Foreign relations of Belgium explained

Belgium is a country in Europe and member of major international organizations like the European Union and NATO which are both headquartered in Brussels, Belgium.

As a federal state, the Communities and Regions have their own foreign relations and are able to conclude treaties themselves.

Initial neutrality

Because of its location at the crossroads of Western Europe, Belgium has historically been the route of invading armies from its larger neighbours. With virtually defenceless borders, Belgium has traditionally sought to avoid domination by the more powerful nations which surround it through a policy of mediation. The Concert of Europe sanctioned the creation of Belgium in 1831 on the condition that the country remain strictly neutral.

This policy of neutrality ended after the experience of German occupation during World War I. In the years preceding World War II, Belgium tried to return to a policy of neutrality, but once again, Germany invaded the country. In 1948, Belgium signed the Treaty of Brussels with the United Kingdom, France, the Netherlands, and Luxembourg, and one year later became one of the founding members of the Atlantic Alliance.

Belgium's federalism and international relations

A peculiar feature of Belgian federalism is the fact that the country's Communities and Regions maintain their own international relations, including the conclusion of treaties. Thus, there are a number of bilateral Dutch-Flemish international institutions, such as the Dutch Language Union or the institutions for the control of the river Scheldt, in which only Flanders takes part. Likewise, only the French Community of Belgium takes part in La Francophonie. For instance, UNV's Online Volunteering service received a financial contribution from the Federal Public Service (FPS) Foreign Affairs, Foreign Trade and Development Cooperation of the Kingdom of Belgium for the years 2013 and 2014 to support the outreach to the francophone world and the promotion of volunteerism.[1]

International disputes

Belgium has resorted several times to international dispute settlement, notably in cases at both the International Court of Justice and the Permanent Court of Arbitration with the Netherlands concerning the diversion of water from the Meuse (1937) the frontier at the enclave of Baarle-Hertog (1959) and the revitalisation of the so-called Iron Rhine railroad (2005). There have been other points of contention with the Netherlands, such as the deepening of the river Scheldt or the route for the high-speed rail link between Brussels and Amsterdam. This does however not influence the overall amicable character of Belgo-Dutch relationship.

Other former cases at international courts between Belgium and other countries are — in chronological order — the Oscar Chinn Case of 1934 (with the United Kingdom, the Borghgrave Case of 1937 (with Spain), the cases of the electricity company of Sofia of 1939 (with Bulgaria), the case of the "société commerciale de Belgique" of 1939 (with Greece), the case concerning the Barcelona Traction Company of 1970 (with Spain), the arrest warrant case of 2002 (with the Democratic Republic of the Congo) and the case concerning legality of use of force of 2004 (with Serbia and Montenegro).

The arrest warrant case of 2002 was caused by the application of Belgium's so called genocide law, providing for universal jurisdiction over the gravest international crimes. The same law stirred relations with, amongst others, Israel and the United States, since complaints were filed against high-ranking politicians and officials of both countries. The law was therefore repealed in 2003.

Diplomatic relations

List of countries which Belgium maintains diplomatic relations with:

CountryDate
1[2]
2[3]
3[4]
4[5]
—[6]
5[7]
6[8]
7[9]
8[10]
9[11]
10[12]
11[13]
12[14]
13
14[15]
15[16]
16[17]
17[18]
18[19]
19[20]
20[21]
21[22]
22[23]
23[24]
24[25]
25[26]
26[27]
27[28]
28[29]
29[30]
30[31]
31[32]
32[33]
33[34]
34 Paraguay[35]
35[36]
36[37]
37 Cuba[38]
38[39]
39[40]
40[41]
41[42]
42[43]
43[44]
44[45]
45[46]
46[47]
47 Ethiopia[48]
48[49]
49[50]
50[51]
51[52]
52 Canada[53]
53[54]
54[55]
55[56]
56 Philippines[57]
57[58]
58[59]
59[60]
60[61]
61[62]
62[63]
63[64]
64[65]
65[66]
66[67]
67 Sri Lanka[68]
68[69]
69[70]
70[71]
71[72]
72[73]
73[74]
74[75]
75[76]
76[77]
77[78]
78
79[79]
80[80]
81[81]
82[82]
83[83]
84[84]
85[85]
86 Chad[86]
87[87]
88[88]
89[89]
90[90]
91[91]
92 Burundi[92]
93 Rwanda[93]
94[94]
95 Algeria[95]
96[96]
97[97]
98[98]
99[99]
100 Kuwait[100]
101[101]
102[102]
103 Zambia[103]
104[104]
105[105]
106[106]
107 Malawi[107]
108 Gambia[108]
109 Singapore[109]
110[110]
111[111]
112
113[112]
114[113]
115[114]
116[115]
117 Trinidad and Tobago[116]
118[117]
119[118]
120[119]
121[120]
122[121]
123[122]
124[123]
125[124]
126[125]
127[126]
128[127]
129[128]
130[129]
131[130]
132[131]
133[132]
134[133]
135[134]
136[135]
137[136]
138[137]
139[138]
140[139]
141[140]
142[141]
143[142]
144[143]
145[144]
146[145]
147[146]
148[147]
149[148]
150[149]
151[150]
152[151]
153
154[152]
155[153]
156[154]
157[155]
158[156]
159[157]
160[158]
161[159]
162[160]
163[161]
164[162]
165[163]
166[164]
167[165]
168[166]
169[167]
170[168]
171[169]
172[170]
173[171]
174[172]
175[173]
176[174]
177[175]
178[176]
179[177]
180[178]
181[179]
—[180]
182[181]
—[182]
183[183]
184[184]
185[185]
186[186]
187Unknown
188Unknown
189Unknown
190Unknown
191Unknown
192Unknown

Relationship with countries

Africa

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
2 July 1960See Belgium–Democratic Republic of the Congo relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 2 July 1960 when establishment of the Belgian diplomatic mission in Leopoldville and Jean Van den Bosch becomes the Belgian ambassador.[187]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Kinshasa and a consulate-general in Lubumbashi.
  • Congo-Kinshasa has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general in Antwerp.
  • Belgium recognised Eritrea as an independent country on 14 June 1993.[188]
14 October 2011Diplomatic relations were established on 14 October 2011.[189]
  • Belgium recognised South Sudan as an independent country on 1 December 2011.[190]

Americas

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
Canada3 January 1939See Belgium–Canada relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 3 January 1939.[191]
Cuba18 August 1902Diplomatic relations were established on 18 August 1902.[192]

In 1837, Belgian negotiating sale right ownership of Cuba from Spanish government.[193]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Havana.
  • Cuba has an embassy in Brussels.
Mexico19 November 1839See Belgium–Mexico relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 19 November 1839.[194]

In 1836, Belgium—itself newly independent—recognized the independence of Mexico.[195] In 1919, the Belgian chamber of commerce of Mexico was established. Belgium opened its embassy in Mexico on 5 June 1954.[196]

  • Belgium has an embassy in Mexico City.
  • Mexico has an embassy in Brussels.
16 May 1850Diplomatic relations were established on 16 May 1850.

See main article: Belgium–Peru relations.

  • Belgium has an embassy in Lima.
  • Peru has an embassy in Brussels.
United States9 February 1832See Belgium–United States relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 9 February 1832 when has been accredited Minister Resident of Belgium to United States with residence in Washington baron D. Behr.[197]

The United States and Belgium are good friends and allies, despite occasional disagreements on a limited number of foreign policy issues. Good will and affection for Americans continues as a result of the U.S. role during and after the two World Wars, which was exhibited in 2004 during the 60th anniversary commemorations of the Battle of the Bulge and the liberation of Belgium. Continuing to celebrate cooperative U.S. and Belgian relations, 2007 marks the 175th anniversary of the nations' relationship.

  • Belgium has an embassy in Washington, D.C., and consulates-general in Atlanta, Los Angeles and New York City.
  • United States has an embassy in Brussels.
26 September 1852See Belgium–Uruguay relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 26 September 1852 when M. Joseph Lannoy has been appointed as Minister Resident of Belgium to Uruguay with Residence in Rio-de-Janeiro.[198]
  • Belgium is accredited to Uruguay from its embassy in Buenos Aires, Argentina.
  • Uruguay has an embassy in Brussels.

Asia

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
10 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[199]
  • Belgium recognised Armenia as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.[200]
  • Armenia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium is accredited to Armenia from its embassy in Moscow, Russia and maintains an honorary consulate in Yerevan.
  • Belgium has recognized the Armenian genocide in 1998.
17 June 1992See Azerbaijan–Belgium relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 17 June 1992.[201]
25 October 1971See Belgium–China relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 25 October 1971.[202]
5 June 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 5 June 1992.[203]
  • Belgium recognised Georgia as an independent country on 23 March 1992.[204]
  • Belgium is represented in Georgia through its embassy in Baku, Azerbaijan
  • Georgia has an embassy in Brussels
20 September 1947See Belgium–India relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 20 September 1947 when Prince Eugene de Ligne presented his credentials as the Ambassador of the Kingdom of Belgium to India.[205]
  • Belgium has an embassy in New Delhi and consualates-general in Chennai and Mumbai.
  • India has an embassy in Brussels.
14 June 1950See Belgium–Indonesia relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 14 June 1950 when Consulate General of Belgium in Jakarta has been elevated to rang Legation and M. P. Vanderstichelen appointed as Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Indonesia.[206]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Jakarta.
  • Indonesia has an embassy in Brussels.
IsraelSee Belgium–Israel relations
  • On 29 November 1947, Belgium voted in favour of UN resolution 181.
  • Belgium recognised Israel on 15 January 1950.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Tel Aviv.
  • Israel has an embassy in Brussels.
  • There are approximately 31,200 Jews living in Belgium.
Japan1 August 1866See Belgium–Japan relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 1 August 1866.[207]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Tokyo.
  • Japan has an embassy in Brussels.
Kazakhstan25 August 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 25 August 1992.[208]
  • Belgium recognised Kazakhstan as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Astana.
  • Kazakhstan has an embassy in Brussels.
Kyrgyzstan25 March 1992See Belgium–Turkey relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 25 March 1992.[209]
  • Belgium recognised Kyrgyzstan as an independent country effective from 20 januari 1992.
Malaysia12 December 1957See Belgium–Malaysia relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 12 December 1957.[210]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Kuala Lumpur.
  • Malaysia has an embassy in Brussels.
Pakistan20 February 1948See Belgium–Pakistan relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 20 February 1948.[211]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Islamabad.
  • Pakistan has an embassy in Brussels.

Former Pakistani president, Pervez Musharraf, has also previously extended a visit to Belgium during his tour of Europe in early 2008, which also included visits to the United Kingdom, France and Sweden. During his stay in Brussels, he met the then-Prime Minister of Belgium, Guy Verhofstadt, and the two leaders held significant talks on trade and defence co-operation.

18 May 1949See Belgium–Philippines relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 18 May 1949.[212]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Manila.
  • Philippines has an embassy in Brussels.
2 May 1961See Belgium–South Korea relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 2 May 1961.[213]
Turkey4 April 1838See Belgium–Turkey relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 4 April 1838 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Turkey baron O'Sullivan de Grass.[217]
Turkmenistan1 February 1993See Belgium–Turkey relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 1 February 1993.[218]
  • Belgium recognised Turkmenistan as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.
Uzbekistan10 March 1992See Belgium–Turkey relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[219]
  • Belgium recognised Uzbekistan as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.

Europe

CountryFormal Relations BeganNotes
15 December 1994Diplomatic relations were established on 15 December 1994.[220]
  • Belgium has recognised Andorra as an independent country on 2 December 1993, effective from 28 July 1993.
  • Andorra has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium is accredited to Andorra from its embassy in Madrid, Spain.
Austria
  • Austria has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Vienna.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union.
10 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[221]
  • Belgium recognised Belarus as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.
3 March 1994Diplomatic relations were established on 3 March 1994.[222]
  • Belgium recognised Bosnia as an independent country on 10 April 1992.
Bulgaria11 December 1879Diplomatic relations were established on 11 December 1879.[223]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Sofia.[224]
  • Bulgaria has an embassy in Brussels.[225]
  • Both countries are full members of Francophonie, NATO and of the European Union.
10 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[226]
  • Belgium recognised Croatia as an independent country effective from 15 January 1992.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Zagreb.
  • Croatia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Czech Republic3 June 1919Belgium and Czechoslovakia established diplomatic relations on 3 June 1919.[227]
  • Belgium recognised the independence of Czechia on 16 February 1993, effective from 1 January 1993.[228]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Prague.
  • Czech Republic has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
Denmark25 February 1837See Belgium–Denmark relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 25 February 1837 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Denmark baron T. van der Straten-Ponthoz[229] [230]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Copenhagen.
  • Denmark has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Estonia26 January 1921Diplomatic relations were established first time on 21 January 1921. Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[231]
  • Belgium first recognised the independence of Estonia on 26 January 1921.
  • After the end of the Soviet occupation, Belgium re-recognised Estonia on 27 August 1991.
  • Belgium is accredited to Estonia from its embassy in Helsinki, Finland.
  • Estonia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
  • Estonian Ministry of Foreign Affairs about relations with Belgium
Finland9 July 1919Diplomatic relations were established on 9 July 1919.[232]
  • Belgium recognised Finland's independence on 10 June 1919.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Helsinki.
  • Finland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
France8 March 1831See Belgium–France relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 8 March 1831 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to France Comte C. Le Hon.
GermanySee Belgium–Germany relationsThey are both members of the European Union and NATO. Also, the majority of the people in East Belgium speak German.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Berlin.
  • Germany has one embassy in Brussels.
Greece30 November 1838See Belgium–Greece relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 30 November 1838 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Greece M. Benjamin Mary.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Athens.
  • Since 1945, Greece has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO, of the European Union.
  • There are between 15,000 and 26,000 Greeks who live in Belgium.
21 July 1832Diplomatic relations were established on 21 July 1832 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to Roman states and Italian states (Holy See) Viscount Vilain XIIII.[233]
  • Belgium has an embassy to the Holy See based in Rome.
  • Holy See has an apostolic nunciature in Brussels.
9 November 1945Diplomatic relations were established on 9 November 1945.[234]
  • Belgium is accredited to Iceland from its embassy in Oslo, Norway.
  • Iceland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
Ireland7 September 1932Diplomatic relations were established on 7 September 1932 when has been established Legation of Ireland in Belgium (Brussels). It was raised into an embassy 9 January 1959.[235]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Dublin.
  • Ireland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and the Council of Europe.
Italy24 February 1851Diplomatic relations were established on 24 February 1851 when has been appointed Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Italy to Belgium Alberto Lupi Di Montalto.[236]
23 April 2008See Belgium–Kosovo relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 23 April 2008.[237]
26 January 1921Diplomatic relations were established on 26 January 1921.[240] Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[241]
27 December 1922Diplomatic relations were established first time on 27 December 1922.Diplomatic relations re-established on 5 September 1991.[242]
9 July 1892See Belgium–Luxembourg relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 9 July 1892.[243]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Luxembourg City.
  • Luxembourg has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
June 1965Diplomatic relations were established in June 1965.[244]
  • Belgium is accredited to Malta from its embassy in Rome, Italy.
  • Malta has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and of the Council of Europe.
11 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 11 March 1992.[245]
  • Belgium recognised Moldova as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.
  • Moldova has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium is accredited to Moldova from its embassy in Bucharest, Romania.
2 October 1931Diplomatic relations were established on 2 October 1931.[246]
  • Belgium is accredited to Monaco from its embassy in Paris, France and maintains an honorary consulate in Monaco.
  • Monaco has an embassy in Brussels.
25 July 2006Diplomatic relations were established on 25 July 2006.[247]
  • Belgium recognised Montenegro as an independent country on 23 June 2006.[248]
  • Belgium is accredited to Montenegro from its embassy in Belgrade, Serbia.
  • Montenegro has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the Council of Europe and NATO.
  • Belgium is an EU member and Montenegro is an EU candidate.
Netherlands3 August 1839See Belgium–Netherlands relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 3 August 1839 when has been accredited Envoy Extraordinary and Minister Plenipotentiary of Belgium to the Netherlands Prince J. De Chimay.
  • Belgium has an embassy in The Hague.
  • Netherlands has an embassy in Brussels and a consulate-general in Antwerp.
  • Both nations are members of the European Union and NATO.
14 February 1994Diplomatic relations were established on 14 February 1994.[249]
  • Belgium recognised North Macedonia as an independent country on 12 October 1993.[250]
14 November 1905Diplomatic relations were established on 14 November 1905.[251]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Oslo.
  • Norway has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.
6 March 1919Diplomatic relations were established on 6 March 1919.[252]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Warsaw.
  • Poland has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
20 February 1834Diplomatic relations were established on 20 February 1834 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Portugal C. Serruys.[253]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Lisbon.
  • Portugal has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
29 March 1880Diplomatic relations were established on 29 March 1880.[254]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Bucharest.
  • Romania has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
11 April 1853See Belgium–Russia relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 11 April 1853.[255]
Serbia15 March 1886
  • Belgium recognised Yugoslavia as an independent country on 22 April 1996.[256]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Belgrade.
  • Serbia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Belgium is an EU member and Serbia is an EU candidate.
Slovakia1 January 1993Diplomatic relations were established on 1 January 1993.[257]
  • Belgium recognised Slovakia as an independent country on 16 February 1993, effectvie from 1 January 1993.
  • Belgium is accredited to Slovakia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Slovakia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
Slovenia5 March 1992Diplomatic relations were established on 5 March 1992.[258] Belgium recognised Slovenia as an independent country effective from 15 January 1992.
  • Belgium is accredited to Slovenia from its embassy in Vienna, Austria.
  • Slovenia has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO and of the European Union.
Spain18 September 1832See Belgium–Spain relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 18 September 1832 when has been accredited chargé d'affaires of Belgium to Spain J.-B. Kaufmann.[259]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Madrid.
  • Spain has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union and NATO.
23 February 1837Diplomatic relations were established on 23 February 1837 when has been accredited Chargé d'Affaires of Belgium to Sweden baron T. Vander Straten Ponthoz.[260]
  • Belgium has an embassy in Stockholm.
  • Sweden is accredited to Belgium from its Ministry of Foreign Affairs in Stockholm.
  • Both countries are full members of the European Union, NATO and of the Council of Europe.
Ukraine10 March 1992See Belgium–Ukraine relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 10 March 1992.[261]

Although politically the two nations are not closely connected, they have a long history of economic integration and trade, with Belgian investment playing a role in the contemporary Ukrainian economy. As of 2008, trade revenue generated between the two nations accounted for approximately US$1 billion.[262]

  • Belgium recognised Ukraine as an independent country effective from 31 December 1991.
  • Belgium has an embassy in Kyiv.
  • Ukraine has an embassy in Brussels.
United Kingdom1 December 1830See Belgium–United Kingdom relationsDiplomatic relations were established on 1 December 1830 when John Ponsonby has been appointed as special mission to provisional government.[263]

Historically, the two countries have trading links going back to the 10th century, especially wool trade from England to the County of Flanders. In the early years of the Hundred Years' War, Edward III allied with the nobles of the Low Countries and the burghers of Flanders against France.

  • Belgium has an embassy in London.
  • United Kingdom has an embassy in Brussels.
  • Both countries are full members of NATO.

Oceania

Protocol

The kingdom of Belgium recognises 4 types of incoming visits in Belgium. They are ranked in precedence and protocol.[265]

  1. The State Visit, formal invitations by the King of the Belgians.
  2. The Official Visit, invitation by the Belgian Prime minister.
  3. The Working Visit, invitation by an ambassador, the cost is not paid by the Belgian state.
    1. Cordial visits.
    2. Visits of courtoisie
    3. Visits to international Organisations
  4. The Private Visit, at own initiative, Belgian authorities only provide security if requested.

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. https://onlinevolunteering.org/en/org/about/partners.html UNV Online Volunteering service, Partners
  2. Book: Estudios monográficos . Dirección General de Documentación e Informe Presidencial . 1973 . 130.
  3. Book: Haydn, Joseph Timothy . Beatson's Political index modernised. The book of dignities; containing rolls of the official personages of the British empire, together with the sovereigns of Europe, the peerage of England and of Great Britain; and numerous other lists . 1851 . 76–79.
  4. Book: Annuaire diplomatique et consulaire de la République Française, 15 . Imprimerie Nationale . 1893 . 343 . fr.
  5. Web site: All Countries . 12 November 2021 . Office of the Historian.
  6. Web site: Nunciature to Belgium . 7 January 2024.
  7. Book: British and Foreign State Papers . H.M. Stationery Office . 1865 . 43 . 773.
  8. Web site: Países . 2 July 2022 . pt.
  9. Book: Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier . Librairie polytechnique . 1845 . 14 . fr.
  10. Book: Pierre Colot . Historique des relations entre la Belgique et le Danemark . 1984 . Ministère des affaires étrangères, du commerce extérieur et de la coopération au développement . 30 . French.
  11. Book: Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier . Librairie polytechnique . 1845 . 13 . fr.
  12. Book: Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier . Librairie polytechnique . 1845 . 13 . fr.
  13. Web site: Relaciones Diplomáticas de Guatemala . 24 July 2021 . es.
  14. Book: Dictionnaire historique & biographique de la Suisse : publié avec la recommandation de la Société générale suisse d'histoire et sous la direction de Marcel Godet, Henri Türler [et] Victor Attinger avec de nombreux collaborateurs de tous les cantons ]. 17 May 2024 . 1921 . 23 . fr.
  15. Book: Almanach royal de Belgique Classé Et Mis En Ordre Par H. Tarlier . Librairie polytechnique . 1852 . 22 . fr.
  16. Book: Annuario diplomatico del Regno d'Italia ... . Italia : Ministero degli affari esteri . 1886 . 53 . it . 26 October 2023.
  17. Book: Annales parlementaires de Belgique: 1853/54, Nov. - Jan . Belgique Chambre des Représentants . 1854 . 198 . fr.
  18. Book: Lemon, Mark . Punch . Mayhew, Henry . Taylor, Tom . Brooks, Shirley . Cowley Burnand, Francis . Seaman, Owen . . 1853 . XXIV . . 211 . 2009-03-23.
  19. Book: British and Foreign State Papers . Great Britain. Foreign Office, Great Britain. Foreign and Commonwealth Office . 1867 . 535 .
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  21. Web site: Política Bilateral . 6 July 2023 . es.
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  23. Web site: 3 March 2024 . Hoy celebramos 164 años del establecimiento de relaciones diplomáticas con Bélgica . 12 March 2024 . Cancillería Argentina . es.
  24. Book: Treaties and Conventions concluded between Empire of Japan and Foreign Nations, together with Regulations and Communications 1854-1874 . Nisshu-sha Printing Office . 1874 . Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Japan . Tokyo . table of contents.
  25. Book: Moniteur belge journal officiel. 1872,1/2 . Belgique . 1872 . 485 . fr.
  26. Web site: 14 April 2015 . Directorio del Cuerpo Diplomático y Consular acreditado en la República de Colombia . 4 July 2023 . cancilleria.gov.co . 7–12 . es.
  27. Web site: Установяване, прекъсване u възстановяване на дипломатическите отношения на България (1878-2005) . bg.
  28. Web site: Diplomatic Relations of Romania . 28 December 2023 . Ministerul Afacerilor Externe.
  29. Book: Libro amarillo correspondiente al año ...: presentado al Congreso Nacional en sus sesiones ordinarias de ... por el titular despacho . Venezuela. Ministerio de Relaciones Exteriores . 2003 . 528–529 . es.
  30. Web site: อื่นๆ . 5 July 2023 . th.
  31. Web site: Bilateral political relations . https://web.archive.org/web/20070626021412/http://www.mfa.gov.yu:80/Policy/Bilaterala/Belgium/basic_e.html . 26 June 2007 . 7 January 2024.
  32. Web site: REGISTRO DE FECHAS DE ESTABLECIMIENTO DE RD . 9 March 2022 . es.
  33. Web site: Resolución Nº 2998. Aprobando el Tratado de Amistad, Comercio y Navegacion Celebrado Entre la Republica y el Reyno de Belgica. . 26 March 2022 . es.
  34. Book: P. Ruppert . Le grand-duché de Luxembourg dans ses relations internationales . la cour V. Bück, L. Bück successeur . 1892 . fr . 27 October 2023.
  35. Book: Bulletin of the Pan American Union . Pan American Union . 1895 . 3 . 74.
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