. Sons of John Company. The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903–1991. 1992. Spellmount . 0-946771-98-7.
  26. Web site: Northern Command. 5 July 2013.
  27. Book: Gaylor, John. 3. Sons of John Company. The Indian & Pakistan Armies 1903–1991. 1992. Spellmount . 0-946771-98-7.
  28. Carmen, pp. 225-226
  29. Book: Hiltebeitel, Alf. Rethinking India's Oral and Classical Epics: Draupadi among Rajputs, Muslims and Dalits. 308. University of Chicago Press. 1999. 978-0226340500.
  30. Book: Alavi . Seema . The Sepoys and the Company: Tradition and Transition in Northern India, 1770-1830 . 1995 . Oxford University Press . 9780195634846 . 51–55 .
  31. 'Lumsden of the Guides' (London, 1899) by P. Lumsden and G. Elsmie; p. 28.
  32. Mollo, pp. 91–92
  33. Mollo, p. 93
  34. Frederick, pp. 453–6.
  35. Frederick, pp. 428–30.
  36. Carmen, p. 107
  37. Raugh, p. 45

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