2020 Beirut explosion explained

2020 Beirut explosion
Map:
Id:Q98073118
Geomask:Q3820
Zoom:13
Time:18:08:18 EEST
Venue:Port of Beirut
Location:Beirut, Lebanon
Cause:Fire
Type:Ammonium nitrate explosion
Reported Deaths:218
Reported Injuries:7,000+
Reported Property Damage:US$15+ billion
Displaced:≈300,000

On 4 August 2020, a large amount of ammonium nitrate stored at the Port of Beirut in the capital city of Lebanon exploded, causing at least 218 deaths, 7,000 injuries, and US$15 billion in property damage, as well as leaving an estimated 300,000 people homeless. A cargo of 2,750 tonnes of the substance (equivalent to around 1.1 kilotons of TNT) had been stored in a warehouse without proper safety measures for the previous six years after having been confiscated by Lebanese authorities from the abandoned ship . The explosion was preceded by a fire in the same warehouse.

The blast was so powerful that it physically shook the entire country of Lebanon. It was felt in Turkey, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, and Israel, as well as parts of Europe, and was heard in Cyprus, more than away. It was detected by the United States Geological Survey as a seismic event of magnitude 3.3 and is considered one of the most powerful non-nuclear explosions on record. It was powerful enough to affect Earth's ionosphere.[1] [2] [3] The blast was also the largest single-fired ammonium nitrate explosion in history.[4]

Following the explosion, there were suspicions regarding Hezbollah's involvement due to allegations that the explosion occurred at a site storing Hezbollah's weapons. Hezbollah denied these allegations but has been actively involved in demonstrations against the investigation into the explosion.[5] [6] [7]

The Lebanese government declared a two-week state of emergency in response to the disaster. In its aftermath, protests erupted across Lebanon against the government for their failure to prevent the disaster, joining a larger series of protests which had been taking place across the country since 2019. On 10 August 2020, Prime Minister Hassan Diab and the Lebanese cabinet resigned.

The adjacent grain silos were badly damaged. In July and August 2022, part of the silos collapsed following a weeks-long fire in the remaining grain.

Background

The economy of Lebanon was in a state of crisis before the explosion, with the government having defaulted on debt, the Lebanese pound plunging, and a poverty rate that had risen past 50%. In addition, the COVID-19 pandemic had overwhelmed many of the country's hospitals, several of which were already short of medical supplies and unable to pay staff due to the financial crisis.[8] The morning before the explosion, the head of the Rafik Hariri University Hospital, which served as the main COVID-19 medical facility in Lebanon, warned that it was approaching full capacity.[9] [10]

The government-owned Port of Beirut serves as the main maritime entry point into Lebanon and a vital piece of infrastructure for the importation of scarce goods.[11] [12] The Beirut Naval Base is a part of the port. The port included four basins, sixteen quays, twelve warehouses, a large container terminal,[13] and a grain elevator with a total capacity of 120,000 tonnes that served as a strategic reserve of cereals for the country. The grain elevator was built in the 1960s as part of an expansion plan advanced by Palestinian banker Yousef Beidas.[14]

MV Rhosus

See main article: MV Rhosus.

On 27 September 2013, the Moldovan-flagged cargo ship set sail from Batumi, Georgia, to Beira, Mozambique, carrying 2750t of ammonium nitrate.[15] [16] [17] [18] Rhosus was owned by a company based in Panama but was regarded by the captain as under the de facto ownership of Russian businessman Igor Grechushkin.[19] The shipment had been ordered by an African explosives manufacturing company for mining in Mozambique.[20] However, reporting by Der Spiegel has found that it was not Grechushkin who owned Rhosus, but rather Cypriot businessman Charalambos Manoli, who maintained a relationship with the bank used by Hezbollah in Lebanon.[21]

On 21 November 2013, the ship made port in Beirut. Some sources said it was forced to port due to mechanical issues and possibly engine problems,[22] while other sources claimed the owner did not have sufficient funds to pay tolls for the Suez Canal and attempted to take on a shipment of heavy machinery in Beirut.[23] [24] The heavy machinery was stacked on top of the doors to the cargo space containing the ammonium nitrate, causing the doors to buckle, which damaged the ship.[25] After inspection by port state control, Rhosus was deemed unseaworthy, and was forbidden to set sail. Eight Ukrainians and one or two Russians were aboard,[26] and with the help of the Ukrainian consul, five Ukrainians were repatriated, leaving four crew members to care for the ship.[27]

Grechushkin reportedly went bankrupt, and after the charterers lost interest in the cargo he abandoned Rhosus.[28] The ship soon ran out of provisions, and the remaining crew were unable to disembark due to immigration restrictions. According to Lloyd's List, port state control seized Rhosus on 4February 2014 due to US$100,000 in unpaid bills.[29] The ship had accrued port fees and been fined for refusing cargo.[30] Lawyers argued for the crew's repatriation on compassionate grounds because of the danger posed by the cargo still aboard the ship, and an Urgent Matters judge in Beirut allowed them to return home. They had been forced to live aboard the ship for about a year.

By order of the judge, Rhosuss cargo was brought ashore in 2014 and placed in Warehouse 12 at the port, where it remained for the next six years.[31] [32] [33] Rhosus sank in the harbor in February 2018.[34]

Lebanese customs officials had sent letters to judges requesting a resolution to the issue of the confiscated cargo, proposing that the ammonium nitrate be either exported, given to the Lebanese Armed Forces or sold to the private Lebanese Explosives Company. Letters had been sent on 27 June and 5 December 2014, 6 May 2015, 20 May and 13 October 2016, and 27 October 2017.[35] One of the letters sent in 2016 noted that judges had not replied to previous requests, and pleaded:

Explosion

Fire and first explosion

Around 17:45 local time (14:45 UTC) on 4 August 2020, a fire broke out in Warehouse 12 at the Port of Beirut.[36] Warehouse 12, which was waterside and adjacent to the grain elevator, stored the ammonium nitrate that had been confiscated from Rhosus alongside a stash of fireworks.[37] Around 17:55 local time (14:55 UTC), a team of nine firefighters and one paramedic, known as Platoon 5, was dispatched to fight the fire.[38] [39] On arrival the fire crew reported over the radio that there was "something wrong" as the fire was immense and produced "a crazy sound."

The initial explosion, at about 18:07 local time (15:07 UTC), likely triggered by the stored fireworks, created a large plume of grey smoke and bright firework flashes, and heavily damaged Warehouse 12 with a force equivalent to around 1.5–2.5 tons of TNT.[40]

Final explosion

The second explosion, 33 to 35 seconds later, was far more substantial[41] [42] [43] [44] and felt in northern Israel and in Cyprus, 240abbr=offNaNabbr=off away.[45] [46] [47] It rocked central Beirut and created a large red-orange cloud, briefly ringed by a white condensation cloud.[48] [49] The red-orange color of the smoke from the second explosion was caused by nitrogen dioxide, a byproduct of ammonium nitrate decomposition.[50]

By the next morning, the main fire that led to the explosion had been extinguished.[51]

Yield

Despite inefficient transmission of the shock waves into the ground, the United States Geological Survey measured the event as a 3.3 local magnitude earthquake,[52] [53] while the Jordan Seismological Observatory reported that it was equivalent to a 4.5 earthquake.[54] A study of seismic signatures of the explosion by the Federal Institute for Geosciences and Natural Resources in Germany produced a yield estimate between 0.5 and 1.1 kt of TNT.[55] Experts from the Blast and Impact Research Group at the University of Sheffield estimated that the explosion was one of the largest artificial non-nuclear explosions ever recorded.[56] [57] Later, they were able to quantitatively support this rapid estimate as they compiled more distance versus time of arrival data as new videos of the explosion became available on social media platforms. Their study found that a best estimate and upper bound prediction of the yield of the explosion are 0.5 and 1.12 kt of TNT, respectively.[58] This is equal to around 1 GWh of energy.[59] Another study used several videos of the explosion to describe the evolution of the fireball size and estimated the Beirut explosion yield to be 0.6 ± 0.3 kt of TNT.[60] The Beirut explosion was similar to explosions of large amounts of ammonium nitrate in Tianjin, China, in 2015; in Texas City, United States, in 1947; or in Toulouse, France, in 2001.[61] [62]

An independent estimate by the International Monitoring System of the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Organization based on infrasonic data obtained an explosive yield equivalent to 0.5–1.1 kt of TNT,[63] making it the sixth-largest accidental artificial non-nuclear explosion in human history.

Aouad et al. (2021) derived the kinematics of the fireball from publicly available videos. Considering a time of separation between the fireball and the shock wave at about 170 milliseconds, they concluded a TNT equivalent mass of 0.2 ± 0.08 kt of TNT or 520 ± 200 tons of ammonium nitrate at a distance of 130 meters from the explosion center.[64] This result is consistent with Dewey 2021 that suggests that the Beirut explosion TNT equivalence is an increasing function of distance.[65]

Temsah et al. 2021 estimated the magnitude of the explosion. The research was based on a structural engineering approach with numerical non-linear finite element modeling of the grain elevator facing Warehouse 12 where the explosion took place. The numerical study model was based on silos data (geometrical and material properties) and the use of the Conventional Weapons Effects Blast Loading (CONWEP), and the Coupled Eulerian-Lagrangian (CEL) methods to generate the blast load. The analysis results proved that an amount equivalent to 564 t of AN (or 220 t of TNT) was adequate to generate damages similar to those resulting from the explosion. This amount represents 20.5% of the original stored amount (2750 t). As for the state of the grain elevator, results showed it was structurally unstable and should be demolished or properly strengthened.[66]

Kim and Pasyanos (2021) put the yield between 0.62–1.25 kt, with the best and most likely estimate at 0.9 kt of TNT, with a likely depth of 2 m.

Cause

Warehouses at the Port of Beirut were used to store explosives and chemicals including nitrates, which are common components of fertilizers and explosives.[67] The General Director of General Security, Major General Abbas Ibrahim, said the ammonium nitrate confiscated from Rhosus had exploded.[68] The 2750abbr=offNaNabbr=off of ammonium nitrate was the equivalent to around 1155tTNT.[69] The failure to remove the materials from the warehouse and relocate them was attributed to mismanagement of the port, corruption of the government, and inaction of the flag registry's country and ship owner.

The Lebanese Broadcasting Corporation International (LBCI) reported that, according to attendees of a Higher Defence Council briefing, the fire was ignited by workers welding a door at a warehouse.[70] [71] A former port worker said that "[t]here were 30 to 40 nylon bags of fireworks inside warehouse 12" that he had personally seen.[72] An American diplomatic cable on 7 August said it "remains unclear ... whether fireworks, ammunition or something else stored next to the ammonium nitrate might have been involved" in worsening the warehouse fire and igniting the ammonium nitrate.[73] A port worker said Warehouse 12 was "not in regular use", and that "those in charge only used to open the warehouse to stack inside it materials confiscated upon judicial orders or perilous products", though he had not seen this to include any armaments.[74]

Casualties

A total of 218 people were confirmed dead from the explosion, with over 7,000 injured.[110] [111] Foreigners from at least 22 countries were among the casualties. Several United Nations naval peacekeepers who were members of the UN Interim Force in Lebanon (UNIFIL) were injured by the blast.[112] [113] [114] The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) reported that 34 refugees were among the dead and missing, and an additional 124 refugees were injured.[115] At least 150 people were left permanently disabled as a result of the explosion.[116]

Notable casualties

All ten members of Platoon 5, a team of nine firefighters and a paramedic, died at the scene of the blast.[39] Nazar Najarian, the secretary-general of the Kataeb Party, died after sustaining severe head injuries.[117] French architect Jean-Marc Bonfils died after sustaining serious injuries at his apartment in the East Village building in Mar Mikhaël. He had been live-streaming the fire at the warehouse on Facebook at the time.[118] [119] Lady Cochrane Sursock, philanthropist and member of the Sursock family, died on 31 August from injuries sustained from the blast.[120] [121]

Damage

The explosion overturned cars and stripped steel-framed buildings of their cladding.[122] Within the port area, the explosion destroyed a section of shoreline and left a blast crater roughly in diameter and in depth.[123] [124] [125] [126] Homes as far as 10km (10miles) away were damaged by the blast,[127] and up to 300,000 people were left homeless by the explosion.[128] The grain elevator was largely destroyed,[129] exacerbating food shortages caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and the financial crisis.[130] About 15000t of grain were lost, leaving the country with less than a month's worth of grain in reserve. However, part of the elevator's sturdy structure survived, shielding a large area of western Beirut from greater destruction.[14]

The damage from the blast affected over half of Beirut, with the likely cost above US$15 billion and insured losses at around US$3 billion.[131] Approximately ninety percent of the city's hotels were damaged and three hospitals completely destroyed, while two more suffered damage.[132] [133] Dozens of injured people brought to nearby hospitals could not be admitted because of the damage to the hospitals. Windows and other installations of glass across the city were shattered.[134]

Saint George Hospital, one of the city's largest medical facilities, was less than 1km (01miles) from the explosion, and was so badly damaged that staff were forced to treat patients in the street.[135] Four nurses died from the initial blast, fifteen patients died after their ventilators stopped working, and several child cancer patients were injured by flying glass.[136] [137] [138] Within hours, after discharging all its patients and sending some to other facilities, Saint George Hospital was forced to close.[139] The hospital's director of intensive care, Dr. Joseph Haddad, was quoted as saying: "There is no Saint George Hospital any more. It's fallen, it's on the floor... It's all destroyed. All of it."

The Sursock Museum was severely damaged, as was much of its artwork, and some ceramics were completely destroyed.[140] The atelier for the fashion house Sandra Mansour was heavily damaged by the explosion.[141] Sursock Palace, a 160-year-old Beirut landmark that was listed as a cultural heritage site, also sustained heavy damage, as did its many works of art.[142] Some glass artifacts in the Archaeological Museum of the American University of Beirut were also destroyed, and the huge 118-year-old door which opened onto the main exhibition space was blown off its hinges.[143] Bustros Palace, which hosts the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and Emigrants, was severely damaged. The Armenian Catholicosate in Antelias sustained great damage.[144] All the stained glass windows of the National Evangelical Church were blown out.[145] The FIBA Asia headquarters was also heavily damaged.[146] Embassies in and around Beirut reported varying degrees of damage to their buildings; the embassies of Argentina,[147] Australia,[148] Finland,[149] Cyprus, and the Netherlands,[150] which were close to the blast, sustained heavy damage, while minor damage was reported from the South Korean,[151] Hungarian,[152] Kazakh,[153] Russian, Bulgarian,[154] Romanian,[155] and Turkish[156] embassies.

Shipping

The cruise ship Orient Queen, berthed near Warehouse 12, suffered extensive damage and capsized overnight.[157] [158] Two members of the crew were killed, and seven crew members were injured.[159] On 7 August, the first lawsuit related to the explosions was filed by the ship's owners, Abou Merhi Cruises, whose offices were also destroyed.[160] The Bangladesh Navy corvette BNS Bijoy, which participated in UNIFIL, was also damaged.[161]

The edible-oil tanker ship AmadeoII, being used as a bunker barge at the port, was nearest to the explosion, which deposited the mangled remains of the ship on a nearby quay. The ship's crew died in the explosion.[162] [163] [164] Two large livestock carriers, Abou KarimI and Abou KarimIII, laid up at the end of Berth 09, very close to Warehouse 12, were heavily damaged. Abou KarimI became unstable, keeled over onto the adjacent Abou KarimIII and shortly afterwards capsized.[165] The livestock carrier Jouri and the cargo ships Mero Star and Raouf H were also close to the blast and suffered serious damage; AIS from these ships stopped broadcasting at the time of the explosion.[166]

Hapag-Lloyd's offices in Beirut were destroyed.[167] CMA CGM's offices, located a few hundred meters away from the site of the explosion, were severely damaged. One employee died and two were severely injured.[168] [169]

Airport

Beirut–Rafic Hariri International Airport, the city's main airport, about 10sigfig=1NaNsigfig=1 from the site of the blast, sustained moderate damage to the terminal buildings during the explosion.[170] Doors and windows were destroyed, and ceiling tiles were shaken loose by the shockwave, severing electrical wires. Despite the damage, flights continued.

Subsequent collapses

In July 2022, grains remaining in the silo caught fire due to a combination of fermentation and summer heat. On 31 July, the northern part of the silo collapsed. Two further collapses occurred in August.[171] The government had ordered the demolition of the silos in April 2022, but families of blast victims objected, saying it should be preserved as a memorial site.[172]

Investigation

The government formed an investigative committee led by Prime Minister Hassan Diab, which announced it would submit its findings to the Council of Ministers of Lebanon by 11 August. The committee includes the justice, interior and defence ministers, and the head of the top four security agencies: the Armed Forces, General Security, Internal Security Forces, and State Security.[173] The investigation was to examine whether the explosion was an accident or due to negligence, and if it was caused by a bomb or another external interference.[174] President Michel Aoun rejected calls for an international probe despite demands from world leaders.[175]

On 5 August, the Council agreed to place sixteen Beirut port officials who had overseen storage and security since 2014 under house arrest, overseen by the army, pending the investigation into the explosions.[176] [177] In addition, the general manager of the port, Hassan Koraytem, and the former director general of Lebanon's customs authority, Shafiq Merhi, were arrested.[178] Later, on 17 August, the incumbent director-general of Lebanon's customs authority, Badri Daher, was also arrested. Also, former ministers of both finance and public works were due to be interrogated by a judge appointed by the council.[179] [180] In the meantime, state prosecutor Ghassan Oueidat ordered a travel ban on seven individuals, including Koraytem.[181] While Acting Justice Minister Marie-Claude Najm unsuccessfully demanded an international investigation into the blast,[182] she also noted that "...this case is a chance for the Lebanese judiciary to prove they can do their jobs and win back the confidence of the people".[183] On 19 August, a Lebanon judge ordered the arrests of more suspects over the explosion, making the total number of accused 25.[184]

The Lebanese judge Fadi Sawan,[185] who has been responsible for the investigation, summoned former Minister of Transportation and Public Works Ghazi Aridi, Labor Ministers Ghazi Zaiter, Youssef Fenianos, and Michel Najjar, General Director of the Lebanese State Security Tony Saliba, Director General of Lebanon's Land and Maritime Transport division, Abdul-Hafeez Al-Qaisi, and General Director of General Security, Major General Abbas Ibrahim.[186] [187]

In September, Lebanon's state prosecution asked Interpol to detain two Russian citizens, the captain and the owner of Rhosus, as its cargo of ammonium nitrate was blamed for the explosion.[188] In January 2021, Interpol issued Red Notices against the two Russians as well as a Portuguese man.[189]

In December 2020, Lebanon's outgoing Prime Minister Diab and three former ministers were charged with negligence over the Beirut port explosion. The former ministers were former finance minister Ali Hassan Khalil, Ghazi Zeiter, and Youssef Fenianos, both former ministers of public works. Zeitar was transport and public works minister in 2014, followed by Fenianos in 2016, who held the job until the beginning of 2020. Khalil was finance minister in 2014, 2016, and until 2020.[190]

On 28 January 2021, Syrian-Russian businessman George Haswani denied any links to the Beirut explosion. He told Reuters he did not know anything about a company linked to the process of buying a shipment of chemicals that exploded. In an interview with Reuters at his home in Damascus, Haswani said that he had resorted to the Cypriot company Interstatus to register his company, which is the same agent that registered the Savaro company, and that the agent company had moved the registration site of the two companies to the same address on the same day. However, Haswani said that he did not know anything about Savaro and that any links between it and his company are just a coincidence because the two companies have the same agent. As stated in previous reports, Reuters was unable to determine whether Haswani had anything to do with Savaro. Haswani said, "I don't know what other companies are registered by this Cypriot company, five or three or 70 or more... It is a fabricated media whirlwind. We don't know Savaro and we hadn't heard about them before this." Interstatus did not respond to a request for comment. Marina Psyllou, the director of the "Interstatus" company, was listed in the registration documents of the company (Savaro) as the only owner and director of the company, but she denied that she was the real manager of the company. She told Reuters in mid-January 2021 that the beneficial owner of the company was another person, whom she refused to identify. She added that Savaro was a dormant company that had never conducted business. Haswani said that he was not contacted by any investigators from Lebanon or any other country regarding the explosion and that he will soon work to file a legal case in Paris against media reports linking him to the explosion. He continued, "I am living my life normally and laughing because I am someone who knows well that I have nothing to do with this matter at all. Why would I worry?"[191]

On 15 April 2021, six detained people were released, including two officers, although they were not allowed to travel out of Lebanon.[192]

In September 2021, OCCRP published an investigation, which linked Savaro Limited to a Ukrainian company trading chemicals, directed by Ukrainian citizen Volodymyr Verbonol. The report also mentions that only 20% of the nitrate originally stored in the warehouse was actually left when it exploded, raising questions about what happened with the rest.[193]

On 14 October 2021, six people were killed and at least 30 injured in a gunfire exchange in Beirut during protests by members of the Shia Amal and Hezbollah outside the Justice Palace, which demanded an end to the investigations led by Judge Tarek Bitar, for they deemed him as too much centered on their political allies.[194] [195]

On 21 November 2021, the BBC reported that legal groups representing victims of the blast had sent letters on three occasions to UN Secretary General Antonio Guterres requesting more information from UNIFIL, but had received no acknowledgment from the UN.[196] A day later, the Lebanese Foreign Minister Abdallah Bouhabib announced that Lebanon received satellite images from Russia of the port from the day of the blast in 2020. These were the first official images made available from any foreign government.[197]

Throughout 2022, the investigation stalled. As of 8 June, parliamentary immunity, as well as outstanding complaints and other procedural roadblocks initiated by two members of Parliament and former ministers (namely, Ali Hassan Khalil and Ghazi Zaiter), continued to prevent significant progress in the case.[198] [199]

Relief operations

The Lebanese Red Cross said every available ambulance from North Lebanon, Bekaa, and South Lebanon was being dispatched to Beirut to help patients. According to the agency, a total of 75 ambulances and 375 medics were activated in response to the explosions.[200] Lebanese President Michel Aoun said the government would make up to 100billion pounds (US$66million) in aid available to support recovery operations. The ride-sharing app Careem offered free rides to and from hospitals and blood donation centers to anyone willing to donate blood.[201] [202] Volunteers removed debris while local business owners offered to repair damaged buildings for free in the absence of a state-sponsored cleanup operation.[203] A temporary hospital was established in the city by the Iranian Red Crescent Society.[204]

Health Minister Hamad Hasan requested that international aid be sent to Lebanon; a number of countries sent in food, medical supplies, field hospitals, medical workers, and rescue teams. On 9 August, a multinational summit hosted by France raised 253 million euros in aid.[205] The money pledged was not to be given to the Lebanese government, but rather to the people of Lebanon through the United Nations, other international organizations, and non-governmental organizations.[206] On 14 August, a $565 million appeal for Lebanon was launched by the United Nations, including initial recovery efforts, as well as immediate humanitarian aid.[207]

In the first week after the explosion, civilians gathered in hundreds to volunteer to clean up the debris on the streets and inside homes and businesses in Gemmayze, Achrafieh, and Karantina neighbourhoods. Many civil society organizations offered equipment and food to the volunteers, while many residents and businesses opened their homes and hotels for free to those who lost their homes in the blast.[208]

UNESCO played a leading role in the rescue and reconstruction of historic buildings, with Blue Shield International assessing the damage to houses, museums and libraries, and the International Council of Museums providing expertise. Blue Shield International, the United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon and the Lebanese Armed Forces put together a project to secure and protect cultural assets. According to Karl von Habsburg, founding president of Blue Shield International, the protection of cultural property in Beirut was not only about securing buildings, but also about preventing looting and water damage, taking dangerous chemical substances into account. The efforts also included the restoration of schools.[209] [210] [211] [212] [213] [214]

On 6 August 2020, the Lebanese Forces Party's executive chairman Samir Geagea was the first politician to visit Beirut[215] and launched from there a relief committee, Ground-0, under the leadership of the former minister Dr. May Chidiac to support in rebuilding Beirut. In December 2020, the committee achieved repairing 709 houses, assisted 5300 individuals and 2300 families, distributed 14000 food rations, made 2540 medical consultations, and provided 2030 individuals with medicine. In addition, the committee distributed more than 150 scholarships for Beirut schools' students.[216]

Reactions

Domestic

Prime Minister Hassan Diab announced that 5 August, the day after the explosion, would be a national day of mourning.[217] The Lebanese government declared a two-week state of emergency.[218] President Aoun said the government would provide support to displaced people, and the Ministry of Health would meet the expense of treatment for the wounded.[219] Marwan Abboud, the governor of Beirut, said he arrived at the scene to search for firefighters who were on the site attempting to control the fire that was raging before the second explosion. He broke down in tears on television, calling the event "a national catastrophe". "It resembles to what happened in Japan, in Hiroshima and Nagasaki. That's what [it] reminds me of. In my life, I haven't seen destruction on this scale," he said.[220] Lebanese civilians from every region in Lebanon came to help by offering food, cleaning the streets, and helping NGOs.[221]

Multiple members of the Lebanese parliament resigned in protest, including Marwan Hamadeh,[222] Paula Yacoubian,[223] all three Kataeb Party MPs, Neemat Frem,[224] Michel Moawad, Dima Jamali,[225] and Henri Helou.[226] The Lebanese ambassador to Jordan, Tracy Chamoun, also resigned on live television.[227] [228] On the night of 6 August, the protests against the government that had been ongoing since the previous October resumed, with dozens of protestors near the parliament building calling for the resignation of Lebanese government officials.[229] [230] [231] [232] On 8August, Diab called for early elections, saying it would be the only way for the country to exit the crisis.

On 9 August, the information minister of Lebanon, Manal Abdel Samad, and then the environment minister, Damianos Kattar, resigned, the first government resignations since the explosion.[233] [234] On 10 August, the justice minister, Marie-Claude Najm, also resigned, followed by the resignation of the entire Lebanese cabinet.[235] [236] Shortly after the resignation of the cabinet, Lebanese Prime Minister Hassan Diab stepped down from office.[237] President Michel Aoun accepted the resignation of the government and the Prime Minister, and asked the government to stay on in a caretaker capacity until a new cabinet is formed.[238]

The Ground-0 Relief Committee, an initiative by the Lebanese Forces Party, launched a petition for an international investigation.[239] The petition was signed by the relatives of the victims and the missing, by the injured as well as by those whose homes, businesses, or establishments have been damaged. The document was sent to the UN Secretary General, Antonio Guterres, through his special coordinator for Lebanon, Ján Kubiš, in order to take the necessary steps to appoint an international commission of inquiry.[240]

The Lebanese Forces Party MPs called for an international investigation into the causes of the double explosion at the port of Beirut on 4 August 2020. They asked the Secretary-General of the United Nations, António Guterres, on 22 February 2021 for the creation of an international commission to be established under the United Nations, which would be responsible for carrying out the investigations. The Members of Parliament, Georges Okais, Imad Wakim, Eddy Abillammaa, and Fady Saad, presented a petition to this effect to the United Nations Special Coordinator in Lebanon, Najat Rochdi.[241]

International

Representatives of multiple countries, as well as the United Nations (UN),[242] offered condolences. In addition to those countries which provided aid, others offered to do so. Notably, Israel offered aid via UN channels, as Israel and Lebanon have no diplomatic ties and are technically at war;[243] the offer was refused by the Lebanese government. Former Israeli Member of Knesset Moshe Feiglin hailed the tragedy as a gift from God, celebrating the incident and describing it as a "spectacular firework show."[244] Despite years of conflict, including the 2006 Lebanon War,[245] both Israel and senior Hezbollah officials ruled out Israeli involvement in the explosion, despite claims and allegations spread via social media.[246] [247]

The International Charter on Space and Major Disasters was activated on 5August, thus providing for widespread usage of various corporate, national, and international satellite assets on a humanitarian basis. Several countries expressed solidarity by lighting up landmarks and monuments in the colors of the Lebanese flag, including the Tel Aviv City Hall,[248] whereas the Eiffel Tower in Paris went dark at midnight,[249] and the Arab League flew its flag at its headquarters in Cairo at half-mast.[250] Some figures from the right-wing criticized the display of the flag of Lebanon, an "enemy state", in Tel Aviv. There was also backlash inside Lebanon against the Israeli gesture.[251]

Following the explosion, the Netherlands, Turkey, and the United Kingdom sent search and rescue teams.[252] Egypt sent several planes with tons of medical aid and food to Lebanon. The Egyptian embassy also established a field hospital.[253] [254] On 5 August 2020, Qatar started providing urgent medical aid. The Qatari Emiri Air Force delivered field hospitals, respirators, and generators to Beirut.[255] [256] In addition, Qatar's Emir Sheikh Tamim bin Hamad Al Thani donated to Lebanon.[257] [258] On 6 August 2020, Kuwait provided 36 tonnes of urgent humanitarian and medical aid to Lebanon including wheelchairs, blood bags, and 10 ambulances.[259] [260]

As a result of the explosion, concerns were raised about the storage of ammonium nitrate in other ports across the world.[261] Large quantities of the chemical compound were removed from storage in Egypt, India, Romania, and Senegal.[262] [263]

On April 30, 2021, German firm Combi Lift which had loaded its ship with 59 containers of hazardous substances left Beirut port for disposal in Europe.[264]

In August 2021, a memorial event marking the one-year-anniversary of the explosion was held in tribute to the victims at the Port of Beirut, joined by UN officials and International Labour Organization Regional Director Ruba Jaradat.[265]

In December 2021, the United Nations Economic Commission for Europe, United Nations Office for Disaster Risk Reduction, United Nations Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs, United Nations Environment Programme, Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development, International Labour Organization, and International Maritime Organization held a seminar in follow-up to the explosion.[266] National governments of Lebanon, Estonia, France, South Africa, and others shared lessons learned from the explosion. The seminar called for action to better manage the risks of chemicals in ports.[267]

Conspiracy theories

Numerous conspiracy theories emerged on social media in the days following the explosion.[268] The main themes were that there was a significant weapons cache belonging to Hezbollah stored at the Port of Beirut, and that Israel wished to destroy those weapons. The theories said that Israel launched an attack and the level of destruction took them by surprise. Israel, Lebanon, and Hezbollah all denied this theory, and blame the ammonium nitrate stored in the port.[269]

See also

External links

Notes and References

  1. Kundu . Bhaskar . Senapati . Batakrushna . Matsushita . Ai . Heki . Kosuke . 2021-02-02 . Atmospheric wave energy of the 2020 August 4 explosion in Beirut, Lebanon, from ionospheric disturbances . Scientific Reports . en . 11 . 1 . 2793 . 10.1038/s41598-021-82355-5 . 33531554 . 2021NatSR..11.2793K . 2045-2322. free . 7854621 .
  2. Web site: McRae . Mike . 2021-03-19 . The Tragic Beirut Explosion Was So Violent, It Disturbed Earth's Ionosphere . 2023-09-29 . ScienceAlert . en-US . 5 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231205052028/https://www.sciencealert.com/last-year-s-blast-in-lebanon-was-so-violent-it-literally-shook-the-roof-of-the-world . live .
  3. Web site: Ozdemir . Derya . 2021-03-18 . The Beirut Explosion's Atmospheric Wave Shook the Ionosphere . 2023-09-29 . interestingengineering.com . en-US . 20 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231220175637/https://interestingengineering.com/science/the-beirut-explosions-atmospheric-wave-shook-the-ionosphere . live .
  4. Kim . Keehoon . Pasyanos . Michael E. . 2022-12-16 . Yield Estimation of the August 2020 Beirut Explosion by Using Physics‐Based Propagation Simulations of Regional Infrasound . Geophysical Research Letters . en . 49 . 23 . 10.1029/2022GL101118 . 0094-8276. free .
  5. Web site: 2021-10-18 . Hezbollah Rattled by Beirut Port Blast Probe . 2023-12-18 . Voice of America . en . 18 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218144602/https://www.voanews.com/a/hezbollah-rattled-by-port-blast-probe/6274313.html . live .
  6. Web site: Qiblawi . Tamara . 2021-09-23 . Hezbollah threatened top judge probing Beirut port blast, source says . 2023-12-18 . CNN . en . 11 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211011073940/https://www.cnn.com/2021/09/23/middleeast/hezbollah-beirut-blast-probe-threat-intl/index.html . live .
  7. Web site: 2021-10-19 . Hezbollah's campaign against Beirut blast judge paralyses Lebanon's government . 2023-12-18 . France 24 . en . 18 December 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20231218144659/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20211019-hezbollah-s-campaign-against-beirut-blast-judge-paralyses-lebanon-s-government . live .
  8. Web site: Crisis hits Lebanon's hospitals, among the best in Mideast . Sarah El Deeb . 5 July 2020 . ABC News . 5 August 2020 . 1 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200801035130/https://abcnews.go.com/Health/wireStory/crisis-hits-lebanons-hospitals-best-mideast-71913336 . live.
  9. News: Qiblawi . Tamara . 5 August 2020 . Beirut will never be the same again . 5 August 2020 . CNN . 4 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230404034944/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/05/middleeast/beirut-qiblawi-analysis-intl/index.html . live .
  10. News: Trew . Bel . 'The worst thing I've ever seen': Doctors treat wounded in rubble of destroyed hospitals after Beirut explosions . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805092405/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/middle-east/beirut-explosion-lebanon-hospitals-where-death-toll-what-happened-a9654376.html . 5 August 2020 . limited . live . The Independent . 6 August 2020 . 5 August 2020.
  11. Web site: Azhari . Timour . Hundreds wounded as huge blast rips through Lebanon's Beirut . Al Jazeera. 4 August 2020. 4 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804163013/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/large-explosion-rocks-lebanon-capital-beirut-200804153400078.html. 4 August 2020. live.
  12. Web site: Grzeszczak . Jocelyn . What is the Port of Beirut? Everything We Know About the Site Following Deadly Explosion . Newsweek . 5 August 2020 . 4 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805210708/https://www.newsweek.com/what-port-beirut-everything-we-know-about-site-following-deadly-explosion-1522830 . live .
  13. Web site: Home. www.portdebeyrouth.com. 6 August 2020. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809042811/http://www.portdebeyrouth.com/index.php/en/. live.
  14. News: Oweis. Khaled Yacoub. Beirut explosion: Legendary Palestinian banker envisaged silos that shielded his adopted city from more destruction. 10 August 2020. The National. 6 September 2020. 4 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200904225941/https://www.thenational.ae/world/beirut-explosion-legendary-palestinian-banker-envisaged-silos-that-shielded-his-adopted-city-from-more-destruction-1.1061359. live.
  15. m/v Rhosus – Arrest and Personal Freedom of the Crew . October 2015 . 11 . The Arrest News . 5 August 2020 . Charbel . Dagher . Christine . Maksoud . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805004609/https://shiparrested.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/The-Arrest-News-11th-issue.pdf . 5 August 2020.
  16. Web site: How ship's deadly cargo ended up at Beirut port. 6 August 2020. BBC News. 7 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204075050/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53683082. live.
  17. Web site: How did so much ammonium nitrate make it to Port of Beirut? | #TheCube. Matthew. Holroyd. 6 August 2020. euronews. 7 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204074944/https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/06/how-did-2-750-tonnes-of-ammonium-nitrate-make-it-to-the-port-of-beirut-thecube. live.
  18. Web site: Russian captain recalls journey that led to deadly cargo being impounded . BBC News . 7 August 2020 . 8 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204075029/https://www.bbc.com/news/live/world-middle-east-53690582?pinned_post_locator=urn%3Aasset%3Ab181045d-1090-48c3-b6d2-c5d2db9c0bfa . live .
  19. News: Maria . Vasilyeva . Lisa . Barrington . Jonathan . Saul . Who owned the chemicals that blew up Beirut? No one will say . Reuters . 11 August 2020 . 15 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204075007/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-ship-insight/who-owned-the-chemicals-that-blew-up-beirut-no-one-will-say-idUSKCN2571CP . live .
  20. News: Polglase . Katie . Ammonium nitrate that exploded in Beirut bought for mining, Mozambican firm says . CNN . 7 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073613/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/07/middleeast/beirut-lebanon-ammonium-nitrate-explosion/index.html . live .
  21. News: Fritz Schaap . Christoph Reuter . Maximilian Popp . Shipowner Linked to Hezbollah's Bank: Questions Swirl around the Cargo that Destroyed Beirut . 29 August 2020. Der Spiegel. 21 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073629/https://www.spiegel.de/consent-a-?targetUrl=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.spiegel.de%2Finternational%2Fworld%2Fties-to-hezbollah-questions-swirl-around-the-cargo-that-destroyed-beirut-a-668b79f4-c4f1-49da-a764-172cc17f162b. live.
  22. News: Jørgensen. Lars Bach. 5 August 2020. Ekspert forklarer, hvad der sandsynligvis skete i Beirut. da. Expert explains what probably happened in Beirut. TV 2. 5 August 2020. The large amount of potentially dangerous fertilizer has been there since 2014, when the Moldavian ship Rhosus had to port due to engine problems.. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010057/https://nyheder.tv2.dk/udland/2020-08-05-ekspert-forklarer-hvad-der-sandsynligvis-skete-i-beirut. live.
  23. News: . 6 August 2020 . De waarschuwingen in Beiroet waren er, maar de gedoemde lading bleef liggen . Warnings in Beirut were there, but the doomed shipment was left in storage . NL . NOS . 6 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073611/https://nos.nl/collectie/13846/artikel/2343120-de-waarschuwingen-in-beiroet-waren-er-maar-de-gedoemde-lading-bleef-liggen . live .
  24. News: Captain astonished that his ship delivered Beirut explosive . Daria Litvinova . Washington Post . 6 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://archive.today/20200807023640/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/captain-astonished-that-his-ship-delivered-beirut-explosive/2020/08/06/2ad8f824-d825-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html . live .
  25. News: Vasilyeva . Maria . Beirut's accidental cargo: how an unscheduled port visit led to disaster . 7 August 2020 . Reuters . 6 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073558/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-ship/beiruts-accidental-cargo-how-an-unscheduled-port-visit-led-to-disaster-idUSKCN25225M . live .
  26. News: First pictures emerge of a Russian man whose ammonium nitrate cargo detonated in the port of Beirut . The Siberian Times . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806110415/https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/first-pictures-emerge-of-a-russian-businessman-whose-ammonium-nitrate-cargo-detonated-in-the-port-of-beirut/ . live .
  27. Web site: First pictures emerge of a Russian man whose ammonium nitrate cargo detonated in the port of Beirut. 6 August 2020. siberiantimes.com. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073608/https://siberiantimes.com/other/others/news/first-pictures-emerge-of-a-russian-businessman-whose-ammonium-nitrate-cargo-detonated-in-the-port-of-beirut/. live.
  28. News: Substanța care a provocat explozia din Beirut a fost adusă de nava unui rus sub pavilionul R. Moldova. Stela. Untila. NewsMaker. 5 August 2020. 5 August 2020. ro. 5 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805205705/https://newsmaker.md/ro/presa-substanta-care-a-provocat-explozia-din-beirut-a-fost-adusa-de-nava-unui-rus-sub-pavilionul-r-moldova. live.
  29. News: Beirut blast: The Inferno and the Mystery Ship. BBC News . 8 August 2020. live. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809144104/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/extra/x2iutcqf1g/beirut-blast. 9 August 2020.
  30. News: Captain Boris Prokoshev on Why Rhosus was in Beirut. BBC News. live. 7 August 2020. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809154306/https://www.bbc.com/news/av/world-middle-east-53701648/beirut-explosion-captain-boris-prokoshev-on-why-rhosus-was-in-beirut. 9 August 2020.
  31. News: Beirut blast: Tracing the explosives that tore the capital apart. Timour. Azhari. Al Jazeera. 5 August 2020. 5 August 2020. 5 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805205657/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/officials-knew-danger-beirut-port-years-200805032416684.html. live.
    • Web site: Voytenko . Mikhail . Crew kept hostages on a floating bomb – m/v Rhosus, Beirut . fleetmon . 23 July 2014 . 4 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804213142/https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2014/4194/crew-kept-hostages-floating-bomb-mv-rhosus-beirut/ . 4 August 2020 . live .
    • Web site: Rhosus . Fleetmon [vessel tracker database] . 4 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807010659/https://www.fleetmon.com/vessels/rhosus_8630344_46589/ . live .
  32. News: Toll expected to rise in blast that shook Beirut, killing 78 and injuring thousands. 5 August 2020. 5 August 2020. Reuters. Nakhoul. Samia. Francis. Ellen. 5 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805092034/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast/toll-expected-to-rise-in-blast-that-shook-beirut-killing-78-and-injuring-thousands-idUSKCN25107B. live.
  33. News: The New York Times. 7 August 2020. Ship Cited in Beirut Blast Hasn't Sailed in 7 Years. We Found It. Christoph. Koettl. 8 August 2020. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809012700/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/07/world/middleeast/lebanon-explosion-ship.html. live.
  34. Web site: 6 August 2020. العقيد جوزيف سكاف طالب بإبعاد الحمولة عن مرفأ بيروت نظراً لخطورتها. Lebanon Times. ar. 7 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073526/https://www.lebanontimes.news/archives/154897. live.
  35. News: El Deeb . Sarah . Mroue . Bassem . In a horrific instant, a burst of power that ravaged Beirut . Associated Press . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073607/https://apnews.com/7a104960789d9b25e89a889fbbc125e7 . live .
  36. Web site: Fireworks were stored in same Beirut warehouse as ammonium nitrate – report . The Times of Israel . 9 August 2020 . 8 August 2020 . 10 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200810070340/https://www.timesofisrael.com/fireworks-were-stored-in-same-beirut-warehouse-as-ammonium-nitrate-report/ . live .
  37. News: How Beirut firefighters were sent into disaster . Timour . Azhari . August 2020 . Al Jazeera . 8 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807202833/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/beirut-firefighters-site-deadly-explosion-200807130452562.html . live .
  38. News: Kohnavard. Nafiseh. Beirut explosion: The story of Platoon Five. BBC News. 30 August 2020. 16 August 2020. 30 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200830094742/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-53797998. live.
  39. News: Beirut explosion: What we know so far . 6 August 2020 . BBC News . 8 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806025910/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53668493 . live .
  40. News: Qiblawi . Tamara . Mankarious . Sarah-Grace . Thompson . Nick . From sea to mountain: How a massive explosion left a trail of destruction across Beirut and beyond . CNN . 6 August 2020 . 8 August 2020 . The first explosion at 6:07p.m. is followed by a second massive blast 33 seconds later. . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807095754/https://edition.cnn.com/interactive/2020/08/middleeast/beirut-visual-guide/index.html . live .
  41. News: What Footage of the Beirut Explosion Tells Us About the Blast. Evan. Hill. Stella. Cooper. Christiaan. Triebert. Christoph. Koettl. Drew. Jordan. Dmitriy. Khavin. John. Ismay. The New York Times. 5 August 2020. 8 August 2020. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808145537/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/05/video/beirut-explosion-footage.html. live.
  42. Web site: Massive Beirut Port Blast Kills Over 100, Leaves Thousands Wounded. 4 August 2020. 4 August 2020 . Khoury. Jack. Landau. Noa. Haaretz . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805065959/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/massive-explosion-shakes-lebanese-capital-buildings-near-beirut-port-damaged-1.9046138. 5 August 2020. live.
  43. Web site: M 3.3 Explosion – 1 km ENE of Beirut, Lebanon. Earthquake Hazards Program. U.S. Geological Survey. 5 August 2020. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808140548/https://earthquake.usgs.gov/earthquakes/eventpage/us6000b9bx/executive. live.
  44. Web site: Beirut Explosion Generates Seismic Waves Equivalent Of A Magnitude 3.3 Earthquake. David. Bressan. Forbes. 8 August 2020. 7 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807195237/https://www.forbes.com/sites/davidbressan/2020/08/06/beirut-port-explosion-triggers-magnitude-3-earthquake/. live.
  45. News: Beirut explosion updates: Massive blast rocks Lebanese capital. BBC News. 4 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804175009/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/live/world-middle-east-53656328. 4 August 2020. live.
  46. News: 4 August 2020. Like an earthquake': Huge explosion rips through Beirut captured on video. 4 August 2020. Hindustan Times. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805062135/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/two-explosions-rocks-lebanon-s-beirut-dozens-wounded-videos-surface-online/story-wkCeUkZGBqxMPVtrneAnNI.html. 5 August 2020. live.
  47. News: Here's what the videos of the Beirut blast tell us about the explosion. 4 August 2020. Washington Post. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808140553/https://www.boston.com/news/world-news/2020/08/04/beirut-explosion-videos. live.
  48. Web site: Pickrell. Ryan. Shocking videos capture massive explosion that rocked the Lebanese capital of Beirut. 4 August 2020. Business Insider. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805024832/https://www.businessinsider.com/videos-capture-massive-explosion-that-rocked-lebanons-beirut-2020-8. 5 August 2020. live.
  49. Web site: What is ammonium nitrate and what happens when it explodes?. 5 August 2020. 6 August 2020. 11 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200811204844/https://www.compoundchem.com/2020/08/05/ammonium-nitrate/. live.
  50. News: Satellite Images Show Aftermath Of Beirut Blast. NPR. 5 August 2020. 6 August 2020. 15 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210115104834/https://www.npr.org/2020/08/05/899299228/satellite-images-show-aftermath-of-beirut-blast. live. Brumfiel. Geoff.
  51. Web site: Beirut explosion rocks Lebanon's capital city . CNN . 4 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073529/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/lebanon-beirut-explosion-live-updates-dle-intl/h_da222628bccbcd0736247682b65a8675 . live .
  52. News: Qiblawi . Tamara . Beirut's residents describe apocalyptic scenes after explosion rocks city . CNN . 5 August 2020 . 8 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808140610/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/04/middleeast/resident-beirut-blast-scenes-intl/index.html . live .
  53. News: Devastating: the terrible aftermath of the Beirut explosion . Arab News . 5 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073617/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1714831/middle-east . live .
  54. News: Beirut explosion causes strong shock waves – Infrasonic, hydroacoustic and seismic signals registered and investigated by BGR . 7 August 2020 . 21 August 2020 . 18 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200818153211/http://www.seismologie.bgr.de/sdac/erdbeben/big_quakes/beirut_200804_eng.html . live .
  55. Web site: 5 August 2020. Beirut explosion 'one of the largest non-nuclear blasts in history'. 10 August 2020. Evening Standard. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808173504/https://www.standard.co.uk/news/world/beirut-explosion-one-of-largest-blasts-history-a4517646.html. live.
  56. News: . Port officials under house arrest after Beirut blast . BBC News . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 17 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210117051336/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53670839 . live .
  57. Rigby. S. E.. Lodge. T. J.. Alotaibi. S.. Barr. A. D.. Clarke. S. D.. Langdon. G. S.. Tyas. A.. 22 September 2020. Preliminary yield estimation of the 2020 Beirut explosion using video footage from social media. Shock Waves. 30. 6. 671–675. en. 10.1007/s00193-020-00970-z. 2020ShWav..30..671R. 1432-2153. free.
  58. News: Amos . Jonathan . Rincon . Paul . Beirut blast was 'historically' powerful . 6 October 2020 . BBC News . 5 October 2020 . 5 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201005225539/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-54420033 . live .
  59. Diaz. Jorge. 2021. Explosion analysis from images: Trinity and Beirut. European Journal of Physics. 42. 3. 035803. 10.1088/1361-6404/abe131. 2009.05674. 2021EJPh...42c5803D. 221655034. 0143-0807 .
  60. News: What we know about the massive chemical explosion in Beirut . Ars Technica . 5 May 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806060643/https://arstechnica.com/science/2020/08/what-we-know-about-the-massive-chemical-explosion-in-beirut/ . live .
  61. News: Expert reaction to Beirut explosion . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073610/https://www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-beirut-explosion/ . live .
  62. Web site: BGR/Seismologie/Erdbeben Aktuell. www.seismologie.bgr.de. 21 August 2020. 18 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200818153211/http://www.seismologie.bgr.de/sdac/erdbeben/big_quakes/beirut_200804_eng.html. live.
  63. Aouad . C. J. . Chemissany . W. . Mazzali . P. . Temsah . Y. . Jahami . A. . Beirut explosion: TNT equivalence from the fireball evolution in the first 170 milliseconds . Shock Waves . 4 October 2021 . 31 . 8 . 813–827 . 10.1007/s00193-021-01031-9 . 2010.13537 . 2021ShWav..31..813A . free .
  64. Dewey . J. M. . The TNT and ANFO equivalences of the Beirut explosion . Shock Waves . January 2021 . 31 . 1 . 95–99 . 10.1007/s00193-021-00992-1 . 2021ShWav..31...95D . 232414589 .
  65. Temsah . Yehya . Jahami . Ali . Aouad . Charles . Silos structural response to blast loading . Engineering Structures . September 2021 . 243 . 112671 . 10.1016/j.engstruct.2021.112671 . 2021EngSt.24312671T . 236289453 . 17 June 2022 . 4 July 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220704213039/https://researchonline.ljmu.ac.uk/id/eprint/15968/8/silos%20structural%20response%20to%20blast%20loading.pdf . live .
  66. Web site: Massive blast in Beirut kills at least 10, sending shockwaves across city. Reuters. 4 August 2020. 4 August 2020. 19 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200819072650/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast/massive-blast-in-beirut-kills-at-10-dead-sending-shockwaves-across-city-idUSKCN25021M. live.
  67. Web site: Gadzo. Mersiha. Dozens killed, thousands wounded in Beirut blast: Live updates. 4 August 2020. 4 August 2020. Al Jazeera. 4 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804210957/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/huge-explosion-rocks-lebanon-capital-beirut-live-updates-200804163620414.html. live.
  68. News: Ismay . John . 5 August 2020 . What Is Ammonium Nitrate, Blamed in the Beirut Explosion? . . 7 August 2020 . 0362-4331 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806162641/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/05/world/middleeast/beirut-explosion-ammonium-nitrate.html . live .
  69. News: What caused the Beirut explosion? Everything we know so far. Liz. Cookman. 5 August 2020. The National. 6 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073626/https://www.thenationalnews.com/world/mena/what-caused-the-beirut-explosion-everything-we-know-so-far-1.1059236. live.
  70. News: Beirut blast: Warnings of 'extreme danger' ignored by Lebanon officials about stored ammonium nitrate. 5 August 2020. Arpan. Rai. Hindustan Times. 6 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073617/https://www.hindustantimes.com/world-news/beirut-blast-warnings-of-extreme-danger-ignored-by-lebanon-officials-about-stored-ammonium-nitrate/story-Sd2AA6YZmJ9PwbPZhUd6SK.html. live.
  71. News: Beirut explosion: former port worker says fireworks stored in hangar . 7 August 2020 . The Guardian . 7 August 2020 . 13 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210113111615/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/07/beirut-explosion-former-port-worker-says-fireworks-stored-in-hangar . live .
  72. News: U.S. Contractor Knew of Explosive Material in Beirut Since at Least 2016 . The New York Times . 11 August 2020 . The New York Times . 11 August 2020 . 11 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200811023012/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/10/world/middleeast/beirut-explosion-us-contractor.html . live . Abi-Habib . Maria . Hubbard . Ben .
  73. News: Al Faour . Nadia . Hangar 12: fireworks were stored next to ammonium nitrate in Beirut warehouse, former workers say . 11 August 2020 . The National . 10 August 2020 . 24 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200924155228/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/hangar-12-fireworks-were-stored-next-to-ammonium-nitrate-in-beirut-warehouse-former-workers-say-1.1061940 . live .
  74. Web site: At least 43 Syrians among people killed in Beirut blast: Al Mayadeen . 8 August 2020 . Reuters . 8 August 2020 . 9 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200809062706/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-syria/at-least-43-syrians-among-people-killed-in-beirut-blast-al-mayadeen-idUSKCN2540H4 . live .
  75. Web site: Number of Armenians killed in Beirut explosion climbs to 13. news.am. 10 August 2020. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809235805/https://news.am/eng/news/595776.html. live.
  76. Web site: Missing Bangladeshi worker found dead in Beirut hospital . . 9 August 2020 . . 9 August 2020 . 23 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200923173905/https://www.newagebd.net/article/113055/missing-bangladeshi-worker-found-dead-in-beirut-hospital . live .
  77. Web site: Filipinos killed in Beirut blast rises to 4 while 31 injured . . 6 August 2020 . . 6 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807142904/https://ph.news.yahoo.com/filipinos-killed-beirut-blast-rises-030359705.html . live .
  78. News: 11 more Filipinos injured in Beirut blast. Manila Standard. 10 August 2020. 20 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201020143733/https://manilastandard.net/index.php/mobile/article/330894. live.
  79. News: Three Egyptians killed in Beirut explosion: Ministry . Egypttoday . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211740/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/376016/Egypt/Politics-/UPDATED-Three-Egyptians-killed-in-Beirut-explosion.aspx . live .
  80. Web site: Egypt repatriates bodies of three nationals killed in Beirut blast – Politics – Egypt. Ahram Online. 8 August 2020. 30 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201030173159/http://english.ahram.org.eg/NewsContent/1/64/376194/Egypt/Politics-/Egypt-repatriates-bodies-of-three-nationals-killed.aspx. live.
  81. Web site: 5 August 2020 . Second Belgian death confirmed in Beirut explosion . 5 August 2020 . The Brussels Times . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806095724/https://www.brusselstimes.com/all-news/belgium-all-news/125068/second-belgian-death-confirmed-in-beirut-explosion/ . live .
  82. Web site: 2 Belgian embassy employees suffer injuries in Beirut explosion . aninews.in . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211839/https://www.aninews.in/news/world/middle-east/2-belgian-embassy-employees-suffer-injuries-in-beirut-explosion20200805054410/ . live .
  83. Web site: 2 Canadians among those killed in Beirut explosion: Trudeau . . 14 August 2020 . 15 August 2020 . 15 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200815014231/https://globalnews.ca/news/7276898/2-canadians-killed-in-beirut-explosion-trudeau/ . live .
  84. Web site: Two Palestinian refugees succumb to wounds sustained in Beirut explosion. WAFA Agency. 14 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073538/https://wafa.ps/Home/NotFound. live.
  85. News: One French Death, 24 Injured After Beirut Blast. 6 August 2020. NYTimes.com. 6 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211535/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/08/06/world/middleeast/06reuters-lebanon-security-france-casualties.html. live.
  86. News: Esplosione Beirut, Farnesina: morta una cittadina italiana. 6 August 2020. la Repubblica. 6 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211723/https://www.repubblica.it/esteri/2020/08/06/news/esplosione_beirut_farnesina_morta_italiana-263938249/. live.
  87. Web site: Beirut, fonti Farnesina: morta italiana nell'esplosione . . 6 August 2020 . Rai News24 . it . 7 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211711/https://www.rainews.it/dl/rainews/articoli/beirut-fonti-farnesina-morta-italiana-esplosione-94f24049-b4fa-47e1-b35e-a9837ff1dd07.html . live .
  88. Web site: They were laid off and far from home. Now an explosion in Beirut has left them even more vulnerable . CNN . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807181421/https://edition.cnn.com/2020/08/07/africa/beirut-domestic-workers-ethiopia-intl/index.html . live .
  89. Web site: Ethiopians among victims in the explosion in the Lebanese capital Beirut. borkena.com. 6 August 2020. 6 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806223334/https://borkena.com/2020/08/05/ethiopians-among-victims-in-the-explosion-in-the-lebanese-capital-beirut/. live.
  90. News: Εκρήξεις στη Βηρυτό: Μια Ελληνίδα πολίτης νεκρή και δύο τραυματίες . news247.gr . 5 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . el . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211551/https://www.news247.gr/kosmos/ekrixeis-sti-viryto-plirofories-gia-2-ellines-traymaties.7691872.html . live .
  91. Web site: Greece sends aid to Beirut as injuries of Greek nationals come to light. 5 August 2020. NEOS KOSMOS. 7 August 2020. 7 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807182126/https://neoskosmos.com/en/172088/greece-sends-aid-to-beirut-as-injuries-of-greek-nationals-come-to-light/. live.
  92. News: Echtgenote van Nederlandse ambassadeur in Beiroet overleden als gevolg van explosie. Nederlandse Omroep Stichting. 8 August 2020. nl. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073617/https://nos.nl/collectie/13846/artikel/2343307-echtgenote-van-nederlandse-ambassadeur-in-beiroet-overleden-als-gevolg-van-explosie. live.
  93. News: 1 Pakistani child died 4 in critical condition in Beirut blast . 5 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . Daily Times . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211607/https://dailytimes.com.pk/649746/1-pakistani-child-died-4-in-critical-condition-in-beirut-blast/ . live .
  94. Web site: One Australian killed, embassy damaged in Beirut blast . subscription . Tillett . Andrew . 5 August 2020 . Australian Financial Review . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806223344/https://www.afr.com/politics/federal/one-australian-killed-in-beirut-blast-20200805-p55ini . live .
  95. News: German diplomat killed in Beirut blast . The Local Germany . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211850/https://www.thelocal.de/20200806/german-diplomat-killed-in-beruit-blast . live .
  96. Web site: 1 American among 135 dead in massive Beirut explosion, officials say . . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806080051/https://abcnews.go.com/International/search-rescue-continues-beirut-wakes-effects-devastating-explosion/story?id=72185153 . live .
  97. Web site: Fifteen Sri Lankans injured in Beirut blast. 10 August 2020. Dailynews.lk. 10 August 2020. 29 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201029024757/https://www.dailynews.lk/2020/08/10/local/225472/fifteen-sri-lankans-injured-beirut-blast. live.
  98. Web site: Seven Jordanians Wounded in Beirut Blast – Foreign Ministry. Al Bawaba. 6 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211835/https://www.albawaba.com/news/seven-jordanians-wounded-beirut-blast-foreign-ministry-1372849. live.
  99. News: Beyrut'taki patlamada 6 Türk vatandaşı yaralandı . . tr . 5 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806221228/https://www.sozcu.com.tr/2020/dunya/son-dakika-beyruttaki-patlamada-6-turk-vatandasi-yaralandi-5970666/ . live .
  100. Web site: Lebanon blast: Five Indians suffered minor injuries, says MEA. The New Indian Express. 6 August 2020 . 7 August 2020. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809060359/https://www.newindianexpress.com/nation/2020/aug/06/lebanon-blast-five-indians-suffered-minor-injuries-says-mea-2180081.html. live.
  101. Web site: Five Sudanese injured in Beirut blast. Radio Dabanga. 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211656/https://www.dabangasudan.org/en/all-news/article/five-sudanese-injured-in-beirut-blast. live.
  102. Web site: Beirut Explosion: Kenyans in Lebanon Recount Harrowing Experience. Mwakilishi.com. 6 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211638/http://www.mwakilishi.com/article/diaspora-news/2020-08-06/beirut-explosion-kenyans-in-lebanon-recount-harrowing-experience. live.
  103. Web site: Beirut blast: Two Algerians slightly injured. Samira. Sidhoum. Algeria Press Service. 6 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211624/http://www.aps.dz/en/algeria/35252-beirut-blast-two-algerians-slightly-injured. live.
  104. News: Lebanon's capital city rocked by explosion. 4 August 2020. CNN. 4 August 2020. 4 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804220841/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/lebanon-beirut-explosion-live-updates-dle-intl/index.html. live.
  105. Web site: Ministry says one Indonesian injured in Lebanon blasts. Moch. Fiqih Prawira Adjie. The Jakarta Post. 5 August 2020. 5 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806223353/https://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2020/08/05/ministry-says-one-indonesian-injured-in-lebanon-blasts.html. live.
  106. News: Moroccan Woman Among Injured in Beirut Explosion . Morocco World News . 5 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211749/https://www.moroccoworldnews.com/2020/08/314133/moroccan-woman-among-injured-in-beirut-explosion/ . live .
  107. Web site: Beirut explosion: Missing Nigerian woman Ayobami found in hospital. 6 August 2020. P.M. News. 7 August 2020. 27 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201027083231/https://www.pmnewsnigeria.com/2020/08/06/beirut-explosion-missing-nigerian-woman-found-in-hospital-port-worker-found-at-sea/. live.
  108. Web site: Beirut explosion: One Vietnamese citizen injured. Hannah. Nguyen. 5 August 2020. Vietnam Times. 6 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806211827/https://vietnamtimes.org.vn/beirut-explosion-one-vietnamese-citizen-injured-23113.html. live.
  109. "They Killed Us from the Inside" An Investigation into the August 4 Beirut Blast . 2021 . . 706 . 978-1-62313-931-5 . 23 May 2022 . 26 June 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220626234927/https://www.hrw.org/sites/default/files/media_2021/08/lebanon0821_web.pdf . live .
  110. Web site: 'They have to pay for what they did': Families of Beirut blast victims fight for justice. 31 July 2021. France24. 18 August 2021. 4 April 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230404042047/https://www.france24.com/en/middle-east/20210731-they-have-to-pay-for-what-they-did-families-of-beirut-blast-victims-fight-for-justice. live.
  111. Web site: Beirut blast: 4 Bangladeshis killed, 21 Bangladesh Navy crew injured . . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . https://archive.today/20200805114327/https://www.dhakatribune.com/bangladesh/military-affairs/2020/08/05/bangladesh-navy-crew-injured-in-beirut-blast . live .
  112. Web site: 4 August 2020. Lebanon: UN 'actively assisting' in response to huge explosions at Beirut port. 5 August 2020. UN News . 5 August 2020. https://archive.today/20200805120513/https://news.un.org/en/story/2020/08/1069542. live.
  113. Web site: Horrific explosion rocks Beirut port . 5 August 2020 . Offshore Energy . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010555/https://www.offshore-energy.biz/horrific-explosion-rocks-beirut-port/ . live .
  114. Web site: Refugees. United Nations High Commissioner for. Beirut blast death toll includes dozens of refugees, emergency response ramps up. 14 August 2020. UNHCR. 12 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200812190523/https://www.unhcr.org/news/briefing/2020/8/5f32469f4/beirut-blast-death-toll-includes-dozens-refugees-emergency-response-ramps.html. live.
  115. News: Scarred for life: Beirut blast victims and life-altering wounds. Al Jazeera. 25 August 2020. 25 August 2020. 25 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200825215107/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/scarred-life-beirut-blast-victims-life-altering-wounds-200825112158338.html. live.
  116. News: Live updates: Lebanese capital rocked by huge explosion. 4 August 2020. 4 August 2020. CNN. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804220841/https://www.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/lebanon-beirut-explosion-live-updates-dle-intl/index.html. 4 August 2020. live.
  117. Web site: L'architecte français Jean-Marc Bonfils est décédé lors des explosions à Beyrouth. L'Obs. 6 August 2020. 7 August 2020. 7 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807193726/https://www.nouvelobs.com/monde/20200806.OBS31910/l-architecte-francais-jean-marc-bonfils-est-decede-lors-des-explosions-a-beyrouth.html. live.
  118. Web site: Jean-Marc Bonfils ... killed by the love of Beirut. 7 August 2020. 7 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073624/https://www.saudi24news.com/2020/08/jean-marc-bonfils-killed-by-the-love-of-beirut-2.html. live.
  119. Web site: Lady Cochrane, disparition d'une icône. 31 August 2020. L'Orient-Le Jour. fr. 31 August 2020. 31 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200831165124/https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1231003/lady-cochrane-disparition-dune-icone.html. live.
  120. Web site: Libano: morta filantropa Yvonne Sursock Cochrane coinvolta in esplosione Beirut. Agenzia Nova. it. 31 August 2020. 31 August 2020. 31 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200831165644/https://www.agenzianova.com/a/5f4d22468818d6.20090183/3079725/2020-08-31/libano-morta-filantropa-yvonne-sursock-cochrane-coinvolta-in-esplosione-beirut. live.
  121. Web site: Many injured as large blast rocks Beirut. BBC News. Nasrallah. Hadi. Rose. Sunniva. 4 August 2020. 4 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804163034/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53656220. 4 August 2020. live.
  122. Web site: Satellite Image Shows Beirut Explosion Devastation . Forbes . 5 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073634/https://www.forbes.com/sites/hisutton/2020/08/05/new-satellite-image-shows-beirut-explosion-devastation/#5c830ad20013 . live .
  123. Web site: The Beirut explosion created a 405-foot-wide crater. 4 August 2020. CNN. 10 August 2020. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809143018/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/lebanon-beirut-explosion-live-updates-dle-intl/h_677c04ba1554d609a9df0cf2f65add32. live.
  124. Web site: Beirut explosion leaves 43-meter deep crater: Security official. 9 August 2020. Al Arabiya English. 10 August 2020. 25 October 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201025203255/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/08/09/Beirut-explosion-leaves-43-meter-deep-crater-Security-official-.html. live.
  125. Web site: fr. Le cratère de Beyrouth ne fait pas 43 m de profondeur. Loris Guémart. 7 September 2020. Arrêt sur images. 8 September 2020. 18 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200918081438/https://www.arretsurimages.net/articles/le-cratere-de-beyrouth-ne-fait-pas-43-m-de-profondeur. live.
  126. News: Balkiz . Ghazi . Qiblawi . Tamara . Wedeman . Ben . Beirut explosion shatters windows across Lebanese capital . 4 August 2020 . CNN . 5 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804212749/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/04/middleeast/beirut-explosion-port-intl/index.html . 4 August 2020 . live .
  127. Web site: Lebanon's government 'to resign over blast'. 10 August 2020. 10 August 2020. BBC. 10 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810112441/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-53720383. live.
  128. Web site: Beirut explosion: dead and wounded among 'hundreds of casualties', says Lebanon Red Cross – live updates. Oliver. Holmes. Peter. Beaumont. Michael. Safi. Martin. Chulov. 4 August 2020. The Guardian. 4 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804201541/https://www.theguardian.com/world/live/2020/aug/04/beirut-explosion-huge-blast-port-lebanon-capital. 4 August 2020. live.
  129. Web site: Food insecurity hits middle class amid Lebanon's economic crisis . Molana-Allen . Leila . 1 July 2020 . France 24 . 4 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200702094255/https://www.france24.com/en/20200701-food-insecurity-hits-middle-class-amid-lebanon-s-economic-crisis . 2 July 2020 . live .
  130. News: Hussain. Noor Zainab. Cohn. Carolyn. 7 August 2020. Insured losses from Beirut blast seen around $3 billion: sources. reuters. 8 August 2020. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808032328/https://in.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-insurance/insured-losses-from-beirut-blast-seen-around-3-billion-sources-idINKCN2532IF. live.
  131. News: Al Jazeera English. Lebanon eyes state of emergency after deadly Beirut blast: Live. 5 August 2020. 5 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805082935/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/lebanon-eyes-state-emergency-deadly-beirut-blast-live-200804234925493.html. 5 August 2020. live.
  132. Web site: 90% of Beirut hotels damaged, state media says. 4 August 2020. CNN. 6 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073540/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/lebanon-beirut-explosion-live-updates-dle-intl/h_5372a5d4a996a45c2a92adfd03525251. live.
  133. News: Singhvi . Anjali . Reinhard . Scott . McCann . Allison . Leatherby . Lauren . Migliozzi . Blacki . 5 August 2020 . Mapping the Damage From the Beirut Explosion . The New York Times . 6 August 2020 . 0362-4331 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806005038/https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/08/04/world/middleeast/beirut-explosion-damage.html . live .
  134. News: Lebanon: at least 78 killed as huge explosion rocks Beirut. Chulov. Martin. 4 August 2020. 4 August 2020. The Guardian. Safi. Michael. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804160549/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/04/huge-explosion-beirut-lebanon-shatters-windows-rocks-buildings. 4 August 2020. live.
  135. News: Beirut after the blast: the crunch of glass, acrid smoke and stairs slick with blood . 7 August 2020 . The Economist . 5 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807125328/https://www.economist.com/middle-east-and-africa/2020/08/05/beirut-after-the-blast-the-crunch-of-glass-acrid-smoke-and-stairs-slick-with-blood . live .
  136. News: Hubbard. Ben. Abi-Habib. Maria. 5 August 2020. Deadly Explosions Shatter Beirut, Lebanon. The New York Times. live. 5 August 2020. 4 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804211437/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/04/world/middleeast/beirut-explosion-blast.html.
  137. News: Rescue workers search rubble after deadly Beirut blast . BBC News . 5 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805050156/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53659282 . live .
  138. News: Ramzy . Austin . What We Know and Don't Know About the Beirut Explosions . 5 August 2020 . The New York Times . 5 August 2020 . 13 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200813034409/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/05/world/middleeast/beirut-explosion-what-happened.html . live .
  139. Web site: Bishara . Hakim . Deadly Explosion in Beirut Decimates Thousands of Buildings, Including Galleries and Museums . Hyperallergic . 6 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807083142/https://hyperallergic.com/580732/deadly-beirut-explosion/ . live.
  140. Web site: Lebanese Designer Sandra Mansour on the Beirut Explosion, One Week Later . 13 August 2020 . 21 November 2020 . 2 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201102015524/https://www.vogue.com/article/sandra-mansour-lebanese-designer-on-beirut-explosion . live.
  141. Web site: Blast destroyed landmark 19th century palace in Beirut. ABC News. 10 August 2020. 10 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810200138/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/blast-destroyed-landmark-19th-century-palace-beirut-72276766. live.
  142. Web site: AUB Archaeological Museum counts cost of Beirut blast . 22 August 2020 . 19 April 2023 . 19 April 2023 . https://web.archive.org/web/20230419154945/https://www.aub.edu.lb/articles/Pages/archaeological-museum-beirut-blast.aspx . live .
  143. Web site: Armenian Catholicosate damaged in Beirut explosion. Public Radio of Armenia. 10 August 2020. 27 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200927035931/https://en.armradio.am/2020/08/05/armenian-catholicosate-damaged-in-beirut-explosion/. live.
  144. News: Beirut blast prompts prayer from Messianic believers. Chandler. Diana. The Baptist Messenger of Oklahoma. 5 August 2020. 9 August 2020. 23 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200923202423/https://www.baptistmessenger.com/beirut-blast-prompts-prayer-from-messianic-believers/. live.
  145. News: Ramos . Gerry . SBP sends sympathy as FIBA Asia headquarters damaged in Lebanon blast . 7 August 2020 . Sports Interactive Network Philippines . 6 August 2020 . 21 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201021215324/https://www.spin.ph/basketball/fiba/sbp-sends-sympathy-as-fiba-asia-headquarters-damaged-in-lebanon-blast-a793-20200806?ref=home_feed_6 . live .
  146. Web site: 5 August 2020. La embajada argentina sufrió graves daños, pero sin heridos.. 5 August 2020. Télam. es. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073543/https://www.telam.com.ar/notas/202008/498363-libano-embajada-argentina-beirut.html. live.
  147. News: Beirut explosion leaves Australian embassy 'considerably' damaged, one Australian dead . Shelton . Tracey . 5 August 2020 . . 5 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091656/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-05/australian-embassy-damaged-in-beirut-blast/12525330 . live .
  148. Web site: Report: Finnish Embassy in Beirut 'destroyed' by blast . 4 August 2020 . News Now Finland . 4 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805091650/https://newsnowfinland.fi/finland-international/report-finnish-embassy-in-beirut-destroyed-by-blast . live .
  149. News: Wife of Dutch Ambassador Seriously Injured in Beirut Blast: Ministry. 5 August 2020. NYTimes.com. 6 August 2020. 7 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807201735/https://www.nytimes.com/reuters/2020/08/05/world/middleeast/05reuters-lebanon-security-blast-netherlands.html. live.
  150. Web site: 5 August 2020. No S. Koreans Reported Killed or Injured in Beirut Explosions. 5 August 2020. KBS World RADIO. 5 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200805093406/http://world.kbs.co.kr/service/news_view.htm?lang=e&Seq_Code=155355. live.
  151. Web site: Hungary Embassy Damaged in Beirut Blast, No Hungarian Casualties Reported . Hungary Today . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806205003/https://hungarytoday.hu/hungary-embassy-beirut-blast-no-hungarian-casualties/ . live .
  152. News: BBC News Русская служба . BBC News . Мощный взрыв в Бейруте: масштабные разрушения, десятки погибших и тысячи пострадавших . ru . 4 August 2020 . 4 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073542/https://www.bbc.com/russian/news-53656494 . live .
  153. Web site: Счупени са прозорци на посолството ни в Бейрут след взрив в района, няма данни за пострадали български граждани. Информационна Агенция "Фокус". bg. 4 August 2020. 8 August 2020. 7 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200807004853/http://www.focus-news.net/news/2020/08/04/2795563/schupeni-sa-prozortsi-na-posolstvoto-ni-v-beyrut-sled-vzriv-v-rayona-nyama-danni-za-postradali-balgarski-grazhdani.html. live.
  154. Web site: Beirut explosion: Romanian embassy HQ slightly damaged . subscription . . 5 August 2020 . Romania Insider . 5 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073606/https://www.romania-insider.com/beirut-explosion-ro-embassy-aug-2020 . live .
  155. News: Beyrut'taki patlamalarda 2 Türk vatandaşı yaralandı . . tr . 4 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073546/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/beyrut-taki-patlamalarda-2-turk-vatandasi-yaralandi/1931621 . live .
  156. Web site: Domballe . Jeremy . Update: The current situation in the port of Beirut, Lebanon . IHS Markit . 3 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201003122140/https://ihsmarkit.com/research-analysis/update-the-current-situation-in-the-port-of-beirut-lebanon.html . 3 October 2020 . 18 August 2020.
  157. News: Orient Queen Sinks in Beirut, Two Crew Reported Dead . 5 August 2020 . Cruise Industry News . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806010547/https://www.cruiseindustrynews.com/cruise-news/23337-orient-queen-sinks-in-beirut-two-crew-reported-dead.html . live .
  158. Web site: Owner of cruise ship sunk by Lebanon blast sues 'those responsible'. 7 August 2020. euronews. 8 August 2020. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808040436/https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/07/owner-of-cruise-ship-sunk-by-lebanon-blast-sues-those-responsible. live.
  159. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/08/beirut-explosion-cruise-ship-owner-sues-those-responsible-as-more-protests-loom Beirut explosion: cruise ship owner sues "those responsible", as more protests loom
  160. Web site: European Navies Providing Disaster Relief To Beirut. Naval News. 10 August 2020. 13 August 2020. 22 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200922114327/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2020/08/european-navies-providing-disaster-relief-to-beirut/. live.
  161. News: Dadouch . Sarah . At Beirut's shattered port, a crater more than 15 yards deep and small signs of previous lives . 3 October 2020 . . 11 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201003145607/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/at-beiruts-shattered-port-a-crater-nearly-50-yards-deep-and-small-signs-of-previous-lives/2020/08/11/9285597c-d8fc-11ea-a788-2ce86ce81129_story.html . 3 October 2020 . dead .
  162. Web site: Beirut explosion 149 killed, more than 5000 injured . Report News Agency . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . 22 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200922021037/https://report.az/en/other-countries/beirut-blast-149-killed-more-than-5000-injured/ . live .
  163. Web site: AMADEO II . Marine Traffic . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . 22 September 2016 . https://web.archive.org/web/20160922033919/http://www.marinetraffic.com/en/ais/details/ships/shipid:676417/mmsi:450557000/imo:7423990/vessel:AMADEO_II . live .
  164. News: Lebanese army finds more explosive chemicals outside Beirut port after huge blast . 3 October 2020 . Reuters . 3 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201003133350/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-blast-chemicals/lebanese-army-finds-more-explosive-chemicals-outside-beirut-port-after-huge-blast-idUSKBN25U2FK . 3 October 2020 . dead .
  165. Web site: Beirut port explosion mystery solved? UPDATES: 3 ships disappeared. VIDEO . Mikhail . Voychenko . Fleetmon . 4 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806012100/https://www.fleetmon.com/maritime-news/2020/30513/beirut-port-explosion-close-proximity-witness-vide/ . live .
  166. Web site: Hapag-Lloyd's Beirut office completely destroyed, staff safe . Jasmina . Ovcina . 6 August 2020 . Offshore Energy . 6 August 2020 . 8 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808091659/https://www.offshore-energy.biz/hapag-lloyds-beirut-office-completely-destroyed-staff-safe/ . live .
  167. Web site: Beirut Explosions: The CMA CGM Group expresses deepest emotion and solidarity towards its on-site staff and all of the Lebanese people. CMA-CGM. 10 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200810123727/https://www.cma-cgm.com/news/3238/beirut-explosions-the-cma-cgm-group-expresses-deepest-emotion-and-solidarity-towards-its-on-site-staff-and-all-of-the-lebanese-people .
  168. News: Shipping Group CMA CGM Says Missing Beirut Staff Member Died. 6 August 2020. NYTimes.com.
  169. Web site: Beirut airport damaged in explosion, but flights continue. 6 August 2020. The National. 6 August 2020. 30 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200930070140/https://www.thenational.ae/lifestyle/travel/beirut-airport-damaged-in-explosion-but-flights-continue-1.1059310. live.
  170. News: Further part of Beirut grain silos collapses . . 25 August 2022 . 24 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220824122710/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/av/world-middle-east-62644757 . live .
  171. Web site: Silos damaged in 2020 Beirut port explosion partly collapse after fire. 31 July 2022. The Guardian. 31 July 2022. 12 September 2023. https://web.archive.org/web/20230912063957/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2022/jul/31/grain-silos-2020-beirut-port-explosion-collapse-fire. live.
  172. Web site: Azhari . Timour . Lebanese officials deflect blame as anger grows over Beirut blast . Al Jazeera . 7 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 21 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921042915/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/anger-rises-lebanon-investigation-probes-beirut-explosion-200805191032840.html . live .
  173. Web site: Georgy . Michael . Francis . Ellen . Lebanon sees possible 'external interference' in port blast . Reuters . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807152109/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast/lebanon-sees-possible-external-interference-in-blast-idUSKCN2531F9 . live .
  174. Web site: Lebanon president rejects calls for international blast probe . Arab News . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204074947/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1715991/middle-east . live .
  175. Web site: Lebanon to place Beirut port officials under house arrest: sources . Reuters . 7 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807105051/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-security-blast-port/lebanon-to-place-beirut-port-officials-under-house-arrest-sources-idUSKCN25121I . live .
  176. Web site: Beirut port manager among 16 held in blast probe, judicial source says . Reuters . 7 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . 29 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201029032318/https://www.reuters.com/article/uk-lebanon-security-blast-detentions/beirut-port-manager-among-16-held-in-blast-probe-judicial-source-says-idUKKCN2522YJ . live .
  177. Web site: Beirut Port Manager & 15 Others Were Just Arrested . the961.com . 7 August 2020 . 18 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204074946/https://www.the961.com/16-arrested-beirut-explosion-investigation/ . live .
  178. Web site: Lebanese customs chief arrested over Beirut blast . CTV News . 17 August 2020 . 17 August 2020 . 17 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200817233308/https://www.ctvnews.ca/world/lebanese-customs-chief-arrested-over-beirut-blast-1.5067268 . live .
  179. News: Khraiche. Dana. Diab. Youssef. 17 August 2020. Beirut Blast Probe Opens With Arrest Order for Port Customs Head. 19 August 2020. Bloomberg.com.
  180. Web site: Beirut port manager among 16 held in blast probe, judicial source says . abc.net . 7 August 2020 . 18 August 2020 . 8 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808142912/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-08-07/lebanese-authorities-arrest-16-beirut-port-blast/12533150?nw=0 . live .
  181. News: 14 October 2021. Beirut port blast: The tensions around the investigation. en-GB. BBC News. 16 October 2021. 16 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211016052757/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-58913864. live.
  182. Web site: Lebanon judiciary can handle Beirut explosion probe: Minister . Al Jazeera . 12 August 2020 . 13 September 2020 . 21 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200921044620/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/lebanon-judiciary-handle-beirut-explosion-probe-minister-200812154620945.html . live .
  183. Web site: Khodr. Zeina. Lebanon judge orders more arrests over Beirut explosion. 19 August 2020. Al Jazeera. 20 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200820040209/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/lebanon-judge-arrests-beirut-blast-200819140809352.html. live.
  184. Web site: Little-known Lebanese judge Fadi Sawan leads probe into Beirut blast . The National . 23 August 2020 . 13 September 2020 . 24 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200824092329/https://www.thenational.ae/world/mena/little-known-lebanese-judge-fadi-sawan-leads-probe-into-beirut-blast-1.1067397 . live .
  185. Web site: Beirut Blast: Investigations with former and current ministers . shafaaq.com . 13 August 2020 . 13 September 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073554/https://shafaq.com/en/World/Beirut-Blast-Investigations-with-former-and-current-ministers . live .
  186. Web site: Beirut emergency law sparks fears of army crackdown . Arab News . 13 August 2020 . 13 September 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204074952/https://www.arabnews.com/node/1719031/middle-east . live .
  187. News: Lebanon Asks Interpol to Arrest Russian Ship Captain, Owner Over Port Explosion . 2 October 2020 . U.S.News . Reuters . 1 October 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073637/https://www.usnews.com/news/world/articles/2020-10-01/lebanon-asks-interpol-to-arrest-russian-ship-captain-owner-over-port-explosion . live .
  188. News: Interpol issues notices over Lebanon's massive port blast . 13 January 2021 . ABC News . Associated Press . 12 January 2021 . 12 January 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210112125921/https://abcnews.go.com/International/wireStory/interpol-issues-notices-lebanons-massive-port-blast-75195422 . live .
  189. News: Lebanon's outgoing Prime Minister charged with negligence over Beirut port explosion. ABC News. 10 December 2020. www.abc.net.au. 14 March 2021. 29 December 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20201229025953/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-12-11/lebanon-prime-minister-charged-over-beirut-port-blast/12973068. live.
  190. News: Syrian businessman Haswani denies links to Beirut blast chemicals. Reuters. 28 January 2021. 1 May 2021. 1 May 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210501080039/https://www.reuters.com/article/us-lebanon-crisis-blast-idUSKBN29X0WJ. live.
  191. Web site: 15 April 2021. Judge orders release of 6 detained over Lebanon port blast. 16 April 2021. Arab News. en.
  192. Web site: Aubrey Belford . Yanina Korniienko . Isobel Koshiw . Feras Hatoum . Stelios Orphanides . Ownership of Chemicals that Exploded at Beirut Port Traces Back to Ukraine. 15 September 2021. OCCRP. en. 15 September 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210915002350/https://www.occrp.org/en/investigations/ownership-of-chemicals-that-exploded-at-beirut-port-traces-back-to-ukraine. live.
  193. Web site: Chulov. Martin. 14 October 2021. Six dead as Beirut gripped by worst street violence in 13 years. live. 16 October 2021. The Guardian. en. https://web.archive.org/web/20211014095405/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/oct/14/gunfire-beirut-protest-judge-leading-port-blast-inquiry . 14 October 2021 .
  194. Web site: Beirut shooting: Six killed and 30 injured in protests against Lebanon blast judge. 14 October 2021. The National. 14 October 2021. 14 October 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211014090923/https://www.thenationalnews.com/mena/2021/10/14/gunfire-in-beirut-as-hezbollah-supporters-protest-against-blast-investigation/. live.
  195. News: 22 November 2021. Beirut blast: UN ignored plea for port disaster evidence. en-GB. BBC News. 22 November 2021. 22 November 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20211122001624/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-middle-east-59290301. live.
  196. News: Lebanon receives Beirut blast satellite images from Russia. AP NEWS. November 22, 2021. 22 August 2022. 23 August 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220823140225/https://apnews.com/article/europe-middle-east-russia-lebanon-moscow-2b1acc60bdeabdfed620a7db3b043de2. live.
  197. News: Lebanon: Authorities should lift immunity and allow interrogation of MPs into the Beirut port explosion. amnesty international. 20 June 2022. 20 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220620032952/https://www.amnesty.org/en/latest/news/2022/06/lebanon-authorities-should-lift-immunity-and-allow-interrogation-of-mps-into-the-beirut-port-explosion/. live.
  198. News: Lebanese officials busy themselves with border dispute discussions against backdrop of port blast anger. arab news. 20 June 2022. 20 June 2022. https://web.archive.org/web/20220620032952/https://www.arabnews.com/node/2022516/middle-east. live.
  199. Web site: Beirut Explosion Caused by Fire Kills Dozens, Injures Thousands. The Wall Street Journal. Osseiran. Nazih. Malsin. Jared. 4 August 2020. 4 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200804160009/https://www.wsj.com/articles/lebanon-struck-by-blast-at-beirut-port-11596556605. 4 August 2020. live.
  200. Web site: Carbel Mallo. 4 August 2020 . Hundreds reported missing by family members, Health Minister says . live. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806060547/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/lebanon-beirut-explosion-live-updates-dle-intl/h_6f522f1a670b7600c8a868a267fb62fb . 6 August 2020. 5 August 2020 . CNN.
  201. careemleb . 1290721354925453312 . 4 August 2020 . URGENT: All blood types needed in all hospitals and blood donation centers in Beirut. Use promocode DONATEBLOOD for a free ride to and from the hospital or the blood donations center.. 5 August 2020 . live . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804190013/https://twitter.com/CareemLEB/status/1290721354925453312 . 4 August 2020.
  202. News: Beirut blast: Lebanese volunteers band together to clean up, help residents . The Straits Times . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073556/https://www.straitstimes.com/world/middle-east/beirut-blast-state-what-state-lebanese-together-in-solidarity-and-rage . live .
  203. News: . Iran's Red Crescent Erects Field Hospital in Lebanon . 9 August 2020 . Iran Front Page . 11 August 2020 . 19 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200919224213/https://ifpnews.com/irans-red-crescent-erects-field-hospital-in-lebanon . live .
  204. Devi. Sharmila. August 2020. Lebanon faces humanitarian emergency after blast . The Lancet . en . 396 . 10249 . 456 . 10.1016/S0140-6736(20)31750-5 . 7426079 . 32798477.
  205. Web site: Azhari. Timour. Lebanon aid summit raises $300m to be given 'directly' to people. 9 August 2020. Al Jazeera. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809200829/https://www.aljazeera.com/ajimpact/nations-pledge-aid-lebanon-people-200809162756001.html. live.
  206. Web site: FBI team arrives this weekend to take part in Beirut probe . 18 August 2020 . CBS News . 15 August 2020 . 17 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200817210849/https://www.cbsnews.com/news/beirut-explosion-probe-fbi-team-arrives-this-weekend-lebanon/ . live .
  207. News: Dadouch . Sarah . They return to homes damaged in Beirut's blast to discover someone has already cleaned them . 14 August 2020 . Washington Post . 14 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200814232457/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/middle_east/they-return-to-homes-damaged-in-beiruts-blast-to-discover-someone-has-already-cleaned-them/2020/08/10/85c3bda0-db04-11ea-b4f1-25b762cdbbf4_story.html . live .
  208. Web site: Der "Beirut Blast" und "Blue Helmet – Blue Shield". 30 August 2020. 29 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200929062336/http://www.peacekeeper.at/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/Beirut-Blast.pdf. live.
  209. Web site: Unesco, Icom and Louvre rally to help Beirut as museums tackle extensive explosion damage. 30 August 2020. www.theartnewspaper.com. 17 August 2020. 28 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200928151429/https://www.theartnewspaper.com/news/beirut-museums-size-up-the-explosion-damage. live.
  210. Web site: UN peacekeepers in partnership with the Lebanese Armed Forces (LAF) and Blue Shield International in Lebanon . 20 December 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073632/https://www.unmultimedia.org/tv/unifeed/asset/2577/2577900/ . live .
  211. Web site: "Beirut: Habsburg koordiniert Kulturgüterschutz" (German: Beirut – Habsburg coordinates the protection of cultural property) . 23 August 2020 . 28 August 2020 . 27 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200827041040/https://www.krone.at/2216068 . live .
  212. Web site: UNIFIL concludes heritage protection mission in Beirut . 30 October 2020 . 20 December 2020 . 30 November 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201130235346/https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-concludes-heritage-protection-mission-beirut . live .
  213. Web site: 27 August 2020 . UNESCO: Beirut blast damaged 160 schools; 85,000 students unable to attend classes . 30 August 2020 . Middle East Monitor . 31 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200831043142/https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20200827-unesco-beirut-blast-damaged-160-schools-85000-students-unable-to-attend-classes/ . live .
  214. https://www.alarabiya.net/arab-and-world/2020/08/06/%D8%AC%D8%B9%D8%AC%D8%B9-%D8%B9%D9%86-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B3%D9%84%D8%B7%D8%A9-%D9%81%D9%8A-%D9%85%D9%88%D9%82%D8%B9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%85 "جعجع عن انفجار بيروت: طرف ما خزن تلك المواد القاتلة"
  215. Web site: جبران خليل جبران . Ground Zero Beirut . Ground Zero Beirut . 3 August 2022 . 13 August 2022 . https://web.archive.org/web/20220813004945/https://groundzerobeirut.org/ . live .
  216. Lebanon's Prime Minister Hassan Diab declares national day of mourning Wednesday, after Beirut blast . The Daily Star . 4 August 2020 . 4 August 2020 . 8 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200808140718/http://www.dailystar.com.lb/News/Lebanon-News/2020/Aug-04/509854-lebanons-prime-minister-hassan-diab-declares-national-day-of-mourning-wednesday-after-beirut.ashx . live .
  217. Web site: Lebanon Declares 2-Week State of Emergency After Deadly Blast . VOA News . 6 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 4 February 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073647/https://www.voanews.com/middle-east/lebanon-declares-2-week-state-emergency-after-deadly-blast . live .
  218. Web site: Cheeseman . Abbie . Suliman . Adela . Mulligan . Matthew . Massive explosion rocks Beirut, causing injuries and widespread damage . NBC News . 4 August 2020 . 4 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200804160912/https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/large-explosion-rocks-port-area-beirut-cause-unclear-n1235767 . 4 August 2020 . live .
  219. Web site: Beirut explosion rocks Lebanon's capital . CNN. 4 August 2020 . 4 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200806194144/https://edition.cnn.com/middleeast/live-news/lebanon-beirut-explosion-live-updates-dle-intl/h_fb0a148e912e72debb03e78d5c211362 . live.
  220. Web site: Beirut blast: Lebanon's young helping the country's most desperate . . 19 January 2021 . 14 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201014231802/https://www.dw.com/en/beirut-blast-lebanons-young-helping-the-countrys-most-desperate/a-54575279 . live.
  221. Web site: Beirut blasts: Lebanese MP Marwan Hamadeh resigns, says 'government ineffective'. 5 August 2020. Al Arabiya English. 8 August 2020. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806225926/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/08/05/Beirut-blasts-Lebanese-MP-Marwan-Hamadeh-resigns-says-government-ineffective-.html. live.
  222. Web site: Police fire tear gas to break up Beirut protest: Live updates . . 8 August 2020 . 14 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200814123647/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/60-missing-beirut-mega-blast-live-updates-200808061240497.html . live .
  223. Web site: Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live. Ted Regencia . Arwa Ibrahim . Farah Najjar. Al Jazeera. 10 August 2020. 10 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810134427/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/hundreds-protesters-injured-anger-simmers-beirut-live-200808234355971.html. live.
  224. Web site: Lebanese government on verge of collapse after 3 ministers, 8 MPs resign. 9 August 2020. Al Arabiya English. 10 August 2020. 10 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810015850/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/08/09/Lebanese-government-on-verge-of-collapse-with-more-resignations-expected.html. live.
  225. Web site: 'Endemic corruption' caused Beirut blast, says Diab: Live updates. Ted Regencia . Linah Alsaafin . Ramy Allahoum . Al Jazeera. 10 August 2020. 17 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200917212136/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/beirut-police-fire-tear-gas-protesters-regroup-live-updates-200810010528285.html. live.
  226. Web site: Lebanon's ambassador to Jordan resigns on live TV, cites rampant corruption. 6 August 2020. Al Arabiya English. 8 August 2020. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809050750/https://english.alarabiya.net/en/News/middle-east/2020/08/06/Lebanon-s-ambassador-to-Jordan-resigns-on-live-TV-after-Beirut-explosions.html. live.
  227. Web site: LIVE: France's Macron says Lebanon aid won't go to the 'corrupt'. Arwa Ibrahim . Ramy Allahoum. Al Jazeera. 4 February 2021. 21 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200921042358/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/lebanon-orders-house-arrest-officials-beirut-blast-live-200805230752876.html. live.
  228. Web site: Anti-government protests break out in Beirut. 7 August 2020. BBC. 7 August 2020. 17 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210117064758/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-middle-east-53688975. live.
  229. Web site: Ted Regencia . Arwa Ibrahim . Farah Najjar. Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live. 10 August 2020. Al Jazeera. 10 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810134427/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/hundreds-protesters-injured-anger-simmers-beirut-live-200808234355971.html. live.
  230. News: Hubbard. Ben. El-Naggar. Mona. 8 August 2020. Clashes Erupt in Beirut at Blast Protest as Lebanon's Anger Boils Over. The New York Times. 10 August 2020. 0362-4331. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809192640/https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/08/world/middleeast/Beirut-explosion-protests-lebanon.html. live.
  231. News: Ben Wedeman. Luna Safwan. Ghazi Balkiz. Tamara Qiblawi. Lebanon protesters storm ministries as violent protests grip Beirut. 10 August 2020. CNN. 9 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200809211657/https://www.cnn.com/2020/08/08/middleeast/beirut-judgment-day-protests-intl/index.html. live.
  232. Web site: Lebanon information minister quits in first cabinet resignation. 9 August 2020. The Guardian. 9 August 2020. 13 January 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210113153343/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/aug/09/lebanon-information-minister-manal-abdel-samad-quits-in-first-cabinet-resignation-explosion. live.
  233. Web site: Regencia. Ted. Ibrahim. Arwa. Najja. Farah. 9 August 2020. Second day of protests as anger over Beirut explosion grows: Live. 9 August 2020. Al Jazeera. 10 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810134427/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/hundreds-protesters-injured-anger-simmers-beirut-live-200808234355971.html. live.
  234. News: Lebanese cabinet resigns amid political fallout from Beirut explosion. 10 August 2020. Haaretz. 10 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810105845/https://www.haaretz.com/middle-east-news/third-lebanese-minister-resigns-amid-political-fallout-from-beirut-explosion-1.9060949. live.
  235. Web site: 10 August 2020. Beirut blast: Lebanese government resigns over explosion. 10 August 2020. euronews. 1 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200901180525/https://www.euronews.com/2020/08/10/beirut-blast-lebanese-government-resigns-over-explosion-says-health-minister. live.
  236. Web site: 10 August 2020. Lebanese PM steps down in wake of Beirut explosion, protests. 10 August 2020. AP NEWS. 10 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200810115016/https://apnews.com/598da05d3907aa58399c86ff85a9babc. live.
  237. Web site: Lebanon's president accepts gov't resignation after Beirut blast. 10 August 2020. Al Jazeera. 13 September 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200913160045/https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2020/08/lebanon-pm-hassan-diab-resigns-anger-beirut-blast-200810135202076.html. live.
  238. https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1230833/may-chidiac-lance-une-petition-pour-une-enquete-internationale.html "May Chidiac lance une pétition pour une enquête internationale"
  239. https://www.lebanese-forces.com/2020/09/17/may-chidiac-214/ "عريضة من "Ground-0" لكوبيش للمطالبة بتحقيق دولي في انفجار المرفأ"
  240. https://www.lorientlejour.com/article/1252917/les-fl-presentent-une-petition-pour-la-creation-dune-commission-denquete-internationale.html "Les FL présentent une pétition pour la création d'une commission internationale d'établissement des faits"
  241. Web site: 4 August 2020. UNIFIL statement on the explosion in Beirut. 5 August 2020. UNIFIL. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073635/https://unifil.unmissions.org/unifil-statement-explosion-beirut. live.
  242. Web site: Israel not behind Beirut blast, sources on both sides say; at least 10 killed. 4 August 2020. The Times of Israel. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808140812/https://www.timesofisrael.com/liveblog-august-4-2020/. live.
  243. News: Prominent Israelis are angry at a solidarity gesture for Beirut victims . 14 October 2021 . . 6 August 2020 . 27 October 2021 . https://web.archive.org/web/20211027133535/https://www.trtworld.com/middle-east/prominent-israelis-are-angry-at-a-solidarity-gesture-for-beirut-victims-38694/amp . live .
  244. News: Why Israel Is Probably Not Responsible For The Beirut Explosion . Forbes . 4 August 2020 . 6 August 2020 . 5 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200805154519/https://www.forbes.com/sites/michaelpeck/2020/08/04/was-israel-responsible-for-the-beirut-explosion/ . live .
  245. Web site: 4 August 2020. Lübnan'ın başkenti Beyrut'ta patlama. 4 August 2020. Anadolu Agency. tr. 8 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200808140726/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/dunya/lubnanin-baskenti-beyrutta-patlama/1931375. live.
  246. News: Boxerman. Aaron. 4 August 2020. Israeli involvement in massive Beirut port blast ruled out by both sides. The Times of Israel. 4 August 2020. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073624/https://www.timesofisrael.com/israeli-involvement-in-massive-beirut-blast-ruled-out-by-both-sides/. live.
  247. News: Tel Aviv Shows Solidarity With Lebanon, Drawing Right-wing Ire. 5 August 2020. 5 August 2020. Peleg. Bar. Haaretz. 6 August 2020. https://web.archive.org/web/20200806060553/https://www.haaretz.com/israel-news/.premium-tel-aviv-mayor-announces-solidarity-with-lebanon-slammed-by-right-wing-lawmakers-1.9049005. live.
  248. News: Sedgwick . Justin . Eiffel Tower in Paris goes dark in show of solidarity with Beirut after massive explosion . 7 August 2020 . FOX 5 . 6 August 2020 . 28 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201028082839/https://www.fox5dc.com/news/eiffel-tower-in-paris-goes-dark-in-show-of-solidarity-with-beirut-after-massive-explosion . live .
  249. Web site: الجامعة العربية تنكس علمها حدادا على ضحايا انفجار بيروت . masrawy.com . ar . 5 August 2020 . 7 August 2020 . 27 October 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20201027064440/https://www.masrawy.com/news/news_publicaffairs/details/2020/8/5/1846501/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B9%D8%A9-%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%B1%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%A9-%D8%AA%D9%86%D9%83%D8%B3-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87%D8%A7-%D8%AD%D8%AF%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7-%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%89-%D8%B6%D8%AD%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A7-%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%81%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%8A%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%AA . live .
  250. News: 'We'll light up Tel Aviv ... with our rockets': Lebanese rebuff Israeli solidarity . 7 August 2020 . . 7 August 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200807150045/https://www.timesofisrael.com/theyll-destroy-our-country-lebanese-unmoved-by-tel-aviv-show-of-solidarity/ . live .
  251. News: 2020-08-09 . Factbox: Countries rally round Lebanon after Beirut blast . en . Reuters . 2022-08-18.
  252. Web site: Egypt's field hospital in Beirut receives wounded of Lebanon's blast . 2022-08-18 . Ahram Online.
  253. Web site: Countries offer help to Lebanon following massive Beirut explosion . 2022-08-18 . www.al-monitor.com – Al Monitor . 5 August 2020 . en.
  254. Web site: Qatar sends field hospitals to Lebanon . 2022-08-18 . The Jakarta Post . en.
  255. Web site: 2020-08-05 . Qatar sends field hospitals to Lebanon . 2022-08-18 . France 24 . en.
  256. Web site: Qarjouli . Asmahan . 2022-08-04 . Qatar, Lebanon mull ports cooperation as Beirut marks blast anniversary . 2022-08-18 . Doha News Qatar . en-US.
  257. News: 2020-08-09 . Qatar Gives $50 Million to Lebanon, Plans to Help Rebuild Beirut . en . Bloomberg.com . 2022-08-18.
  258. Web site: Kuwait sends 36 tonnes of medical aid to Beirut after horrific explosion . 12 May 2022 . gulfnews.com . 6 August 2020 . en.
  259. News: 9 August 2020 . Factbox: Countries rally round Lebanon after Beirut blast . en . Reuters . 12 May 2022.
  260. News: Beirut explosion: Where else is ammonium nitrate being stored?. Giles. Christopher. 21 August 2020. 3 September 2020. BBC News (BBC Reality Check). Menon. Shruti. Ali. Zulfiqar. 4 February 2021. https://web.archive.org/web/20210204073659/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-53721136. live.
  261. News: 29 August 2020 . Senegal to Move 3,000 Tons of Explosive Chemical From Port . Bloomberg.com . 3 September 2020 . 3 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200903052734/https://www.bloomberg.com/news/articles/2020-08-29/beirut-blast-pushes-senegal-to-move-explosive-chemical-from-port . live .
  262. News: Taylor . Adam . After Beirut, ports around the world searched for dangerous chemicals. Some didn't like what they found. ce . The Washington Post . 3 September 2020 . 0190-8286 . 6 September 2020 . https://web.archive.org/web/20200906152652/https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2020/08/21/after-beirut-ports-around-world-searched-dangerous-chemicals-some-didnt-like-what-they-found/ . live .
  263. Web site: Beirut ship soon headed for Germany after port blast . DW . 30 April 2021 .
  264. Web site: 4 August 2021. ILO honours the victims of the Beirut port explosion. 22 September 2021. www.ilo.org. en.
  265. Web site: 14 December 2021. بعد انفجار مرفأ بيروت في 2020.. كيف يمكن الاستفادة من دروس تخزين ونقل المواد الخطرة؟. 15 December 2021. www.news.un.org. ar.
  266. Web site: 14 December 2021. In follow-up to the 2020 Beirut port explosion, UN/OECD seminar calls for action to better manage the risks of hazardous substances in port areas and beyond. 15 December 2021. www.unece.org. en.
  267. News: Spring . Marianna . Beirut explosion: How conspiracy theories spread on social media . . 5 August 2020 . 4 August 2021.
  268. News: Boxerman . Aaron . Israeli involvement in massive Beirut port blast ruled out by both sides . . 4 August 2020 . 4 August 2021.