| Unit Name: | Byelorussian Military District (BVO) |
| Native Name: | Russian: Белорусский военный округ (БВО) |
| Dates: | 28 November 1918 – 6 May 1992 |
| Country: | (1918–1920) (1920–1991) (1922–1991)  Belarus (1991–1992) |
| Type: | Military district |
| Garrison Label: | Headquarters |
| Battles: | World War II |
| Notable Commanders: | Aleksandr Petrovich Chumakov Anatoly Kostenko Semyon Timoshenko |
| Decorations: | Order of the Red Banner |
The Byelorussian Military District (Russian: Белорусский военный округ|translit=Belorusskiy Voyenyi Okrug; alternatively Belarusian;) was a military district of the Soviet Armed Forces. Originally formed just before World War I as the Minsk Military District out of the remnants of the Vilno Military District and the Warsaw Military District, it was headed by the Russian General Eugen Alexander Ernst Rausch von Traubenberg.
With the outbreak of the Russian Civil War it was reorganized into the Western Front and in April 1924 it was renamed to the Western Military District. In October 1926 it was redesignated the Belorussian Military District, with its staff in Smolensk. And in July 1940 it was renamed the Western Special Military District. It covered the territory of the Byelorussian SSR and the western part of the RSFSR (including Smolensk area, Bryansk area, and parts of Kaluga area).
In 1928, the first maneuvers of troops of the district were held, which was attended by 6th Cavalry Division and 7th Cavalry Division, 5th, 8th and 27th Rifle Divisions, 33rd territorial division, a tank brigade of the Moscow Military District, artillery, aviation, communication, and engineering units. The People's Commissar for Military and Naval Affairs, Kliment Voroshilov, attended the exercises. The exercises showed growth in the combat skills of troops.
In 1932 it deployed from within the country the 4th Leningrad Cavalry Order of the Red Banner Voroshilov Division commanded by Georgy Zhukov. In 1932–1933, in connection with the development of armored vehicles, it formed seven separate tank brigades, armed with Soviet-made tanks: light T-24, T-26, medium T-28, fast BT-2, BT-5, floating T-37, heavy T-35, T-27 tankettes. In 1937 the district deployed 15 infantry divisions, grouped into five infantry corps and five cavalry divisions.
On 26 July 1938, the district was renamed the Belorussian Special Military District (abbreviated as BOVO). After the Soviet/German invasion of Poland in September 1939, it took in most of the former Polish area and was redesignated the Belorussian Special Military District. In July 1940, it was redesignated the Western Special Military District. When the German invasion, Operation Barbarossa, began on 22 June 1941 the district was again redesignated the Western Front.
The district was reformed in October 1943 from the staff of the Moscow Zone of Defence (at Smolensk, which moved to Minsk in August 1944). From December 1944 until July 1945, the district was designated Byelorussian-Lithuanian Military District (covering the territory of Belarus and Lithuania), and from 9 July until 26 January 1946 it was divided in two districts – Minsk Military District (from the staff of the 3rd Army), and Baranovichi Military District (from the staff of 3rd Belorussian Front with its headquarters staff at Bobruisk). The district covered the territory of the Byelorussian SSR. On 4 February 1946, the Baranovichi and Minsk military districts are merged again into one district : the Belorussian Military District.
From mid February 1949, in accordance with a directive issued 10 January 1949, the 1st Air Army, present within the district, was redesignated the 26th Air Army. The 26th Air Army was subordinate to the BVO. In 1962 the 26th Air Army comprised the 95th Fighter Aviation Division (Shchuchin, Grodno Oblast), the 1st Guards Fighter-Bomber Aviation Division (Lida, Grodno Oblast), and three separate smaller units: the 10th independent Reconnaissance Aviation Regiment (Shchuchin, Grodno Oblast), the 248th independent Mixed Aviation Squadron (Minsk-Lipki, Minsk Oblast), and the 95th independent Mixed Aviation Squadron (Grodno, Grodno Oblast).[1] In April 1980 the 26th Air Army was renamed the VVS Belorussian Military District. In May 1988 it was renamed again as the 26th Air Army. The 95th Fighter Aviation Division was disbanded in 1988.[2]
The 26th Air Army included in 1990:
From the beginning of the 1950s three armies were subordinated to the district: 28th Army, 5th Guards Tank Army and 7th Tank Army, totaling nine tank and two motor-rifle divisions, including training formations. 70th Guards Mechanised Division at Postavy became 45th Guards Tank Division in May 1957, but was disbanded in November 1959.[3]
5th Guards Tank Army in 1988 had 8th Guards, 29th, and 193rd Tank Divisions while 7th 'Red Star' Tank Army had 3rd Guards, 34th, and 37th Guards Tank Divisions.[4] From the late 1970s the district was subordinate to the Commander-in-Chief of the Western Strategic Direction. On the dissolution of the Soviet Union the 28th Army, headquartered at Grodno, included the 6th Guards Tank Division (Grodno), 28th Tank Division (Slonim), 50th Guards Motor Rifle Division (Brest), and the 76th Tank Division (a cadre formation which became a territorial training centre and then a weapons and equipment storage base), also at Brest. The 120th 'Rogachev' Guards Motorised Rifle Division, subordinated directly to district control, was the district's most prestigious division. Also present was the 51st Guards Artillery Division, two cadre artillery divisions, the 147th Anti-Aircraft Rocket Brigade at Bobruisk, intended for direct Front control, two surface-to-surface missile brigades, an independent SSM battalion, and a high-power artillery brigade.[5]
The forces of the district became the basis of the Armed Forces of Belarus after the district was disbanded in May 1992 following the dissolution of the Soviet Union.
"The Byelorusian Military District is no more. Under a resolution of the Council of Ministers of Belarus all its units, as well as non-strategic formations, have been placed under the Defence Ministry of Belarus."
2nd Air Defence Army traced its history back to 5 November 1941, when the 5th Air Defence Division was formed by the directive of Deputy People's Commissar of Defence of the USSR No. 3024 in Kuybyshev. The basis for the formation of the division were components of the Moscow Air Defence Corps, relocated to Kuybyshev. In September 1944, during the completion of Operation Bagration, the division, reorganized into the 14th Air Defence Corps, moved forward to Minsk to organize air defence of the territory liberated by the 3rd Belorussian Front. The corps defended airfields, railway junctions and the cities of Minsk, Borisov, Lida, Molodechno. In July 1944 the corps units, in cooperation with fighter aviation, shot down 19 enemy aircraft. The 907th Fighter Aviation Regiment (907 IAP), located at Loshitsa airfield particularly distinguished itself. The regiment was commanded by Hero of the Soviet Union, Lieutenant-Colonel N. Kozlov (later major-general of aviation, deputy commander of the 2nd independent Air Defence Army).
After the end of the Second World War, the corps was reorganized into the Belorussian Air Defence District (1951), then to the Minsk Air Defence Corps (1954). In 1960 the 2nd Independent Air Defence Army (Russian: 2-я отдельная армия ПВО) of the Soviet Air Defence Forces was established. In 1988 the Army comprised the 11th and 28th Air Defence Corps.
The 11th Air Defence Corps was formed on 15 March 1960 in Baranovichi, Minsk Oblast, from the PVO's 39th Fighter Aviation Division.[6] 3rd Air Defence Division came under 2nd independent Army of the PVO from March 1960 to November 1977.[7]
In 1988 it comprised:
It was taken over by Belarus in early 1992, and survived to at least 1994.
Over the border in the Ukrainian SSR, the 28th Air Defence Corps was also part of the 2nd Air Defence Army until 1992.In 1988 it comprised:[10]