Belarus–Lithuania border explained

Belarus–Lithuania border
Length:678.8km (421.8miles)
Established:1920
1940
Current:6 February 1995
Treaties:Soviet–Lithuanian Peace Treaty (1920)
Agreement between the Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Belarus concerning the State Border between Lithuania and Belarus (1995)

The Belarus–Lithuania border is an international border almost 678.8km (421.8miles)[1] in length between the Republic of Belarus (CIS member) and the Republic of Lithuania (EU member). It is an external border of the European Union as well as the western border of the Commonwealth of Independent States. 379.9km (236.1miles) of the border is on land, while 298.9km (185.7miles) are on water, crossing lakes, e.g. Lake Drūkšiai and following some rivers, e.g. Dysna River and Neman River.

In August 2022, Lithuania completed the construction of a new border barrier to stop illegal migration. On 18 January 2023, the Lithuanian government renounced the agreement signed with Belarus 16 years ago on the principles of cross-border cooperation.[2]

History

The historical borders of the Grand Duchy of Lithuania and later, following the partitions of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, governorates of the Russian Empire varied significantly throughout the history and at times bore little resemblance to the modern borders. The formation of the current border began after the World War I, following the establishment of the Republic of Lithuania and the Lithuanian–Soviet War. The Soviet-Lithuanian Peace Treaty was signed on 12 July 1920, defining and recognizing the eastern border of Lithuania, even though it was de facto controlled by Poland due to the Polish–Lithuanian War and Polish–Soviet War.[3] It was similar to the present border, but the Vilnius region was de facto controlled by Poland. Following the World War II and the Soviet occupation of the Baltic states, a new border was established between the Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic and Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic within the Soviet Union. It is the basis of the current border which had remained largely stable since 1940.[4]

The border is defined by the treaty of 6 February 1995 between the two countries.[5] The demarcation of the border was completed in 2007.[1] Since 2004 the border has served as the external border of the European Union and, since 2007, the Schengen Area. These developments brought increased border controls and stricter visa requirements for crossing between the two countries. An agreement signed in 2010 aims to implement simplified traveling for people living within 50km (30miles) of the border.[6]

Definition of the border

The treaty defines the border as starting at the border tripoint of Lithuania, Latvia and Belarus, where there is a monument (55.6806°N 26.63°W). It goes southeast across Lake Drūkšiai, following river Apyvardė, across lakes Apvardai and Prūtas, further following Dysna River to the east, and further to Adutiškis railway station. It further goes north of Belarusian settlement Lyntupy, east of the Lithuanian settlement Šumskas, across the road Vilnius - Maladzyechna, goes around the area of Lithuanian settlement Dieveniškės from the east, south and west, goes to the North of Belarusian settlement Bieniakoni, crosses the road Vilnius-Lida and further follows Šalčia river. It further continues to the south of Lithuanian city Eišiškės, follows Načia river, goes to the south of Lithuanian settlement Dubičiai, reaches the source of Kotra River and further follows this river, then across lakes Grūda ir Dubas. It further crosses the railroad Vilnius-Grodno next to the stop Senovė, and the railroad to Druskininkai to the north of the stop Pariečė, continuing west towards Neman river and up against the current, and further following Mara river to the border tripoint of Belarus, Lithuania and Poland (53.9561°N 23.515°W).[7]

On 18 January 2023, Lithuanian government renounced the agreement signed with Belarus on the principles of cross-border cooperation. The bill terminated the agreement signed by the governments of Lithuania and Belarus in Vilnius on 1 June 2006, to set out areas of cross-border cooperation between the two neighbouring countries.

Incidents

See main article: Ryanair Flight 4978 and Belarus–European Union border crisis. On 23 May 2021, Ryanair Flight 4978, an intra-EU flight with 171 passengers on board, crossing the Belarusian airspace, was intercepted by a Belarusian MiG-29 and forced to land at Minsk Airport, where two of the passengers were arrested. The incident was condemned by many governments and described as air hijacking by a state.

In June 2021, Lithuanian officials claimed that Belarusian authorities could encourage illegal migration from Iraq and Syria to Lithuania by organizing groups of refugees and helping them to cross the Belarusian-Lithuanian border.[8] [9] It was assumed that the state support of illegal migration could be carried out for political reasons. Illegal migration from Belarus forced Lithuania to declare state of emergency on 7 July 2021.[10]

YearNumber of illegal migrants
crossed Belarus—Lithuania border
201772
2018104
201946
202081
2021 - present4,613[11]

Border barrier

Lithuania decided to build a border barrier to stem the flow of illegal crossings.[12] On 5 August 2021, the chief of the Lithuanian State Border Guard Service presented a project of the proposed barrier for the entire Belarus-Lithuania border which would be 4m (13feet) high and would use multiple layers of the Concertina wire.[13] The cost of the project was estimated at €150 million and the Lithuanian parliament approved it as a matter of urgency. Lithuania completed the 502km (312miles) barrier in August 2022 and the modern surveillance equipment was installed by the end of the year.[14] In March 2023, the Lithuanian authorities announced that the 100% of the border is surveilled.[15]

Border crossings

There are the following border crossings between Lithuania and Belarus: Medininkai–Kamienny Loh, Lavoriškės–Kotlovka, Šalčininkai–Byenyakoni, Šumskas–Losha, Raigardas–Privalka, TverečiusVidzy.[16], only two of the six road border crossing are open. Two border crossings, Šumskas and Tverečius, were closed by Lithuania on 18 August 2023 due to concerns over Wagner Group mercenaries and smuggling.[17] In January 2024, Lithuania decided to impose movement restrictions and close two more border crossings, Lavoriškės and Raigardas, effective 1 March 2024.[18] The Lithuanian government cited national security concerns, smuggling and violations of international sanctions as the reasons behind the decision.[18]

See also

Notes and References

  1. Web site: Valstybinės sienos demarkavimas . 28 March 2013. National Land Service under the Ministry of Agriculture . lt. 2 August 2021.
  2. Web site: Lithuania renounces cooperation agreement with Belarus . lrt.lt . . 18 January 2023 . 18 January 2023 .
  3. Web site: Aliaksandr. Tsikhamirau. The main stages of the formation of the Belarus identity: historical retrospective. 2012. Politikos mokslų almanachas.
  4. Web site: Lithuanian-Belarusian border: Divided villages, divided lives. Eglė. Digrytė. 15min. 1 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20210410211232/https://www.15min.lt/en/article/culture-society/lithuanian-belarusian-border-divided-villages-divided-lives-528-265884. 10 April 2021.
  5. Web site: Lietuvos Respublikos ir Baltarusijos Respublikos sutartis dėl Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos valstybės sienos. lt. Agreement between the Republic of Lithuania and the Republic of Belarus concerning the State Border between Lithuania and Belarus. 6 February 1995. Office of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania. 9 August 2021.
  6. Web site: R.Palaitis: "Iki bevizio režimo su Baltarusijos pasienio zona trūksta tik pasikeitimo notomis". 1 September 2016. https://web.archive.org/web/20141213230800/http://www.lrytas.lt//-13285348111326351973-r-palaitis-iki-bevizio-re%C5%BEimo-su-baltarusijos-pasienio-zona-tr%C5%ABksta-tik-pasikeitimo-notomis.htm. 13 December 2014. dead.
  7. Web site: Lietuvos Respublikos Seimas - Dokumento tekstas. Office of the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania . 2 August 2021.
  8. Web site: Lithuania says Belarus could be behind recent migrant influx . 7 June 2021 . . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404135525/https://apnews.com/article/lithuania-middle-east-europe-belarus-migration-f168edbea52d86f460e2a6a7c4c26e73 . 4 April 2023 . live .
  9. https://www.ft.com/content/0ad28032-6102-41a0-ad8d-b80460e52867 Belarus ‘weaponising’ illegal migration, Lithuania says
  10. https://www.euronews.com/2021/07/03/lithuania-declares-state-of-emergency-over-migrant-arrivals-from-belarus Lithuania declares state of emergency over migrant arrivals from Belarus
  11. Web site: Neteisėtos migracijos stebėsena (nuo 2021-01-01). Department of Statistics, Lithuania. 7 August 2021. 7 August 2021.
  12. News: 7 July 2021. Lithuania plans barrier on Belarus border to stem migrant flow. en-GB. BBC News. 11 July 2021.
  13. Web site: VSAT vadas pristatė, kaip atrodytų tvora Lietuvos ir Baltarusijos pasienyje: kainuotų apie 150 mln. eurų, statybos truktų dvejus metus. 5 August 2021. 8 August 2021. LRT. lt.
  14. Web site: Lithuania Finishes Building Wall On Belarusian Border To Stem Flow Of Illegal Migrants. 29 August 2022. 20 April 2023. Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty.
  15. Web site: Lithuania-Belarus border now 100-percent surveilled – ministry. 24 March 2023. 20 April 2023. LRT.
  16. Web site: Krovininių transporto priemonių srautai ir eilės. 16 August 2023. Lietuvos Muitinė.
  17. Web site: Oficialu: penktadienį uždaromi Šumsko ir Tverečiaus pasienio kontrolės punktai. 16 August 2023. 16 August 2023. lt. LRT.
  18. Web site: Lithuania to close two more Belarus border checkpoints, govt decides. 21 February 2024. 21 February 2023. lt. LRT.